cyber attacks and the use of force in international law

8/11/2019 Cyber Attacks and the Use of Force in International Law

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Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion Faculty Laitos/Institution Department

Tekij/Frfattare Author

Tyn nimi / Arbetets titel Title

Oppiaine /Lromne Subject

Tyn laji/Arbetets art Level Aika/Datum Month and year Sivumr/ Sidoantal Number of pages

Tiivistelm/Referat Abstract

Avainsanat Nyckelord Keywords

Silytyspaikka Frvaringstlle Where deposited

Muita tietoja vriga uppgifter Additional information

Faculty of Law

Janne Valo

International Law

Masters Thesis January 2014 XIV + 85 p.

he thesis reviews the issue of cyber attacks and international law in terms of jus ad bellum, the lawconcerning the recourse to force by states. The thesis takes the view that the existing rules on the useof force, namely Articles 2(4) and 51 of the United Nations Charter and the corresponding rules ofcustomary international law apply to attacks regardless of the way they are carried out and thus, they

apply to cyber attacks as well. Two central examples of different kinds of cyber attacks are presentedo illustrate the issue: the attacks against Estonia in 2007 and Stuxnet, the malware that targetedIranian nuclear facilities and was discovered in 2010.

Before covering the main question of if and when cyber attacks may constitute uses of force or armedattacks, the thesis takes a brief historical look at how the just war doctrine and the regulation of warhave evolved to their current state. The thesis argues that while cyber attacks are a new phenomenonwith certain unique aspects, they are a part of the evolution and continuum of armed conflict.

he thesis takes a look at the different approaches (instrument-based, target-based and effects-based) to assessing the question of whether or not a cyber attack crosses the threshold of a use oforce or an armed attack. The effects-based view is found to be most appropriate one. It is argued that

particularly cyber attacks that cause death, injury, damage or destruction qualify as uses of force. Ascyber operations make it possible to cause severe economic consequences without the use ofphysical force, the question of economic force is discussed as well. The thesis argues that while theprevailing view is that Article 2(4) does not cover the use of economic force, the question may arise inhe context of cyber attacks, and an attack with such consequences may result in a reappraisal of theissue in state practice.

urning to armed attacks, the thesis argues that cyber operations may also qualify as armed attacks.Accepting the prevailing view that distinguishes between uses of force and armed attacks, the thesisclaims that for a cyber operation to rise to the level of an armed attack, the consequences must besufficiently grave. It is argued that for example a denial-of-service attack does not fulfil the criteria ofan armed attack, but an attack that causes fatalities or severe damage or destruction would cross thehreshold and justify self-defence. The thesis also discusses the question of pre-emptive self-defencein the context of cyber attacks.

international law, cyber attacks, use of force, jus ad bellum, armed conflict, self-defence

Cyber Attacks and the Use of Force in International Law

University of Helsinki Library


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http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=1667http://www.defmin.fi/files/311/2574_2160_English_White_paper_2004_1_.pdfhttp://www.yhteiskunnanturvallisuus.fi/en/materials/doc_download/40-finlandas-cyber-security-strategyhttp://www.yhteiskunnanturvallisuus.fi/en/materials/doc_download/40-finlandas-cyber-security-strategyhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=1667http://www.defmin.fi/files/311/2574_2160_English_White_paper_2004_1_.pdfhttp://www.yhteiskunnanturvallisuus.fi/en/materials/doc_download/40-finlandas-cyber-security-strategyhttp://www.yhteiskunnanturvallisuus.fi/en/materials/doc_download/40-finlandas-cyber-security-strategyhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdf


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http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet/all/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet/all/http://www.langner.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/To-kill-a-centrifuge.pdfhttp://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-using-three-additional-zero-day-vulnerabilitieshttp://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-using-three-additional-zero-day-vulnerabilitieshttp://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet/all/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet/all/http://www.langner.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/To-kill-a-centrifuge.pdfhttp://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-using-three-additional-zero-day-vulnerabilitieshttp://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-using-three-additional-zero-day-vulnerabilities


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cyber attacks and the use of force in international law

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