cyanotic heart disease
TRANSCRIPT
Cyanotic Heart Disease
Classification of Cyanotic Heart Disease
Cyanotic
Pulmonary blood flow Mixed blood flow
Tetralogy of fallot Transposition of great arteries
Tricuspid ateresia Total anomalous pulmonary Venous return truncus arteriosis Hypo plastic left heart
syndrome
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot
• Introduction:Tetrology of fallot is the most common
type of cyanotic congenital heart disease.The classic form include four defect
• Ventricular septal defect• Pulmonary stenosis • Overriding aorta • Right ventricular hypertrophy
Pathophysiology The blood normally returns from the systemic
circulation to the systemic circulation to the
right atrium and right ventricles
The outflow of blood from the right ventricles is
resisted by the pulmonary stenosis so that
the blood flows through the ventricular septal
defect in to the aorta
There is right to left shunt. Hypertrophy of the
right ventricles occurs as a result of the
pressure exerted against the pulmonary
stenosis.
Because, the blood from the right ventricles is
unoxygenated, cyanosis results.
Clinical Manifestation
• Cyanosis, anoxia blue spells• Clubbing of the fingers and toes• Squatting posture • Slow weight gain• Dyspnoea no exertion • Hypoxic spells (low O2 in tissue)• Transient cerebral ischemia• Pan systolic murmur • Poor growth
Diagnostic Evaluation
• On Auscultation A loud harsh systolic murmur may be
heard at the left middle to lower sturnal border.
Radiography (X – Ray):
The heart shows the enlarged ventricle on the right side, the large aorta and the decrease in size of the pulmonary artery. The hilar areas of the lungs are usually clear because of normal or demised pulmonary blood flow. The unusual shape of the heart has led to its being called the wooden shoe or boot – shaped heart.
• ECG:
ECG shows evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy
• Echocardiography:
Shows evidence of the aortic override, thick, anterior right ventricular wall and large aorta.
• Cardiac catheterization:
• Angiocardiography
• Laboratory test – blood test
Management
• Oxygen administration for cyanosis
• Maintain nutrition by small and frequent
• Give rest and allow only minimum activities
for the child
Surgical Management • Palliative shunt:
In the infant who cannot undergo primary repair, a palliative procedure to increase pulmonary blood flow and increase O2 saturation may be performed. The preferred procedure is the modified blalock – taussing shunt, which provides blood flow to the pulmonary arteries from the left or right subclavion artery.
In general, however shunts are avoided because they may result in pulmonary artery distortion.
• Pott’s procedure :the upper decending aorta is anastomosed with left pulmonary artery
• Waterson shunt:it involves side to side anastomosis of ascnding aorta with right pulmonary artery.
• Brock’s procedure:pulmonary valvotomy done to correct PS
• Complete RepairElective repair is usually performed
in the first year of life. Indications for repair include increasing cyanosis and valves closure of the VSD and resection of the infundibular stenosis with a pericardial patch to enlarge the right ventricular outflow tract. The procedure requires a median sternotomy and the use of pulmonary bypass.
Tricuspid Atresia• Introduction:
Failure of the tricuspid valve to develop consequently no communication form right atrium to right ventricle. Blood flows through an atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent foramen ovale to the left side of the heart and through a VSD to the right ventricle and out to lungs.
• It is often associated with PS and transposition of the great arteries.
• There is complete mixing of unoxygenated and oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart.
• Resulting in systemic desaturation and varying amount of pulmonary obstruction causing decreased pulmonary blood flow usually is diminished.
Pathophysiology
At birth, the presence of a patent foramen ovale is required to permit blood flow across the septum into the left atrium.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Cyanosis
Tachycardia
Dyspnoea
Chronic hypoxemia
with clubbing
Therapeutic Management
For the neonate whose pulmonary
blood flow depend on the patency of the
ductus arteriosus a continuous infusion of
prostaglandin E, is started until surgical can
be arranged.
Surgical Management
Palliative treatment is the placement of a shunt (systemic to pulmonary artery) to increase blood flow to the lungs. If the ASD is small, an atrial septostomy is done during cardiac catheterization some children have increased pulmonary volume of blood to the lungs. A bidirectional glannshunt may be performed at 6 to 9 months as a second stage.
MODIFIED FONTAN PROCEDURE Systemic venous return is directed
to the lungs without a ventricular pump through surgical connections between the right atrium and the pulmonary artery. A fenestration (opening) in the right arterial baffle is sometimes done to relieve pressure. Patient must have normal ventricular function and a low pulmonary vascular resistance for the procedure to be successful.
The modified fontan procedure separates
oxygenated and unoxygenated blood inside the
heart and eliminates the excess volumes load
on the ventricle but does not restore normal
anatomy or hemodynamic.
Complication
Dysrhythmias
Systemic venous hypertension
Pericardial effusion
TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES
Transposition of great vessels (TGA) is
defined as aorta arising from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery from the left ventricle.
Sign & Symptoms
Cyanosis
Congestive heart failure
Fatigue
Slow weight gain
Clubbing of the finger
Rapid breathing
Heart size enlarge rapidly
Pathophysiology
In this anomaly the aorta has its origin in the right ventricles and pulmonary artery has its origins in the left ventricles.
Hence, the aorta carries unoxygenated blood to the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circuit carries oxygenated blood back to the
lungs.
The pulmonary venous return is to the left atrium and the systemic veins returns to the
right atrium.
There is two separate circulatory systemic exist, one pulmonary and one systemic. An infant can survive with this malformation initially only if an associated with defect or PDA
is present
There co-existing lesions provide a means for mixing venous and
arterial blood.
Diagnostic Evaluation
X – RayE.C.GCardiac catheterizationAngiocardiographyBlood examinationEchocardiogram
Treatment The medical management consist in control
of congestive failure. PALLIATIVE OPERATION
• Blalock Hanlon procedure -surgical creation or enlargement of an existing arterial septal defect.
• Rash kind operation – enlargement of an existing arterial septal defect.
CORRECTIVE SURGERY Mustard’s operation – the complete repair of
the defect is done.
Nursing Management• Provide comfort and adequate rest to the
child• Avoid excessive crying.• Observe the clinical features make the
nursing diagnosis & plan nursing action to be carried out.
• Report the unusual symptoms like sign of cardiac failure
• make proper positioning of the child• Oxygen inhalation is given for cyanosis• Diuretic to reduce over hydration
• Maintained the fluid & electrolyte balance • Blood test should do to check acidosis.• Small frequent feeds should be given• Provide psychological support• Provide love & affection to the child• Meet all his hygienic needs with the help
of mother.• administration of proper antibiotics• Watch the possible complication