curs practic de limba engleză - come alone
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UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET
RODICA ŞTEFAN RUXANDRA VASILESCU
SANDA MARCOCI ELENA BELDEA
Curs practic de limba engleză – nivel mediu –
EDITURA FUNDAŢIEI ROMÂNIA DE MÂINE Bucureşti, 2004
COME ALONGCOME ALONG
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Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a RomânieiCome along: curs practic de limba engleză / Ştefan Rodica,
Vasilescu Ruxandra, Marcoci Sanda, Beldea Elena. –
Bucureşti: Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine, 2004
228 p.; 23,5 cm.ISBN 973-582-903-7
I. Ştefan, Rodica
II. Vasilescu, Ruxandra
III. Marcoci, Sanda
IV. Beldea, Elena
811.111
Cursul se adresează studenţilor de la facultăţile cu profil economic
© Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine, 2004
ISBN 973-582-903-7
Redactor: Janeta LUPU
Tehnoredactor: Jeanina DR ĂGAN
Bun de tipar: 20.01.2004; Coli tipar: 14,25
Format: 16/70 x 100
Editura şi Tipografia Fundaţiei România de Mâine
Splaiul Independenţei nr. 313, Bucureşti, Sector 6,
O.P. 83, Tel./Fax: 410.43.80 www.spiruharet.ro
e-mail: [email protected]
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CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE
În contextul actual în care procesele economice şi culturale tind spre
globalizare, cunoa şterea unei limbi str ăine de circula ţ ie interna ţ ional ă , a limbii
engleze în special, reprezint ă nu doar un avantaj, ci o necesitate pentru o
bună integrare profesional ă şi social ă.
Ne-am propus în acest scop să oferim studen ţ ilor no ştri (cursuri de zi,
cu frecven ţă redusă de la facult ăţ ile economice, dar şi de la celelalte
specialit ăţ i nefilologice) un Curs practic de limba engleză , pe care l-am
gândit şi realizat ca pe un instrument de lucru util ţ inând cont de cerin ţ ele şi
a ştept ările lor.
Dat ă fiind aceast ă larg ă diversitate tematică , textele şi exerci ţ iile au
fost special adaptate preocupărilor studen ţ ilor, combinând elemente ale limbii
engleze generale cu acelea specifice limbajelor specializate. Ele se adresează
studen ţ ilor care au studiat limba engleză în liceu dobândind un bagaj de
cuno ştin ţ e gramaticale şi lexicale de nivel mediu.
Dorim să exprimăm mul ţ umiri asist. univ. Despina Chirimbu pentru
citirea atent ă a manuscrisului, pe marginea căruia a f ăcut observa ţ ii
pertinente şi sugestii pre ţ ioase, precum şi prep. Mihaela Pricope pentru
redactarea glosarului.
Autoarele
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C O N T E N T S
UNIT 1ENGLISH, MY LOVE (Rodica Ştefan) ……………………………….
Grammar: (a) General revision
(b) Tag questions, Yes/No questions, Wh-questions
UNIT 2SAYING HELLO! (Ruxandra Vasilescu) ……………………………..
Grammar: (a) Possessives; Personal and reflexive pronouns
(b) The Article; Some/Any
UNIT 3COMPANIES (Sanda Marcoci) ……………………………………….
Grammar: (a) Present tenses
(b) Conjunction structures
UNIT 4GOING TO COLLEGE (Rodica Ştefan) ………………………………
Grammar: (a) Past simple and present perfect
(b) Comparison of adjectives; Irregular adjectives and adverbs
UNIT 5
GETTING IN TOUCH (Ruxandra Vasilescu) ………………………...Grammar: (a) Modal verbs
STOP AND CHECK …………………………………………………
UNIT 6LOOKING AHEAD (Rodica Ştefan) ………………………………….
Grammar: (a) Future; Prefixes and suffixes
7
22
39
55
73
88
98
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UNIT 7INTERESTS AND HOBBIES (Sanda Marcoci) ………………………
Grammar: (a) Past perfect; Gerunds
(b) Subjunctive
UNIT 8GOING PLACES (Ruxandra Vasilescu) ………………………………
Grammar: (a) Sequence of tenses
(b) Direct and indirect speech
UNIT 9LET’S GO SHOPPING! (Elena Beldea) ………………………………
Grammar: (a) Expressing quantity
(b) Passive voice
UNIT 10MEDIA/COMMUNICATIONS (Sanda Marcoci) …………………….
Grammar: (a) Conditional
(b) Phrasal verbs; Adjectival phrase
STOP AND CHECK …………………………………………………
LISTA ABREVIERILOR ……………………………………………
GLOSSARY …………………………………………………………..
116
139
156
171
192
213
214
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UNIT 1
ENGLISH, MY LOVE
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Here are some words from English which are used in Romanian. Put them in
columns under these headings: business, politics, technology, sports,
entertainment and various. There are five words in each column.
READING
1. Complete the sentences with a word from the box below:
1. Although she was speaking English, her…………….…… was so strong we
could hardly understand what she was saying.
2. I went to a lawyer but when he started using all the legal ………..……… I got
completely lost.
3.
Young people use a lot of…….……….. . For instance, they could say copper instead of policeman.
dealer mouse pullover fan leader rating
poster VIP second-hand lobby hit software
jogging western broker CD player weekend
offside summit manager single skateboard meeting
penalty rugby job fast-food laser show chip
Comment [L1]:
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3. What are the countries where English is spoken as:
♦ native language?♦ official language?♦ international language?Which language in the world is spoken by most people?How many people are English native speakers?
Which language might become the language of the future?
4. Decide whether the following statements are true ( ) or false ( ).
1. Nick’s parents were born in Australia.2. Nick’s mother doesn’t speak English as well as his father.
3. Faryal still feels homesick.4. Faryal’s problems with English weren’t too serious.5. Gerhard likes everything about English.6. Yvonne is ashamed of her French origin.
7. Angela hasn’t decided about her future career.8. Abedayo accepts that English was probably the best choice for his country.
LANGUAGE WORK
Work in pairs and talk about your answers to the following questions:
• Have you ever spoken English with a native speaker?• Where can you read English journals/ magazines/ books outside the classroom
in your town?• How often do you listen to English on the radio or watch films on TV?• Have you ever written in English (to a pen-friend )?• Have you ever been to an English-speaking country?
In pairs ask each other questions to find out the missing information in the
following:
1. My partner has been learning English for ………….years.
2. In English he/ she is the best at ……………
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3. (grammar/ vocabulary/ speaking/ writing/ reading/ listening/ pronunciation)
1 In English he/ she is not the best at ………….. because …………….. .
2 He/ She finds ………………. most difficult to learn.3 He/ She thinks …………………… is most important for him/ her in learning
English.
GRAMMAR FOCUS 1. Match sentences A-O taken from the text above with the constructions 1-15.
A I’ve been studying business administration in Nottingham for the past twoyears.
B He managed to pick it up while he was working in the States.C …if we had chosen a tribal language, it would have caused political
problems.D I’m still studying but I…
E My parents came over about 20 years ago.F …he uses English all the time.G I love listening to English pop music…
H He managed to pick it up…I I’ve won a few local tournaments.J My biggest problem is pronunciation.K I hope I’ll be able to make myself understood.
L Dad speaks English much better than Mum.
M I’d never been away from home before.N … I was sent to an English-speaking school.O Next month I’m going to visit Egypt.
1 present perfect 9 superlative
2 past perfect 10 past continuous
3 past 11 verb + infinitive
4 verb + gerund 12 comparative
5 future 13 going to future
6 present 14 present perfect continuous
7 third conditional 15 present continuous
8 passive
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When do we use the auxiliary verbs be, have, will ? Complete the tense charts. Usethe verb wait for the active and mend for the passive.
ACTIVE Simple Continuous
Present
Past He was waiting
Future We will waitPresent perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect They will have been waiting
PASSIVE Simple Continuous
Present It is mended
Past It was being mended
Future
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
Remember!
Use be with verb + ing to
make continuous verb forms
You’ re listening to my explanation.
They were admiring the landscape.
I’ve been studying history for two years.
Use be with the past participle(-ed, V3) to make the passive
voice
Paper is made of wood.
The first books were printed in Germany.
The house had been built before 1900.
The fax will be sent tomorrow morning.
Use have with the past
participle to make perfect verb
forms
He has worked in several countries.
They were upset because they had missed the plane.
By the end of the year, he’ ll have moved house.
Use will with short infinitive
to make future forms
We will know the results tomorrow.
At this time next Sunday she will be flying to London.
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SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Look at these statements about English and decide if you agree with them. Work in pairs and compare your answers.
• You can learn a language outside the classroom.
• You should always use the dictionary if you don’t understand a word.
• Don’t worry about making mistakes; it’s more important to make yourself
understood.
• Learning about grammar is very useful.
• Listening, especially to native speakers, is the most difficult skill to develop.
READING
Q: Alice, how many languages do you speak and which ones are they?
A: Well, I can speak two languages besides English: French and Spanish.
Q: Quite interesting! How did you learn them?
A: You see, I had to learn French when I was in school. And Spanish I chose to
learn later, I thought it would be, you know, useful to learn it.
Q: What was the most difficult aspect of learning it?
A: Well, I was very embarrassed when we had to speak French in front of the rest
of the class, you know - the terrible pronunciations and things. Also, I think
listening comprehension was very difficult because it was always so fast…
Q: Oh, yes. A common complaint. Now, what is the most useful thing to do?
A: I think the grammatical system is the most useful.
Q: Have you had the opportunity to use it since then?
A: Actually, I work in a software company. As a sales manager, I have to deal
with our Canadian suppliers.
Q: That’s wonderful! Do you find it difficult to understand them?
A: Certainly! Their accent is quite strong but in the end I manage it.
(adapted from Reward, Heinemann)
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LANGUAGE WORK
1 . Ask questions to the words underlined. Remember that the particle goes to the
end of the sentence.
Example: I work for a computer company.
1 I am thinking about my next holiday.2 He is waiting for his sister.3 We worked with an important company.4 They were talking to our major customer.5 I am interested in their new project.
6 She is proud of her children.
2. Make questions with you from the sentences:
Example:
I come from Wales. (Where?)
a I speak two languages ( How many?) b I live in a house near the centre of the town. ( Where?)c I’m wearing jeans and a T-shirt. (What?)d I was born in Edinburgh in 1981. (Where? When?)e I’m studying English because I’d like to travel. (Why?)
f I’ve been to France and Canada. (Which countries?)g I have one brother. ( How many?)h I’ve been learning English for seven years. ( How long?)
i I’ll be 20 years old in November. ( How old?) j I’ve got £10 in my pocket. ( How much?)k I went to the seaside last summer. (Where?)l I’m going to visit my grandparents next holiday. (Whom?)
3. Make questions about the subject, and the object in each, as shown in the
example.
Example: Ann likes her new colleagues.Who likes her new colleagues? (Ann)
Who does Ann like? (her new colleagues)
Where do you comefrom?
Who do you workfor?
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h) Catherine left on a trip to Rome last summer, ……………….?i) Let’s have one more look at this plan, ………………..? j) I’m not too intruding, I hope, ………………..?
k) You aren’t too enthusiastic about my idea, …………………….?l) People sometimes overreact in stressing situations, ……………..?m) There are lots of students wishing to learn foreign languages, ……………… ?
Remember!
You form questions in the following ways:
Yes/No questions With the auxiliary verb – be, have, will
Are you coming with us to the library?
Have you even been to Italy?
Will you come back later?
With the modal verb – can, may, must Can you understand this rule?
May I sit down?
Must I do this exercise?
With the auxiliary do followed by short infinitive when the verb has noauxiliary
Do you look up every new word you come across?
The answer is generally short, containing just the personal pronoun and theauxiliary verb.
Have you got some paper? Do you like going out?
Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t. Yes, I do./ No, I don’t.
Wh questions
With the question words – what, who, which, how, when, where, why, how
many, how much, how long , to ask about the object of the sentence. They are
followed by the auxiliary or the modal verb.
What did you study last year?
I studied Economics. ( Economics = object)
With the question words who, what to ask about the subject of the sentence.They are not followed by the auxiliary do.
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What gives you most information, the papers or the radio?
The papers give me most information. (The papers = subject)
The word order is:Questionword
Auxiliary/Modal
Subject Verb Object, adjective,adverbial, etc.
Short answers
Is the seat taken? No, it isn’t
Has Robert written the report yet? No, he hasn’t.
Will it be fine tomorrow? No, it won’t.
Can we leave now? Sure you can.
Does his father run a company? Yes, he does.
did you arrive in Berlin? Yesterday.
Why are they behaving like that? I don’t know.
What have you decided to do now? I’ll see.
Who wrote this fax? She did.
Tag questions
They turn a statement into a question, containing just the auxiliary verb and the
personal pronoun, accordingly.
If the statement is affirmative, you use a negative tag.
Marion lives in Birmingham, doesn’t she? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
If the statement is negative, you use an affirmative tag.
They don’t accept credit cards, do they?
Yes. (They don’t accept)/ No. (They accept)
To ask for real information, you use a rising intonation on the tag.To show you expect agreement, you use a falling intonation on the tag.
Let’s have some fun!
Questions and riddles
1 Where does August come before July?
2 Who invented the five-day week?
3 What did the big telephone say to the little telephone?
4 Why was the strawberry so sad?
5 What did one wall say to the other?
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Answers: 1) In the dictionary. 2) Robinson Crusoe – he had all his work done by
Friday! 3) You are too young to be engaged. 4) Because its mother and father
were in a jam. 5) Meet you at the corner.
CHECKLIST
1.Name: i) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a mother tongue.ii) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a second official language.iii) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a foreign language.
2. Give two synonyms for the noun COMPANY (~ business entreprise).3. DO, BE, HAVE, WILL are auxiliaries placed first in an interrogative sentence.Give examples of such interrogative sentences.4. What intonation do you use in a TAG QUESTION i) to ask for information ?
ii) to show you expect agreement?5. What is the WORD ORDER in an English i) affirmative sentence?
ii) interrogative sentence?
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UNIT 2
SAYING HELLO!
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Meeting someone, when do we say: “It’s nice to meet you”?• while we shake hands?• before we shake hands?• after we have shaken hands?
What would you discuss the first thing after introductions:• the weather• business• Mr. X’s trip?
READING
INTRODUCTIONS
Robert Black comes to the office of Sigma Computers. Mrs. Albu comes down
to the reception area and introduces herself .
Albu: Mr. Black?Black: Yes, that’s right.Albu: Let me introduce myself. I’m Sanda Albu. I work for Mr. Pop.
Black: Mrs. Albu. How do you do? I’ve been looking forward to meetingyou. (They shake hands.)
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Albu: It’s nice to meet you, Mr. Black. You’ve come a very long way on
this trip, so I hope things are going well. Welcome to Bucharest!
NOTE: We use different expressions to greet people. Study the table below:
INTRODUCING
SOMEONE
RESPONDING TO AN
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCING
YOURSELF• I’d like to introduce you
to Dr. Johnson (formal)
• May I introduce you to
Mrs. Samson (formal)
• Mr. Brown, this is Ms.
Attkinson (formal)
• I’d like you to meet
Stephen Cox. (formal/
informal)
• Have you met Dan?
(informal)
• Sue, this is Mike. (informal)
• How do you do? (formal)
• Pleased to meet you.
(formal)
• Nice to meet you. (formal/
informal)
• Let me introduce myself.
(formal)
• Allow me to introduce
myself. (formal)
• How do you do?
(formal)
GREETING SOMEONE RESPONDING TO GREETING
• Hello! It’s good to see you. (formal)
• Hi! How are you? (formal)
• Hi, how are things? (informal)
• Not bad, thanks. What about you? (formal)
• Fine, thanks and you? (informal)
Ms. Rotaru, who is organizing Mr. Tanaka’s stay at central office, is greeting
him and explaining his programme. Read the dialogue and put the verbs in
brackets in the correct form:
Ms. Rotaru: Hello, Mr. Tanaka. Welcome back to Spiro Chemicals. It’s nice to
see you again.
Mr. Tanaka: Hello, Ms Rotaru. I’m delighted to be back.
Ms. Rotaru: (have) you a good trip?
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Mr. Tanaka: Yes, it (be) long, but it (be) fine, thanks.
Ms. Rotaru: How many hours is it from Tokyo?
Mr. Tanaka: I (come not) from Tokyo. I (come) from Singapore. I (leave)
Tokyo six days ago. I (have) appointments in Hong Kong and
Singapore on the way.
Ms. Rotaru: I see. But it’s still a long flight. You must be exhausted. When(get) you in?
Mr. Tanaka: Last night at half past eight.
Ms. Rotaru: So (have) you a good night’s sleep?
Mr. Tanaka: Yes, I (sleep) very well, thanks.
LANGUAGE WORK
ROLE-PLAY
Work in groups of three. Take turns role-playing parts A, B and C below.
Part A Part B Part CYou are Mr. Blake. Youhad a good time with Byesterday, and you arelooking forward tomeeting C.
You are Mr. Rosu.Introduce C to A, andact as the host. Youhave made reserva-tions for lunch.
You are Mr. Voicu.Welcome A toBucharest and askquestions about A’strip.
1. Introduce the following people to each other:
a. NAME Dr. Malkovitch Mr. SimuPOSITION Human Resources Manager Training Manager
COMPANY Delta Enterprises Café de Colombia
b. NAME Ms. Shields Mrs. ComanPOSITION Purchasing Officer Sales ManagerCOMPANY TEXACO PECO
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2. Complete the dialogue, using the phrases from the box:
I’m sorry to hear that Unfortunately I certainly will
How are you How do you do May I introduce you to
Pleased to meet you I’d like to keep in touch I’m afraid I’m not
... nice to meet you I really have to go Fine, thanks I’d like you to meet How do you do
Brown: Oh, hi, Bob! ________________________ today?
Goldberg: ________________________________Charles. ______________
our Vice-President, Elisabeth Powers. Elisabeth, ______________
Charles Brown from Sumitomo Company Ltd.
Powers: _________________________________, Mr. Brown.
Brown: ___________________________, Ms. Powers.Powers: Bob tells me that you would like to see our plant while you are in
New York, wouldn’t you?
Brown: That’s very kind of you. _____________________, my schedule is
booked up all next week.
Powers: _________________________. Well, _________________ I may
be in London next month.
Brown: I see. Please give me a call then.
Powers: _________________.
Brown: It was _________________________.
Powers: _________________________, too.
Brown: ___________________. May I have your business phone number?
Powers: Of course. Here is my business card.
Brown: Thank you. And here is mine. Now, I __________________. Good
bye.
Powers: Good bye.
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and when you want to emphasize that one person, and no other, does something:
e.g. And did you build the whole house by yourself?
Yes, we had to do it by ourselves because we didn’t have enough money to
pay a builder.
in some special phrases:
e.g. Does she live by herself? - No, her sister lives with her.
Enjoy yourself at the dance tonight!
Help yourself to some more cake!
Make sure those children behave themselves and don’t make too much
noise.
Remember!
Personal
pronoun
Object
pronoun
Possessive
pronoun
Possessive
adjective
Reflexive pronoun
I me mine my myself
you you yours your yourself
he him his his himself
she her hers her herself
it it - its itself
we us ours our ourselves
you you yours your yourselves
they them theirs their themselves
1 . Use the possessive pronoun instead of the possessive adjective:
a. He is one of my friends. b. Is this one of your little schemes? c. She played
one of her old records. d. That’s one of our favourite topics. e. Here, John, meetone of your well-known commentators. f. He took a fancy to one of my cousins.g. Some of their computers got out of order. h. I gave him one of my CDs.
i. Was it one of her applications? j. Do you have one of my copies?
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SECTION B
LEAD-IN
What country would you like to live in? Why? Where would you like to live: an apartment in the city center, a house in the
suburbs, a house in the country? Do you like to socialize a lot or prefer your intimacy?
READING
HOUSES & FLATS
Estate Agents
LOCATION SuburbsPRICE $ 55,000
BEDROOMS 1 large
2 small
RECEPTION ROOMS A living room with space for a table and a dining
room
NURSERY Regular
BATHROOM With bathtub
KITCHEN Large
PANTRY AdequateGARDEN Small
GARAGE For two cars
SHOPS 5 minutes away
TIME TO GET TO
THE CENTER 30 minutes
DESCRIPTION Semi-detached house in a leafy suburb. Quiet
residential street close to schools and park. Best of
both worlds.
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Mr. Briggs from restaurant supplies shop phoned. Said he can’t deliver fridge
and cooker until this afternoon. I’ve got to go to the butcher’s. Can you stay in
restaurant, let restaurant supplies man in and wait by phone? Have taken
booking for Saturday. It’s in reservation book.
Remember!
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Usage Examples
a – before a consonant or a semivowel
an – before a vowel or mute h
a man a hat a watch a university a European
an apple an egg an uncle an island an hour
The indefinite article is used:
with singular nouns when mentioned
for the first time
I live in a nice flat.
She has a daughter. with singular nouns which represent a
class of things
A fridge is a very useful thing in our homes
A child needs love
after the verb to be:
- with man, woman, child, etc.
- to express nationality, profession
Don’t shout at him! He’s only a child.
I am a Romanian. He is an architect.
(but He is elected director – temporary position)
in expressions of price, speed, ratio
(a/an = per)
15p a kilo 65 km an hour six times a day
£11,000 a month
with certain numbers a dozen a hundred a thousand
1½ kilo = one and ahalf kilos or akilo and ahalf (but half a kilo)
in some expressions andexclamations
It’s a pity . It’s a shame.
What a nice man! Such a long way!
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UNIT 3
C O M P A N I E S
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
What is a company?
What do companies deal with?What companies do you know?Are they success companies or bankrupt companies?What does the success of a company consist in?
READING
A SUCCESS LIFE STORY IN BUSINESSA wartime bomb is exploding in front of Guido Borghi’s electric-appliance shop in
Milan. That means that his 40 years of hard work are wiped out. Borghi is tellinghis three sons, “We have to go back to being hired workmen. I am too old to startall over again.”Today at Comerio, some 30 miles north of Milan, stand the headquarters of themulti-million-pound Borghi complex, Italy’s largest refrigerator manufacturer.Giovanni Borghi keeps everything going with his own boundless energy. Heworks together with his sons. They are making now hot plates, water heatersand electric irons as well as cookers. From now on there is nowhere for theBorghis to go but up. By day Giovanni and his sons run the business and makedeliveries, at night they take products apart to find ways of improving them.They now have more than 4,000 employees. They cooperate with their
customers. With the Italian standard of living constantly rising, a mass marketis developing for their refrigerators and all their other household and industrial
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products. To mass-produce successfully at the right price, to cut costs, Borghismake new investments of most of their fortune. The output rises constantly.Day by day they prove to be more efficient.
Despite the success of their business, the Borghis live a simple life. All they
earn is put back into the business, either to develop new products and new
factories or to improve the employees’ welfare. Giovanni’s greatest pride and
joy is the six-storeyed ultra-modern home built on the factory premises for
450 apprentices between 16 and 21. A luxury apartment block in appearance,
the hostel has dormitories, study and game rooms, an assembly hall where
films are shown, and athletics facilities together with many other company
facilities for employees. Giovanni Borghi always plays to win, whether in his
business or in his other undertakings. His favourite remark to his younger
employees is: “Every one of you can become like me. The important thing is
never to treat success like a comfortable armchair”.
(based on Indro Montanelli, Italy’s Biggest Enterprises)
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Why are the Borghis ruined? Do they really go bankrupt?
2. Where are their company’s headquarters?
3. What do they manufacture and what do they expand their products to?
4. Why are their products efficient? What contributes to the efficiency of their
products?
5. Which is the key of Giovanni’s success in business?
1. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the text:
The Borghis have to …… everything because a …… bomb is exploding in front of
their shop. The company’s …… are at Comerio. They are making refrigerators,
cookers, electric irons, washing-machines ……. They put back into the business all
they …… because they want to …… new …… and new …… and to improve their
employees’ ……. The company’s …… between 16 and 21 live in beautiful and
well-equipped ……. Giovanni’s success key is to work ceaselessly and not to treat
…… like a comfortable …….
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2. Italian is the adjective from the proper noun of country Italy. Give the
adjectives from these nouns:
Portugal RomaniaHungary Thailand
Belgium HollandSwitzerland VietnamIceland MexicoFrance ChileWales Pakistan
3. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences:
Example: Juan comes from Spain. He is a Spaniard and he speaks Spanish.
a. Birgit comes from Denmark. She is a ……………….… and she speaks ……
b. Zafer comes from Turkey. He is a …………………….. and he speaks …….c. Michael comes from Athens. He is a …..……………… and he speaks …….d. Anita comes from Sweden. She is a ……………….….. and she speaks …….e. Eleanor comes from Scotland. She is a ……………….. and she speaks ……f. Shuhei comes from Japan. He is a ….……………….… and he speaks …….g. Iris comes from Finland. She is a …………………...… and she speaks ……
4. Mr. Scott, a company’s manager, is offering a 15,000 interest-free loan. An
interest-free loan is a loan that is free of interest. Use similar compound adjectives
to express the following ideas:
a. a job that consumes a lot of time ……………………………………………….. b. an event forgotten for a long time ………………………………………………c. a flower that smells sweet ………………………………………………………d. a suit made by a tailor …………………………………………………………..e. a plane that flies high ………………………………………………….………..f. goods that are free of tax ………………………………………………………..g. a child who is seven years old …………………………………………………..
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5. Look at the words in the box, which have certain similarities in meaning. Put
each word into its appropriate sentence:
trade job business profession vocation
practice living craft industry commerce
1. He qualified as an economist in 1995, and set up in ……………... in Sheffield.2. After leaving school, he……………………………….… in a solicitor’s office.
3. I like my son to take over the ………………………………….… when I retire.
4. Nursing is not just a job; it is a …………………………..…, calling for much
self-sacrifice and devotion.
5. She earns her ………………………………... by telling fortunes at the seaside.
6. The ancient …………………………………. of weaving has been carried on
in these islands for centuries.
7. My uncle Joshua has worked in the local Chamber of …………………….…
since he graduated from Oxford.
8. Our …………………………… mark is a circle with the letters “G L” inside it.
9. There are a lot of Scotsmen in the medical …………………………………..…
10. It’s a dirty, smoky city, as there is a lot of heavy ………..…… on the outskirts.
6. Read the following text about “BICC” and make the company profile:
BICC is a large multinational with about forty thousand employees world-wide anda turnover of approximately three billion pound. The group’s main activities are
construction and manufacture of cables. The group has five different divisions.“Balfour Beatty” is Britain’s leading construction company with a turnover ofaround $ 1,700 m. The company is famous for its work constructing motorways, buildings and of course, the channel tunnel.
Another division is “BICC Cables”. They are the largest manufacturer of fibreoptic cables in Europe and they now own the Italian company “Ceat Cavil”,“CelCat” in Portugal; part of “CGC” in Spain and “KVC” in the former East Germany.
“BICC Cables” is expanding fast in Asia too and it has a turnover of $ 1,103 m.
Make also a profile of each division of the multinational company “BICC”.
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7. Fill in the spaces using the words below:
divided into retail subsidiary manufactures
division employs
“ICL” is a ……. of Fujitsu, which is a an 82% shareholder in the parent company.
The company ……. a total of 12,000 people. “ICL” group consist of twenty-nineautonomous companies. Each company has its own Managing Director. The groupis ……. three divisions. The first is Industry Systems. This division produces
business solutions (software) for ICI’s customers. The second is Technology,which …… computers and components. The third ……. is Services, which sellscomputer services, like maintenance and training. ICL operates in six differenttarget markets: ……. - that’s shops, supermarkets and so on; financial services;
local and central government; healthcare; manufacturing; travel and transport.
1. What is a holding or parent company?2. What is a subsidiary?3. What is a division?4. What does the group consist of?5. What is a company made up of?6. Where do the companies of a group operate in?7. What is a target market?
8. Ask questions about the building and the facilities of a company, using the
words below and beginning with:
Is the building ……? There is a/an …… There are …….Is there a/an …….? Are there ……..? Are they any ….?
There isn’t a/an…. There aren’t any…. There are no …modern separate rooms for smokersstaff restaurant large car park
facilities for disabled staff near a railway stationlifts bus stop nearbynoisy crèche
air conditioning system sport or recreational facilitiescold in winter nice to work in
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5. They, to visit a foreign country, every summer;6. Steve, to run to his office, every day.
3. The adverbs of frequency ( always, usually, often …) are often used with simple
present tense. Their place is either between subject and predicate or after the verb
to be.
Example: I, an umbrella, carry, often;I often carry an umbrella.He, late, always, is.He is always late.
1. The English, breakfast, at, speak, seldom;2. He, never, to be, in, interested, conferences;3. They, punctual, their, morning, in, the, at, normally, be, offices;4. Generally, she, own, her, forget, age;5. We, play, sometimes, Sunday, morning, on, tennis.
4. Simple present is also used in Time Clauses to express the future after when,
before, till, until, as soon as, immediately, by the moment…
Model: When you come, I’ll be ready.
1. These gates will remain shut until the train …………………………..…..(pass).2. By the time he ……………………….. (get back) from his business trip, his
wife will have cleaned the house.
3. It is said that one Englishman will not speak to another till they ……………..(be introduced).
4. I’ll ring you up whenever I …………………………... (have) time.5. As soon as she …………………………….... (learn) to type I’ll get her a job.
PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
1. We use present continuous tense to express a temporary action , to indicate a
temporary behaviour and an action which annoys the speaker.
Example: She is not writing now, she is speaking on the phone.
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1. I usually teach literature, but ….. (teach) grammar this year.2. Why ……(be) so upset? What’s the matter with you?3. You ….. (be) very unrealistic, life is not such.4. She ….. (always, talk) on the phone when I come to see her.5. He ….. (continually, lose) his glasses and (ask) me to look for them.
2. Use present continuous tense to describe personal fixed plans and appointmentsin the near future:
1. I ….. (fly) to Paris on Friday.2. They ….. (have dinner) with the sales team tonight.3. ….. you ….. (do) anything this evening? No, I’m not.4. We ….. (have breakfast) at 7.00 tomorrow because Tom doesn’t want to miss
the early train.5. Where ….. you (go) at the weekend? Don’t you want to pay me a visit?
3. Use simple present or present continuous:
1. I …. (hear) music. It ….. (sound) fine.
2. I ….. (think) he is a good man.
3. You ….. (hear) from your daughter?
4. I ….. (think) of his parents. How are they now?
5. You ….. (be) rude today!
6. You can’t see the manager now, he ….. (to have) an interview.
7. He ….. (usually, speak) so quickly. I ….. (not understand) what he ….. (say) now.
8. You ….. (enjoy) yourself or you ….. (like) to leave now?
9. I ….. (enjoy) myself very much. I ….. (want) to stay to the end.
10. ….. (come) with me for a walk? …..(mind) if I bring my dog?
Translate into English:
Ce-i determină pe oameni să muncească? Pare evident că oamenii muncescnumai pentru a se hr ăni şi a se îmbr ăca. Dar există căi de a-i determina să
muncească pentru mai mult decât atât. Dar mai mulţi bani şi mai multe beneficii nu
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duc automat la o productivitate crescută. Primul lor efect este să încurajeze oameniisă r ămână în slujbă, nu să producă mai mult sau să fie fericiţi.
Managerii se gândesc să dea oamenilor slujbe potrivite talentelor
individuale. În cazul banilor ca stimulent, oamenii muncesc pentru ei până la un punct - să-şi satisfacă concepţiile personale de viaţă bună. Există teoreticieni care pretind că banii şi beneficiile sunt “stimulente negative”, absenţa lor îi face pe
oameni nefericiţi, dar prezenţa lor nu-i face mai productivi. Aceiaşi teoreticienispun că banii contează doar împreună cu performanţa individuală. Pentru a stimulaangajaţii, multe companii îi atrag în procesul de luare a deciziilor, aşa încât ei să-şi poată raporta ţelurile personale la cele ale companiei. În multe cazuri sugestiile
salariaţilor sunt aplicate de către patroni cu succes.
Remember!
The following verbs cannot be used in the continuous aspect. Some of these verbscan be used in the continuous aspect with different meanings:
VERBS VERBS WITH DIFFERENT
MEANINGS IN THE
CONTINUOUS ASPECT
EXAMPLE
Verbs of senses when
they show an invo-
luntary action: to see, to
hear, to smell, to taste,
to feel, to sound, to look;
Verbs of senses: to smell, to
taste, to feel , when they
express a voluntary action;
The verb to see = to visit, the
verb to hear = to hear from (to
have news from somebody);
I’m feeling the material to
see if it is real silk.
I’m seeing my family on
Sunday.
Are you hearing from your
sister?
Verbs of mental activity:
to think, to understand,
to believe, to expect, to
remember, to suppose;
The verb to think when it doesn’t
express ideas but recollections;
The verb to expect = to wait
for;
I’m thinking about my
summer holidays.
I’m expecting a present from
Santa Claus.
Verbs of feeling: to
like, to dislike, to love,
to hate, to loathe, tomind;
The verbs to like, to love, to
enjoy when they don’t express
permanent states but a short period of time;
I’m loving/enjoying this
party.
I’m liking school betternow.
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Verbs expressing will:
to want, to wish, to
refuse, to prefer;
Verbs of possession: to
have, to belong to, to
own, to possess, to con-
tain, to hold, to consist
of;
The verb to have in different
expressions.
Don’t disturb him! He’s
having lunch.
Other verbs: to matter,
to depend upon, to
deserve, to resemble…
To be The verb to be when it ex-
presses a temporary beha-
viour.
I can’t understand why you
are being so rude today!
Let’s have fun!
It’s the first day at university. Lecturer: “What’s your nationality?”Student: “It’s difficult to say.” Lecturer: “What do you mean?”Student: “Well, you see, my father is Polish, my mother Lithuanian, and I was
born on a Russian ship, in Romanian waters, under the Turkish flag.”
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One day he went to stay at a hotel in New York and asked for thecheapest room they had. Rockefeller said “What is the price of the room?”.The manager told him. “And which floor is it on?”. Again the manager toldhim. “Is that the lowest priced room you have? I am staying here by myselfand only need a small room.” The manager said, “That room is the smallestand cheapest we have”, and added, “But why do you choose a poor roomlike that? When your son stays here he always has our most expensiveroom; yours is our cheapest.” “Yes”, said Rockefeller, “but his father is awealthy man; mine isn’t.”
CHECKLIST
1. Comment an the following statement: „Never treat success like a confortable chair”.2. State the difference between wages and salaries.3. Choose the correct verb form: i) The Prime Minister meets/is meeting the
foreign delegation at 10 a.m.
ii) I meet/am meeting my friends at 10 p.m.4. What important information should a job vacancy ad contain?
5. What is a holding company?
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UNIT 4
GOING TO COLLEGE
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
In groups discuss the following questions:
• Do you think that the number of students should be greater?• Do you think education should be free?
• Are there advantages in a private educational system?• Is a diploma necessary to get well-paid jobs?• What other ways are there to get qualifications?
Complete these sentences with a word or expression to do with education from
the box below:
1 Margaret had left school and was anxious to go to ………………… to studyarchitecture.
2 The ……………………………….. are preparing their first exams.3 Joan attends the business courses regularly, so she is a ………..…………
student.4 When he finished the law studies, Christian was awarded a ……………….
to become a lawyer.
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LANGUAGE WORK
Complete the chart. Then compare the educational system in UK or the USA with
the educational system in our country.
UK USA Romania
Courses
DegreesAdmission
Tuition fees
Concerns
Write a paragraph describing some of the main differences .
1. In pairs decide whether the following statements are true ( ) or false ( ).
1 Medicine, architecture and foreign languages are studied for three years.2 Students are only accepted based on entrance examinations.
3 The grant received by students is being paid back at present. 4 High schools and colleges are not attended by many Americans.5 Education is considered vital to the American ideal.6 Not so many people think that the quality of education is a problem that
must be addressed.2. Do you know what the following abbreviations stand for?
BSc, PhD, VIP, CD, DJ, MA, Washington, D.C., SOS, IT, p.m., e.g., i.e.Can you add some more?………………………………………………………………………………………
VOCABULARY
Clippings are some words normally used in an abbreviated form in informalsituations.
exam (examination) lab (laboratory) fridge (refrigerator)TV or telly (television) board (blackboard) rep (representative)
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phone (telephone) fax (facsimile) memo (memorandum)ad/advert (advertisement)
You take / do / sit an exam. If you are well prepared, you’ll pass / do well in your
exam. If you skip lectures, you’ll probably fail / do badly in the exam. Therefore, before an exam it’s a good idea to revise for it. When you pass all your exams, yougraduate from university – you’re a graduate.
1. Look up the following terms specific to the US education system:
sophomore freshman junior senior
2. Here are some words related to education and training. Put them in columns
under these headings: degrees, subjects, education institutions, teachers
3. Correct the following sentences:
1 I can’t come out. I’m studying. I’m passing an examination tomorrow.
2 Congratulations! I hear you succeeded your exam!3 She’s a professor in a primary school.
4 He left university and now he’s an economist.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Put in the prepositions in, at or on. 1 Nick was so bored, he had nothing to do ____ the weekend.2 Derek went swimming ____ Sunday morning and _____ the evening he
played bridge.3 I took my annual holiday in August, but I had a few days off ____
Christmas as well.4 I was born ____ 1954.
statistics professor college economics
bachelor master university accounting
tutor postgraduate lecturer geographyhigh school international business doctor
polytechnics reader
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5 I was born ____26 March 1954.6 The house was built ____ the eighteenth century.7 Angela got up very early ____ the morning to set out on her trip
and she arrived in Brighton quite late ____ night.
2. Write an appropriate question for these answers.
Example: How old were you when you started school?
1 …………………………………………………………….
I went to two schools.
2 …………………………………………………………….
The first was a junior school, the second was a high school.
3 ………………………………………………………………
No, I didn’t. I wasn’t quite happy at school.
4 ………………………………………………………………
I took ‘A’ levels when I was 17.5 ………………………………………………………………
Yes, I did. I went to Oxford University
6 ………………………………………………………………
Sociology
7 ……………………………………………………………….
I studied there for four years.
8 ………………………………………………………………..I graduated in 1977.
SIMPLE PAST
3. Put the verbs in the correct tense and fill in the spaces. All the verbs areirregular.
Infinitive Simple past Past participle
write letters wrote a memo written your resignation
… a mistake … a decision … noise
… care … a photograph … a chance
………
a report … a magazine … through thehandbook
………
an ice-cream … a new CD … tickets
I was six years old.
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Compare the following sentences.
a He’s lived in the countryside for seven years. (He still lives there.) He lived in the countryside for seven years. (Now he lives somewhere
else.) b The company produced gramophones.(It can’t produce any more.)
The company has produced software. (It can produce some more.)
c Have you seen Tom anywhere this morning ? (It’s still morning.) Did you see Tom this morning? (It’s afternoon or evening.)
SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT
5. Write the questions using present perfect or past simple. Look at the answers
first.
Example: How long / Sarah / live / in France?
How long has Sarah lived in France? Since 1990
1 When / be the last time / you / have / a holiday?……………………………………………….. Last year.
2 How long / you / khow / Doris?……………………………………………….. Two hours ago.
3 How long / Daniel / be / a student?………………………………………………... Since last year.
4 What time / you / finish work?……………………………………………… At 6.00 p.m.
5 How long / you / write / your report last night?………………………………………………
6 When / Chris / leave / for the airport?……………………………………………….
All evening.
Ten minutes ago.
7 When / Norman / take / these photos?……………………………………………….. Last summer.
SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT?
6. In the dialogue below, put the verbs into the simple past or the present perfect,as shown in the example.
A: Could I have a word about your trip to Warsaw?
B: Certainly. Is everything all right?
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A: Yes. Your tickets 1) have arrived (arrive) and they’re with my secretary. And I2) ……….…………..( just/have) a fax from the hotel confirming your reservation.
B: Thank you. What about money?
A: I 3) ……………….…….. (already/order ) some zloty for you. I 4) …………………... (ring ) the bank yesterday, and they’ll have them tomorrow.
But there’s a problem with your Eurocheque book. I 5) …………………. (ask )them to send one a week ago, but it 6) …………………… (not/arrive) yet.
B: That’s all right. I 7) …………………. (never/need ) a Eurocheque before. Inormally use a credit card.
A: Really? Are you sure you can do that?
B: I think so. Certainly when I 8) …………………. ( go) to Austria last SeptemberI 9) ………………. (take) my Visa card and my MasterCard, and I 10)……………… (not/have) any problems. But I’ll check about Poland. 11) …………………. ( you/ever/be) there?
A: No, but have a word with Jennifer Cooper in Marketing. She 12) ………………(be) there a couple of times, so I expect she would know.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS?
7. Underline the correct form of the verb. Remember that some verbs cannot beused in the continuous aspect.
Example: I didn’t realize that you and David were friends. How long
have you known/been knowing him?
1. Peter is a natural salesman. He has sold/has been selling eight insurance policies since the beginning of the week.
2. The French visitor has arrived/been arriving at the airport for half an hour! Youhave to leave immediately to pick him up.
3. We have waited/have been waiting for Helen for one hour. I guess she won’tcome at all.
4. This report is a nightmare. I have written/have been writing it for two weeks, and
it is still not finished.
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5. When …………………….………… to England? After ……………………..……… born.
6. How many times ………………...…. as sales representative?Twice……
7. Where …………..………….…… to after Clementine was born? A house in Cambridge.
8. How ……………………..……… clothes?Since …………………..…………… .
9. ………. George ………… a successful career? No, he hasn’t, because ……………………………………………………………………………...
9. Complete the sentences by matching a line from A with a line from B.
A B
1. Although these clothes are expensive a) in spite of his age.2. Though the results are encouraging b) they are bought by a lot of people.
3. Despite the lack of resources c) though he had no qualifications.
4. He would walk for hours d) the company did not go bankrupt.
5. He got the job e) they do not get the best marks.
6. Although they learn more f) they are not enough for real success.
Remember!
Past tense vs. present perfect
Present perfect – indefinite time Past simple – definite time
How long have you prepared it? for a long time.
I’ve prepared it lately.
since yesterday.
recently.
She has just left.I’ve already seen it.
I haven’t seen it yet.
When did you prepare it? yesterday.
I prepared it two weeks ago.
in 1995.
at one o’clock.
when I last saw him.
for two years.
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SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Work in pairs. Student A should use the information below and Student B shouldlook at the information in File 2 on page 191. Then answer the following
questions:
• Which university is the oldest, Cambridge or Harvard?• Which college is the oldest?• Which college is the most recent?• Which college is the most famous?• Which institute is best placed in science and technology?
READING
Cambridge must be one of the best-known universities in the world. The renownedEnglish institution started during the 13th century and grew steadily, until todaythere are more than twenty colleges. Most of them allow visitors to enter the
grounds and courtyards. The oldest college, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284, andthe most recent , Robinson College, was opened in 1977. The most famous is probably King’s, because of its magnificent chapel. Its choir of undergraduates isalso very well known. Every year thousands of students from overseas come to
Cambridge to study English in the first place.
Each year in May there are the Eight Weeks of various sporting events, amongwhich the most celebrated is the boat-race Oxford v. Cambridge. It was first rowedin 1829 and has became a regular event since 1856.To the North of this ancient city is the modern face of the University – the
Cambridge Science Park, which has developed in response to the need foruniversities to increase their contact with high technology industry. It was
established in 1970 by Trinity College, which has a long scientific tradition going back to Sir Isaac Newton. Cambridge Science Park is now a centre of more thansixty companies and research institutes.
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LANGUAGE WORK
American English
Cambridge Science Park is now a centre of more than sixty companies andresearch institutes. (British English)Cambridge remains a center of intellectual life, especially since it’s become hometo MIT. (American English)
Here are some of the main difference both in spelling and vocabulary between the two:
Spelling Vocabulary
British English American English British English American English
met re, theat re meter, center petrol gas(oline)
col our, hum our col or, hum or lorry truck
program me, dialogue program, dialog luggage baggage
analy se, organi se analy ze, organi ze holiday vacation
defen ce, licen ce defen se, licen se pavement sidewalktravell er, jewell ry travel er, jewel ry lift elevator
thr ough, pl ough thr u, pl ow term semester
cheque che ck motorway freeway
encyclop aedia encyclopedia (bank)note bill
skil ful, fulfil skill ful, fulfill underground subway
gr ey gr ay ground floor first floor
p y jamas p a jamas autumn fall
1. If you read words spelt in the following way, would the writer be British or
American?
1) labor 2) fibre 3) centralized 4) movie theater 5) endeavour 6) thru
2. Translate the following into British English:1. We’ve run out of gas in the freeway.2. We’re leaving by subway.3. I’m looking forward to my vacation.4. He put his baggage into the truck.
5. When does the fall semester start?
6. She bought a nice apartment on the first floor.7. Can you change this bill for me?
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Do you know any other examples of American English? Make a list at an
appropriate place in your vocabulary notebook or file.
3. What is the comparative/superlative of the following adjectives? simple large fat easy difficult good cheap lucky quick
profitable
4. Choose the correct form of the comparative / superlative:
1. Could you tell me what the nearest/ next underground station is?
2. For any farther/ further information do not hesitate to contact us.
3. There are two answers to this question, but only the later/ latter is
convenient.
4. My uncle is the eldest/ oldest son of seven brothers.
5. The last/ latest trends of the market are encouraging.
6. The nearest/ next lecture will be given by a renowned professor.7. The last / latest people who arrived to the meeting couldn’t find any vacant
seats.
8. The expedition reached farther/further than all the previous ones.
9. The archaeologist found the oldest/eldest remains of the ancient
civilisation.
10. Later/ latter events proved him right.
5. Write the correct question. Then give true answers to some questions about you.
Use the superlative + the present perfect. Example:
(What / good / holiday / you have?)What’s the best holiday you’ve had?
1. (What / exciting / experience / you / have?)…………………………………………………………....
2. (Who / remarkable person / you / meet?)……………………………………………………….……
3. (What / fast car / you / drive?)
…………………………………………………………..…
My holiday in Greece lastear.
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4. (What / expensive thing / you / buy?)……………………………………………………………...
5. (What / useless present / you / get?)
………………………………………………………………6. (What / unusual food / you/ eat?)
………………………………………………………………
6. Write sentences comparing the following items.
Example: The project I work for / the last project
(big) The project I work for is bigger than the last project I worked for .(small) It is not as small as the last project I worked for.
1. My office / my colleague’s office
(large) ……………………………………………………………………………
(small) ……………………………………………………………………………
2. The job I do now / my last job
(easy to do) ………………………………………………………………………(hard to do) ………………………………………………………………………
3. The new software programme / the old one
(cheap) ……………………………………………………………………………
(expensive) ………………………………………………………………………
4. This meal / the one I had last night
(bad) ………………………………………………………………………………
(good) ……………………………………………………………………………..
5. Our profit this year / their profit
(little) ……………………………………………………………………………..(much) …………………………………………………………………………….
7. Only two of these comparatives sentences are correct. Correct the mistakes
where necessary.
Example:
He left more early than she did. He left earlier than she did .
1. His car is moderner than mine. …………………………………………….
2. It’s a bit hotter today. ……………………………………………………….
3. My friend lives much more far away now. ………………………………....
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4. Is this more interesting as his latest exhibition? ………………….………..
5. My brother is the same height like me. …………………………………..…
6. I paid less than you for the holiday. …………………………………..…….
7. The chess player was more smart then the computer. ……………………...
8. Study the information contained in the following chart and then complete the
passage below, using the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives:much, little, high, low, near (some of them appear twice).
The chart above illustrates the different levels of per capita expenditure on leisureactivities for some EU member countries in 1997. As you can see, the(1)………..……… amount spent was by the Portuguese with the Spaniards in(2)………………….. position at 70 EUs. Amongst those nations who spent the (3)………..…….. on this type of product were the Irish who were almost two hundredEUs ahead of their rivals, the Danish. In comparison, the expenditure of theBelgians was only half that of the (4) …………… amount. Both the British and the
Dutch were by five ecus (5) …………..…. or (6) ……………... than the EUnational average of 149.
SOCIAL ENGLISH
1. Match a line in A with a line in B.
A
1. Shall we meet this afternoon at 3 o’clock?2. Sorry I’m late. I got held up in the traffic. Did I miss anything?
3. Could I have the bill, please?
283
148
369
202119 152
564
105164
58 70149
B e l g i u m
B r i t a i n
D e n m a r k
F r a n
c e
G r e e c e
H o l l a n d
I r e l a
n d
I t a l y
L u x e m b o
u r g
P o r t u
g a l
S p a
i n
E C
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d) The …………………. of living will only go up. It won’t go down.A price B value C cost D expense
e) While I was skiing, I …………..……… and broke my wrist.
A fell B felt C feel D fallen
f) Use your time sensibly. Don’t …………………… it on trifles.A spend B pass C lose D waste
j) Jump in the car. There’s enough ……………. for you.
A room B place C seat D space
Remember!
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Adjective of one syllable
Adjectives of two syllables ending in er, le, ow, y
All remaining
adjectivesPositive big, clever, gentle, narrow, happy generous
Comparative bigger, clever er, gentler, narrower, happier more generous
Superlative biggest, clever est, gentlest, narrowest, happiest most generous
Wales is as interesting as Scotland. They are not as
expensive as hotels.
The Andes are the
tall est in America.
Holiday camps are cheaper than hotels.
Yet chalets are less expensive than camps.
The least expensive
holidays are often the
most interesting of all.
The more we are, the merrier we shall be.
Structures of
comparison
The communications are faster and faster.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
good, well The statistics are better than last
year.
“Love story” was a best-seller.
bad, ill The weather was worse this time. Their solution is the worst of all.
much,many
More people speak English todaythan ever. Gold is a most precious metal.
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little, few We have less time to read than
before.
She likes physics least of all subjects.
old My brother is older than I am.
He is the elder brother.
Oxford is the oldest university in
UK.
Mark is the eldest son in the family.
far Saturn is farther than Mars.
Further discussion is useless.
Pluto is the farthest planet.
It was the furthest point debated.near Kate was nearer the truth than
Jane.
Victoria is the nearest station.
My cousin lives next door.
late I arrived later than I expected. The latest fashion is very simple.
The last time I saw him was in May.
Let’s learn some new expressions!In group A you will find common expression you could hear in conversation,television and film. Can you match each of them with the meaning in group B?
GROUP A GROUP B
1. It’s all in the melting pot. a) He can’t justify.2. It’s like looking for a needle in ahaystack.
b) It’s very difficult to keep going.
3. It’s an uphill struggle. c) He’s very unpleasant to be with.4. It’s a storm in a teacup. d) He’s misunderstood it.5. He’s got hold of the wrong end of the
stick.e) He’s really happy and excited.
6. He’s over the moon. f) No decisions have yet been taken.7. He can’t get a leg to stand on. g) He really annoys other people.8. He’s like a bear with a sore head. h) It’s an almost impossible task.9. He’s got plenty on his plate. i) He’s got a lot to do.10. He gets under everyone’s skin. j) It’s a lot of fuss and commotion
about nothing.
CHECKLIST
1.a.Does one still feel ill if he/she says: ”I have caught a cold”? b. What tense do we use to talk about: i) the present results of a past action?
ii) the time when something happened?2. Name the educational levels in the UK and Romania comparatively.3. What are the comparative and superlative degrees of these adjectives: far, big,
reliable, bad, funny?. 4. What expressions can you use to ask for information?6. Give examples of words that differ in American English and British English.
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UNIT 5
GETTING IN TOUCH
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
1. To what extent is correspondence important in business communication?2. How many types of letters/messages can you think of?3. What is the “contents of a letter”?4. Give as many specimen sentences for the opening lines and complimentary
close as you know.
LETTERS: DATES AND SALUTATIONS
Note that when expressing date, several variations are possible: January 10th, 2000
10th January, 2000
10 January, 2000
January 10, 2000
The date may also be written in short. In Britain the day precedes the year:30.12.2000
30/12/2000
In the US, the month often precedes the day:
12.30.2000
12/30/2000
That is why you had better write the month with letters.
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A number of closing salutations are possible at the end of a letter, but they are usedin different situations:• “Yours faithfully” is used when the name of the person you are addressing is
unknown. Your letter probably began “Dear Sir/Sirs/Madam,” (or “Gentlemen:” in US usage).
• “Yours sincerely” (or “Sincerely yours” in US usage) is used when you do
know the name of the person to whom you are writing, but wish to remain onfairly formal terms. Your letter probably began “Dear Mr. Talbot/Ms Tomlin”.
• “Yours truly” or ”Truly yours” is used, principally, in the US as an alternativeto “Yours sincerely”. Your letter probably began ”Gentlemen:”.
• “Best/Kind regards” is frequent in friendly business letters (faxes). • “Cordially” or “Best wishes” are used when you know the name of the person
to whom you are writing. It is less formal, so your letter probably began “Dear
John/Laura”.
Correct any inappropriate elements in the following letter:
Hartley-Mason Inc.
618 West and Vine Street, Chicago, Illinois
ATTN: Mr. M. Tirnoveanu 29/5/00Motor Systems SRLStr. Toamnei nr. 12
BucharestROMANIA
Dear Sir,
We are in receipt of your letter of 27 May and are pleased to see that the samples
we sent you are to your satisfaction and the workmanship is to your standards.The United States, like Romania, has also experienced an increase in motorbikesales, and like you we think that there is a vast market to be tapped for the touring bike.
With regard to your offer, I should tell you straight away that we never use soleagencies anywhere in the world, but rely on merchants buying our products on their
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own account, then retailing them at market prices in their country. We, of course,offer a 30% trade discount off net list prices and a further discount for sales aboveUS$100,000.
As far as advertising is concerned, you will be pleased to hear that we have arranged foran extensive campaign which begins next month and features our machines. We aresending dealers throughout Europe with brochures, leaflets and posters to hand to their
customers and this will be followed up by television advertising in May.Our terms of payment are L/C open at a Bank of your preference, order shippedCFR a port of your designation. Should any slight flaw be found, we undertake toremedy it as soon as possible.
In the hope of signing a long-term contract with you, thank you for writing to us,and we are looking forward to hearing from you.
Best wishes,
President
J. R. MasonEnc. Please find our catalogue.
LANGUAGE WORK
Remember!
Some abbreviations you might see on a letter/fax/envelope:
c/o care of (e.g. T. Smith, c/o J. Brown; the letter goes to J. Brown’s address)enc. enclosed (e.g. enc. application form)PS postscript (extra message after the letter has been ended)asap as soon as possible (e.g. ring me asap)PTO please turn overpc. pieceNB please note (Latin: nota bene)RSVP please reply (French: répondez s’il vous plaît)a/c account current
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1. Translate this note from the boss to a group of workers in an office, into full
words.
Memo from: Mr. Braneless (MD) TO: All staffDate: 3/5/91 Ref: 04056/DC
May I remind you that all new lab equipment should be registered
with Stores & Supplies, Room 354 (ext 2683). NB: new items must be notified before 17:00 hrs on the last day of the month of purchase, i.e. the current budgeting month. All a/c nos must berecorded.
Braneless
Sometimes the samples you receive do not comply with your standards and
you must give up cooperation with that company. Write a letter of cancellation ofthe order.
2. Match the Romanian expressions to their corresponding English terms:
1. vă rugăm să confirmaţi în scris A. I look forward to hearing from you
2. dacă nu ne veţi informa contrariul B. unless we hear from you to the contrary3. aştept cu ner ă bdare r ăspunsul dvs. C. within a fortnight4. confirmăm primirea D. we are holding the matter pending5. am luat notă de E. under separate cover
6. v-aş r ămâne recunoscător F. in the near future7. în termen de 14 zile G. I have duly noted8. în viitorul apropiat H. we shall take the necessary action
9. în plic separat I. I/we acknowledge receipt of10. problema r ămâne în atenţia noastr ă J. kindly/please confirm in writing11. vom lua măsurile necesare K. I would be grateful if you would kindly
3. Match the abbreviations on the left to the full form on the right:
1. PLS A. with reference to
2. RQD B. cost and freight3. YR C. payment4. CFR D. your5. ATTN E. bill of lading
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6. REF/RE F. required7. PYT G. request8. RQST H. free on board
9. L/C I. letter of credit10. B/L J. please11. CNTR K. received
12. RCVD L. container13. DISCNT M. apologies14. DSPTCH N. discount15. APOLS O. dispatch
16. F.O.B P. for the attention of
This is a part of a letter you receive from a friend. Write to your friend, giving
practical advice, referring to the points in the letter.
As you know, I’ll graduate this summer. I’m looking forward to starting work
and earning some money of my own. I want to open my own shop, so I’m going to get a job in the local department store straightaway to gain as much
practical experience as possible. Of course my parents want me to go to college
and do a business course but I feel I’ll learn more on the job. My brother
thinks I could spend a year travelling before I make up my mind – to Australia
or somewhere and improve my English. Please let me know what you think …
GRAMMAR FOCUS
EXPRESSING ABILITY, PERMISSION, OBLIGATION, ADVICEMODAL VERBS
The modals have the following main characteristics:
• Do not have the infinitive form.• Do not get the III-rd person singular -s of the present tense.• Do not get the -ing suffix.• Make the interrogative and negative without TO DO.• The modals are followed by the short infinitive (without TO), except OUGHT• Are replaced by modal equivalents for the tenses and moods they do not have.
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1. Use CAN/COULD to express ability and permission (COULD is more polite):
a. ........... you fill in this application form for me?
b. They .............. build better houses.c. I ............ give a response to this fax message, because they ............ supply me
with all the information I needed.
d. ...................... I go to the customs and take the samples on your behalf?e. What .…………….... he see in the hall of the airport?f. He .…………... join the yacht club as soon as he is through with his last
exam.
g. The CEO says that everybody ..………………….... take part in thediscussion.
2. Fill in the blanks with CAN’T/COULDN’T + present or past infinitives to
express negative deduction and reproach:
a. The customer says that the meat ........ (be) good after so many days.
b. It ........... (be) his secretary who answered the phone. She was on lunch break.
c. You .................. (pay) the company’s debt last month. Now we are in
litigation with our suppliers.
d. They ......... (pay) this order. Their company is bankrupt.
e. All Saints ........ (win) MTV awards last year. They didn’t enter the
competition.
3. Use MAY or MIGHT to express permission or possibility:
a. Let us book our tickets today so that when we go to the station there
………………..... be no unnecessary hurry and excitement.
b. Those who have finished their papers ………………….. leave the lecture-
hall if they go quietly.
c. They spoke in whispers so that the people in the next room ……………....
not know of their presence in the house.
4. Fill in the blanks with MUST or NEED to express obligation: Note. In questions must and need are often similar in meaning, but need cannot
be used after question words; when using need the speaker hopes for a
negative answer:
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a. ............ I take the exam this semester? No, but next semester you must. b. Where .......... I put this file?c. .............. I attend the meeting too?
d. ........... I pay the telephone bill today? I’m so busy.
5. Fill in the blanks with OUGHT TO, MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD to express
advice: a. As the others insist on it, you ......... do as they say. b. You ...... go to the mountains. You look very tired.
c. “You ...... finish your work before going on holiday.” “I know I ............d. You ........... take these pills three times a day as the doctor has told you to.e. You .......... (not) smoke cigars, they will ruin your health.
f. Robert looks quite ill. He ...... have a rest.g. I want to get as thin as a movie star. What .......... I do? You .......... see a
doctor about it.h. You ........ stop drinking, or else you will get drunk.
6. Change the sentences below, using I would rather or I had better followed by a
short infinitive to express preference:
Note: Would rather + infinitive shows preference (e.g. I would rather drinkmineral water than Coca Cola)
Had better + infinitive shows desirability or advisability. (e.g. You had better come in now. = You should come in now / You ought to come in now).
a. He prefers to work abroad than get a job in his own country. b. It will be better if he sees a therapist at once.c. It is advisable for her to go in for the TOEFL test.d. I prefer not to sit up late.e. It will be better for you to apply for a well-paid job.f. It is advisable that we phone the After-Sales Services ourselves.g. She prefers to watch passively than actively participate in the discussion.
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Remember!
MODAL VERBEXPRESSING EXAMPLE
CAN(COULD)
COULD +
perfect infinitive
ability, capability
(equivalent: to be able to)
permission (informal
alternative of may; could
is more polite)
possibility (could
indicates greater doubt)
negative deduction,
impossibility
assumptions
reproach
Tom can read Arabic.
She could play the piano, although
she could not read the notesCan I leave you for a moment?
Could I leave early today?
Do you think this ring could be
gold?
She couldn’t have typed this letter,
she hasn’t learned to type yet.
It’s no good waiting for John anylonger. - Well, let’s wait a few
more minutes, he could have
missed the bus.
You could have told me you
were going
MAY(MIGHT)
MIGHT +
perfect infinitive
permission (equivalent: to
be allowed/permitted to)
(might is more polite)
possibility
assumption, guess
(might indicates greater
doubt)
reproach
May we watch the film on TV
tonight?
Might I call you up again
tomorrow?
He may/might come tomorrow.
We’d better fill the tank up. We
may not get to another gas
station for the next hours.
You might have told me what
happened.
MUST necessity, obligation
(equivalent: have to/have
got to) (negative: a)
mustn’t = duty not to dosomething, prohibition;
He must do all his homework
before he goes out. ...
Must I help in the kitchentoday? - No, you don’t have to.
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MUST + perfect
infinitive
= no duty, absence of
obligation)
deductions
conclusions
I’m going to open the present
now. - No, you mustn’t.
We haven’t seen Tom today. He
must be ill.
Where’s Jack? - I don’t know.
He must have missed the train.
–But he can’t have missed the
train (imposibility).
NEED necessity, requirement
a) as an auxiliary:
b) as main verb:
You needn’t copy the words.
Just try to remember them.
Do we need to/Need we to
bring our textbooks tomorrow?
No. you don’t need/needn’t.
SHALL necessity, compulsion,obligation (formal style)request for advice,suggestion (NB: first person only!)
The supplier shall deliver thegoods on due date.
Shall I leave some coffee foryou here?
SHOULD
SHOULD + perfect infinitive
advice, suggestion
duty, moral obligation
possibility, probabilitywonder, surprise
reproach
You should return those booksto the library.You should work a little harderfor that high wages you get.They should be at home bynow.
How should I know? (also:How am I supposed to know?)You should have left somemarks on that path. Youshouldn’t have left the map athome.
OUGHT TO advice, suggestion(alternative of should, butmore emphatic)duty, obligation
You ought to be more carefulnext time.
You ought to be more polite
with your parents.
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WILL definite intention, firmdecision polite (but firm) requestand invitationsrepeated actionrefusal (in negativesentences)
Will you marry me?
Will you sign the register, please? Will you have anothersandwich?He will sit on the bench forhours.
She won’t say a word about itWOULD wish, intention polite invitations andrequest
repeated actionrefusal (in negativesentences)
I would tell you, but you didn’t listen.Would you accompany me tothe concert?Would you do me a favour?She would wait for me everymorning.He wouldn’t let me help him.
DARE a) as main verb (toventure, to challenge) b) as a modal (to have thecourage/impudence to)expressing indignation
Nobody dared to contradict theteacher.
How dare you talk to me likethat?
USED TO (no present form; used forregular activities in the past) repeated action
I used to smoke when I wasyounger, but I gave up five yearsago.
BE TO order, instructions(impersonal )
He is to stay at the airport untilthe President arrives.
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SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Can you learn just by reading or listening to English?
You will certainly help yourself to learn English vocabulary not only by studying
with this book but also by reading and listening to English. Give each of the items
on the lists below a mark from 0 to 4 describing how important this way of learning
vocabulary could be for you personally.
Example: newspapers : 3.
newspapers TV (cable/subtitled) cinema magazines video
radio (e.g. BBC World Service) academic or professional literature fictionsimplified readers (with or without cassettes) music or other cassettes
talking to native speakers
To what extent is the phone conversation important in the business world? Are you careful about your attitude on the phone, or any attitude or tone of
voice would do? How can we take the stress out of the telephone?
TELEPHONING
Mr. Abbott: Good morning. Could I speak to Mr. Johnson?
Secretary: Sorry, I’m afraid Mr. Johnson is out for a while. Would you leave
a message or call back later?
Mr. Abbott: Unfortunately, I’m in a hurry and I need to talk to someone from
the Sales Department. Could you put me through to Mr. Johnson’s
assistant?
Secretary: Of course, hold on, please, I’ll have to check up the extension. Oh
... here it is. Putting you through.
Mr. Abbott: Thanks.……………………………………………………………………...
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Mr. Clark: Edward Clark speaking. Good morning. Can I help you?
Mr. Abbott: This is David Abbott from Mistral Ltd., importers of textile
products. We have received our pattern book and we are
particularly interested in some textiles made of pure cotton and
silk. Could you give me some more details on samples 156, 314
and 460?
Mr. Clark: Yes, certainly. I see that you have selected the most attractiveones.
Mr. Abbott: We are going to extend our range of products and we are looking
for new shades and designs, but only of top quality.
Mr. Clark: Our products comply with all your requirements and at low prices,
too.
Mr. Abbott: Are these textiles guaranteed unshrinkable, colour-fast and crease-
resistant?
Mr. Clark: Absolutely. Moreover, I assure you that sample No. 212 which is
made of pure cotton is water-proof. I am sure that your clients will
also enjoy its light shade that is in fashion nowadays.Mr. Abbott: Sure, but our Company would like to make sure of all these
characteristics before purchasing extensively; may I suggest you
send us a first dispatch on trial and the price quotations?
Mr. Clark: That’s a good idea; we’ll do that before signing our contract.
Anyway, considering the quality of our goods, your purchase is a
real bargain, believe me!
LANGUAGE WORK
ROLE-PLAY
How do you usually start a phone conversation to sound polite and get the
information you need? In pairs, prepare a conversation between a travel agent and
a customer, then act it out.
1. Define the following terms in English:
a. We are going to extend our range of products;
b. We are looking forward to new shades and designs;c. unshrinkable;
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d. colour-fast;e. crease-resistance;f. water-proof;
g. before purchasing extensively.
2. Read the telephone dialogue below. Choose the best answer for each blank.
Marcu: Sigma Representative Offices, can I help you?
Anca: Yes. ________________________
a. This is Anca Barbu b. This is Ms. Barbu
Marcu: Hi, Anca. This is Marcu speaking. How are you?
Anca: ________________________
a. Fine and you? b. How are you?
Marcu: Just fine, thank you.
Anca: I’m calling to see if we can arrange a meeting. There are several
matters I’d like to discuss with you.Marcu: Sure, when would it be convenient to you?
Anca: _________________________________
a. I want to meet with you tomorrow. b. Could we meet
tomorrow?
Marcu: Yes, that’s possible. What time suits you?
Anca: ___________________________________
a. How about 2:30? b. I’d like to see you at 2:30.
Marcu: Fine. I can make it. I’m looking forward to seeing you.
Anca: Me too. OK, in your office at 2:30 tomorrow, right?
Marcu: Right. See you then.
Anca: See you tomorrow.
3. Translate into English:
1. Dacă nu ştii un număr de telefon, îl poţi căuta în cartea de telefon sau formează
931 şi întreabă telefonista.2. Desigur ai nevoie şi de prefixul oraşului sau regiunii unde apelezi.3. Când nu eşti acasă şi vrei să dai un telefon, îţi trebuie o cartelă telefonică sau
nişte monede.
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4. Cine a lăsat acest mesaj pe robotul telefonic?.5. “Îmi puteţi da interior 114, vă rog?” “Aşteptaţi un moment. Vă fac legătura”.6. Îl puteţi ruga pe asociatul dumneavoastr ă să mă sune mâine neapărat ?
4. Complete these sentences with words from the box:
sample flaw long-term contract trade discount workmanship
a. As we have in mind an order of 5,000 pcs. of your product, could yougive us a ........................, considering that ours is a highly competitivemarket.
b. While appreciating the good quality of all your .................., we find the prices of patterns 235 and 236 rather high for our market.
c. Unfortunately, we cannot give you a better price, as ............................. israther expensive.
d. Pursuant to the quality inspection many ................... were found with your
goods.e. Following our phone conversation two of our representative will travel to
Bucharest to enter into a .................... with your company.
5. Translate the following sentences, paying particular attention to modal verbs.
You will find the following vocabulary useful.
charges customs authorities free on board
customs formalities packing services stoppages
1. Ar trebui să evităm creşterea tarifelor la transportul naval până anul viitor;concurenţa este mare.
2. 60% dintre societăţi estimează că respectarea termenelor de livrare le-ar permite să-şi mărească cifra de afaceri.
3. Pentru produsele destinate exportului, atât ambalajul de transport cât şi celde prezentare trebuie să îndeplinească anumite condiţii.
4. Conform autorităţilor vamale, acest furnizor ar fi trebuit să ne expediezemărfurile cu transportul achitat.
5. S.N.C.F.R. se poate ocupa de formalităţile vamale, cu condiţia să i se pună la dispoziţie facturile.
6. Am fost nevoiţi să amânăm sau să anulăm unele livr ări din cauza uneidefecţiuni la calculator.
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7. Nu am putut să respectăm termenul de livrare din cauza unei serii de greveîn cadrul serviciului de ambalare.
8. Probabil că directorul a uitat să-i dea dosarul de prezentare.
9. Ca urmare a faptului că la ultima livrare s-au deteriorat mai multecontainere, s-ar putea să ne schimbăm agentul de transport.
10. Probabil că furnizorul a confundat ofertele deoarece pentru ultimul an a dat
un preţ mai mare.
Let’s learn some new phrases
by and large – this is another way of saying “usually”, “ on the whole”, or “moreor less”.“Joseph makes mistakes from time to time of course, but by and large he is a good student.”
off the cuff – spontaneous. At dinner parties in England, people used to makespeeches and sometimes, so they wouldn’t forget what to say, the men wrote a fewnotes on their stiff, white shirt cuffs. These days, it means something said without
any preparation.“I stood up and said a few words, right off the cuff.”
off the top of one’s head – without any preparation. This came into use in the late1930s in the world of radio and later, TV programmes. The controller of the broadcast would tap the top of his head as a sign to the people on air or on camerathat the programme was running ahead of schedule, and that they would have tothink of something more to say to fill in the rest of the time. For example, if the gapwas three minutes, the controller would tap his head and hold up three fingers.“I don’t know exactly how old Mr Ford is. Off the top of my head, I would say
about 40.”
CHECKLIST
1. Name the component parts of a business letter.
2. What modal verbs can you use to make recommendations?3. What is the difference between: i) I didn’t need to do my homework.
ii) I needn’t have done my homework.4. What do you say i) when you phone a company and ask to speak to someone?
ii) when somebody phones your company and asks to speak to
your boss?5. What are the negative contracted forms of WILL and SHALL?
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STOP AND CHECK
1. Fill in the blanks with one word (you are given either the beginning or the
end of it):
In Shakespeare’s time, there were only about six million speakers ofEnglish altogether. (1) Now …………… it has become the most (2)……………spread, as one of the major languages in the world, second only toChinese in the number of people who speak it. However, recent research (3) est
…………… that there are now over 400 million who use it as their mother tongue.Globally, native speakers are in the (4) min …………… as perhaps as many as a billion more people use it as a foreign language. This is, of course, largely due toits use in the USA.
In some countries such as Ghana and Nigeria it has the status of an (5)……………cial language. In India, English is an official language alongside Hindiand no fewer than 3,000 English newspapers are (6) pub …………… throughout the
country.All round the world people are trying to learn English. In 1983 more than100 million people watched a course on Chinese TV made by the BBC to teach thelanguage at (7)…………… tary level.
People are motivated to learn because it has become the main language ofcommunication in (8) ……………macy, business, sport and sea-faring. It is also theofficial language of air-traffic control, and airports. Three quarters of the world’smail is (9) wri…………… in it as well as 80% of all information stored in (10)
…………… ers. A Japanese company wishing to (11) …………… ate with an Italianclient would conduct its (12) nego …………… in English.
Two thirds of all scientists write in English. A Brazilian doctor reports thathe spends as much time improving his English as he does (13) …………… ing medicine.
Due to telecommunications, and (14) esp …………… to Internet, Englishis thought by some to become ‘the language of the future’, although the predictionthat all other languages will die out is absurd.
2. Complete these sentences with a positive or negative question tag from the box.
isn’t it were they weren’t you do you
didn’t you shall we have you haven’t you
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Example: You are a student, aren’t you?
They didn’t study physics, did they?
A: Now, you were born in Hawaii, (1) ……………………. ?
B: Yes, that’s right.
A: And then you all moved to Los Angeles, (2) ………………………. ?
B: Well, no. We moved to San Francisco first, then to LA.A: Sorry. But you don’t live in LA now, (3) ……………………. ?
B: No, my family do. I live in Washington.
A: I see. Now, you’ve got two brothers, (4) …………………. ? And you are all
actors. That’s very unusual, (5) ………………… ?
B: I think it is, but my parents were both actors, so …
A: They weren’t very happy at first about your becoming an actor, (6) ……… ?
B: No, not at first. They didn’t want me to follow in their footsteps. But now
they’re really pleased about my success.
A: I know you’ve acted with your brothers in a film but you haven’t made a filmwith your parents yet, (7) …………………. ?
B: No, but we’re hoping to do one together next year.
A: That’s very interesting. Let’s continue our interview after a small break, (8)... ?
B: Certainly.
3. Put in the right prepositions from the box.
Gerry is a teacher in a language school. He lives (1) ……… a small flat(2) ……. the fourth floor of a building (3) …………… a small street (4) …………Dresden. The school is not very (5) …………. his home; he goes (6) …………
work (7)…………… bus and leaves home at eight o’clock to arrive (8) ………..work at nine. He usually does some work in the bus (9) ……… his way (10)…………. work.
Gerry’s school is (11) ……….. a railway station. It is very big and it has alot (12) …… students. Gerry likes his office; it is (13) ………… the receptiondesk, but it is big and quiet; there are some pretty trees (14) .………. his window.
He works (15) …………… nine o’clock (16) ……….. a quarter to one and thengoes to have lunch. Then he starts work again (17) ……… two and stops (18)
at by from in in front of near next to of on opposite to until
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………… five. On his way back (19) ………… work he does some shopping andhas supper (20) ………….. home. He likes living (21) ………… Germany; hedoesn’t go home to England (22) ………… holiday, but visits the sights (23) …….Germany.
It is Saturday morning now, and Gerry is (24) ……… home (25) ……. bed. (26) …….. Saturday he gets up at ten o’clock and then sits (27) ……… theliving room to have breakfast. (28) ………….. Saturday afternoons he plays tennis
or goes swimming. (29) ……. Saturday evenings he usually goes out. He enjoysthe sort (30) ……… life he lives.
4. Fill in the blanks with a , an or (no article):
1. I like to go abroad about three times _____ year.2. Have you met my brother? He’s _____ engineer too.3. I’m thinking about buying _____ new car. What would you recommend?4. _____ computer software is not as expensive as you think.5. The government has urged businesses not to give _____ pay rises above
inflation.6. How long have you been in _____ engineering?7. I think I should do _____ course in Business Administration.8. I have _____ idea: what about doing _____ evening course in _____accounting? It only takes up _____ hour a week.
5. Complete the blanks in the following passages with the or (no article):
Hi, my name’s Todd Sawyer. I’m a financial analyst, and I work for a companycalled (1) _____ Pacific Investment which is based in (2) _____ Channel Islands.Our offices are in (3) _____ St. Helier, (4) ____ capital of the main island, (5) _____ Jersey. Jersey is very popular with financial institutions from (6) _____England because it is not part of (7) _____ UK for tax purposes, and it is also popular with investors from (8) _____ Europe.
I work for a tour operator called (9) _____ Lakeland Travel, and we specialize in
bringing people to (10) _____ Lake District which is in (11) _____ north of (12)
_____ England. We run a hotel, (13) _____ Capitol, which is in (14) _____
Ambleside, a small town on shores of (15) _____ Lake Windermere. Many of our
visitors come from Scotland, which is very close, but others come from as far away
as (16) _____ New York or (17) _____ Far East.
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6. Match the department with its duties:
1. Marketing a. develops new products
2. Personnel b. helps customers with problems
3. Accounts c. advertises and markets products
4. Research and Development d. organises payment5. Sales e. sends goods to customers
6. Dispatch f. buys goods for the company
7. Purchasing g. sells the company’s products
8. Production h. makes goods in the factory
9. After-Sales i. deals with employees
7. In each of the following sentences, put one of the verbs into the present simple
and the other into the present continuous:
Example: We are interviewing (interview) people from outside the company for the new
post in the export department, but I think (think) we ought to give the job to MrJackson.1. At the moment, we ____________ (carry) out an experiment to find out whatsort of after-sales service our customers ___________ (want).2. We’ve got a competition on at work about our new range of cosmetics. The
marketing people ___________ (try) to find a brand name that __________(sound) natural and sophisticated.
3. ___________ (you/ know) what Mrs. Ericson ___________ (do) ? She’s not inher office and she hasn’t left for lunch either.
4. Could you help me? I ___________ (try) to translate this letter from a Spanishclient and I don’t know what this word ____________ (mean).
5. I ___________ (apply) for a transfer to our London office, but I don’t know if
I’ll be successful. It all ____________ (depend) on whether or not they have any
vacancies.
6. Their new instant coffee ___________ (taste) very good, so it’s not surprising
that it ______________ (become) more and more popular.
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8. Look at the time line and complete the article about Liber , an Italian shoe
company.
Date Event
1928 Giovanni Liberti born in Milan
1944-48 Learns to make shoes
1963 Sets up Liber in north of Italy
1968 Liber is the main shoe manufacturer in Italy
1977 Sales rise to over $1 million
1980 Liber inaugurates its first foreign factory in Portugal
1991 Liber opens a factory in Malaysia
1992 Sales go up to over $1,000 million
1994 Production starts in China under licence
1997 Production begins in Liber’s factory in Thailand
1998 Liber opens a subsidiary in
Giovanni Liberti (1) ……………. Liber in 1963. Five years later, it (2)
………….. the main shoe manufacturer in Italy and in 1977 sales (3 )
…………………. to over $1 million. The company’s first foreign factory (4)
………………………. in Portugal in 1980.
In the 1990s, the company continued to expand. Liber (5) ……………..
another factory in Malaysia in 1991. The company’s sales (6) ………………… to
over $1,000 million the following year. In 1994 they (7) …………………… to produce shoes under licence in China and the year after that production (8)
……………….. in a new Liber factory in Thailand.
At present the company (9) ………………… more than seven million pairs of
shoes per year all over the world. The main markets are Germany, Japan and Italy.
Today Liber is a big international company, but it is still a family business – now his son-in-law (11) …………… as Marketing Manager.
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9. Complete the following letter. Use present perfect or past tense. High Trees,
Hills Road,
Cambridge
July 3rd
Dear Brigitte,
I (1) …………… (be) in Cambridge for almost a year now, and I (2) ……….. (have)
a wonderful time.
Perhaps the most exciting thing that (3) ………………… (happened) to me was
going to a May Ball. Let me explain – every year in June (although they’ re called
May Balls!) the colleges organize big dances with lovely food and champagne
served from marquees in the college ground. The dance goes on all night, and then,
at dawn, people take a boat and have breakfast on the river. For a May Ball the
students wear dinner jackets and bow ties, and long dresses, although they usuallywear jeans and T - shirts!
Before the ball, I (4)……………… (meet) my friends in a typical Cambridge
student pub called “The Bath”. Apparently there’s an old student joke: “If my
mother calls, tell her I ’m in ‘ The Bath ’.”
One Saturday I (5) ………………….(go) down to the river to watch the ‘bumps’ -a
rowing competition between colleges where each boat tries to overtake or ‘bump’
another boat. Lots of people (6)…………….(get) very wet!
I (7) …………… (find) out that you can learn a lot just by being in England! Yesterday,
I (8) ………………. (learn) a new expression – Hobson’s choice. Apparently a man
called Thomas Hobson (9) ……………….. (live) in Cambridge about 200 yearsago. He (10) ……………... (have) about forty horses, and whenever a customer
(11) ………….. (want) to hire one, he always (12) ………………….. (give) them the
one that had rested longest. The only choice was ‘Hobson ’s choice’, that is no
choice at all, and that ’s what it means today!
Please write soon and tell me what you (13) ………… (do) lately. 14) ……………
(see) you Grete recently? When you meet her, send her my best wishes.
Lots of love,
Frieda.
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10. Fill in the blank with the correct tense of the verb or auxiliary -- past simple
or present perfect.
Lisa: Hi, Philip, how are things?
Philip: Hi, Lisa. I’m fine, thanks. I’m on my way to the Training Centre for the
Spanish class.
Lisa: The Spanish class?!Philip: (1) ……………………….. (not / hear) about it?
Lisa: Not a bit. Who organised them?
Philip: The HR manager. He (2) ……………… (set up) the in-service programme
a few months ago, but the word (3) …………………… (not go round) yet.
Lisa: When (4) ……………….……. you (start) it?
Philip: In October. We (5) ………………. already (finish) the first module.
Lisa: (6) …..………... (take) any tests for that ?
Philip: Certainly. We (7) …………………. (take) a placement test at the end of
September for the teacher to decide which class is best for us.
Lisa: I see you (8) ………………. (buy) a lot of course books!
Philip: I (9) …………………. ( not have to). We (10) …………………. (receive)
all teaching material right at the beginning.
Lisa: This course sounds interesting. Such classes will do me good, either. I (11)
…………………………..…….. (not practise) Spanish for ages.
Philip: That’s right. I (12) ……………….. (have) some Spanish lessons two years
ago, but since then I (13) …………..………..(use) it quite seldom.
Lisa: So (14) …………. I.
Philip: Then it might be a good idea to join the class.
Lisa: Yes, I’ll think about that.
11. Here are two scrambled letters. Identify the opening and the closing para-
graphs. Write the two letters separately.
(1 ) Via de Santiago, 131-6B
36002 Pontevedra
Spain
(2) You can collect them from 9 a.m. – 5.30 p.m., Monday to Saturday, at our shopin Wimbledon, or we can post them to you.
(3) 12 June 1999
(4) Naveed Chandra
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(5) I am writing to thank you for the lovely gift that you sent me for my birthday. How did you know that my favourite colour was red? It was verykind of you to think of me.(6) Velvet Vibes
117 High StreetWimbledon
London SW12Tel: (0181) 967 2456
(7) Dear Monique,(8) My exams finish next week. We've got Maths on Wednesday and English onFriday. After that, it's the holidays!
(9) I am writing to inform you that the CDs you ordered on 24 February arrivedthis morning(10) Write soon and tell me all you news. I am enclosing a photo that Celia took ofme wearing my new red T-shirt.
(11) Yours sincerely,
(12) Take care. Hope to hear from you soon.(13) 1 March 1999
(14) Aurora(15) Let me know your plans for the holidays – maybe we could arrange something.(16) Ms Annette Jacks
53 Old Coach Rd
TootingLondon SW13 6YT
(17) Now you can see how it looks on me!(18) Love,
(19) Dear Ms Jacks,(20) I would love to see you. Maybe I could visit you in France, or would you liketo come to Spain?(21) I would be grateful if you would contact me as soon as possible with your
instructions.A ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___B ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. Fill in the blanks with WON’T ( present ) or WOULDN’T ( past) to expressrefusal or failure:
a) I expected him to be reasonable, but he …………………….... listen to me. b) I want to give him a chance, but he ...…………………………….... take it.
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c) “I expected her to come too”. “ She wanted to, but I …………...... let her”.d) I wanted to leave, but she .…………………………………......... hear of it.e) No matter how hard I try, this engine ……………………………....... start.
f) Can you lend me your car? Mine .………………………………….... start.
13. Replace the italicized words by used to or to be used to as required by the
sense. Make any other necessary changes:
Note: Used to + infinitive = a past discontinued habit. (e.g. I used to skate when I
was young)To be used to + noun/-ing form = be accustomed to. (e.g. She was used to
the noise in the workshop).
a. At their age they are not accustomed to working so late.
b. John was in the habit of getting whatever he wanted.c. Usually they went to the university by tube.
d.
He always had a cup of coffee after lunch.e. Students usually turned in rather late.
f. Before I joined the army I was in the habit of having my own way.g. I am not accustomed to being spoken in this way.h. He had the habit of asking “why” to whatever question you asked him.
14. Match the sentences (1-20) with their appropriate translations (A-T):
1. She can write it. A. Se poate să-l scrie ea.2. She could write it. B. Ea va trebui să-l scrie.
3. She was able to write it. C. S-ar putea să-l scrie ea.4. She could have written it. D. Ar fi trebuit să-l scrie.5. She will be able to write it. E. Nu era nevoie să-l scrie.6. She must write it. F. Nu i s-a permis să-l scrie.
7. She will have to write it. G. Nu trebuia neapărat să-l scrie.8. She had to write it. H. Ar fi putut să-l scrie.9. She must have written it. I. Dacă l-ar scrie…10. She should write it. J. S-ar putea să-l fi scris.
11. She should have written it. K. Ar trebui să-l scrie.12. She would have written it. L. Trebuie să-l scrie.
13. She may write it. M. A putut să-l scrie.14. She might write it. N. Se poate să-l fi scris.
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15. She may have written it. O. Probabil că l-a scris.16. She might have written it. P. A trebuit să-l scrie.17. She didn’t need to write it. Q. Poate să-l scrie.
18. She needen’t have written it. R. L-ar fi scris.19. She wasn’t allowed to write it. S. Va putea să-l scrie.20. If she should write it ... T. Ar putea să-l scrie
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UNIT 6
LOOKING AHEAD
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Answer these questions about the future. Imagine you put the answers in a
safe place and you don’t look at them again until the year 2010!
PERSONAL
• How old will you be in the year
2010?
• Where do you think your home
will be?
• Will you be married or single?
• Will you have any children?
• How often will you speak English?
(a)every day (b) often (c)
sometimes
(c) sometimes (d) not very often
(e) never
WORK
What kind of job do you think you
will have in the year 2010?
Which of these things will you
have in your house?
(a) video telephone (b) satellite
TV (c) a robot (d) solar heating
Which of these stars will still be
famous?
(a) Madonna (b) Michael Jackson
(c) Tom Cruise (d) the Beatles
(e) Brad Pitt
What kind of clothes will be in
fashion in 2010?
TECHNOLOGY
• Will humans be on Mars by the
year 2010? YES NO
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On a scale of 5 (1=not important;
5=very important), how important
will these things be for you?
(a) a computer (b) the opportunity
to work at home (c) the opportunity to
share your job with another person (d)
the opportunity to work abroad How many hours a week do you
think you will work?
LEISURE
What will your hobbies be?
Will you be a vegetarian? YES NO
• Will pollution be
(a) a more serious problem than now?
(b) a less serious problem than now?
• What will be the most important
source of energy?
• Will there be a cure for
(a) AIDS? YES NO(b) cancer? YES NO
• How many nuclear weapons will
there be?
• (a) more than today (b) the same
number as now (c) fewer than
today (d) none
1. Complete these sentences below with words from the box:
1 People grow vegetables and flowers in a ……………………………………... .2 When people cannot read or write, they are ………………………………….. .3 Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, TV sets are …………………………………. .4 A(n) ………………………….. is someone who uses personal computers,
telephones, etc., to work from home.5 …………………….. is the statistically determined average number of years of
life.6 An object that cannot be found in nature is ……………………. .7 ……………………. is a system in which the beginning or the end of working
hours is not fixed.8 The ………………… are people past middle age.9 …………………… is any substance burnt as a source of heat or power, such
as coal or petrol.10 ………………….means that someone is protected against poverty or want as a
result of unemployment.
environmentally-friendly teleworker
on-line greenhouse flexitime
life expectancy illiterate job security fuel
man-made elderly household appliances
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11 A(n) …………………….. device is directly connected to and controlled by acentral processing unit of a computer.
12 Any product or process that does not harm the ecological system is ………… .
READING
Between 1981 and 1989 the number of children in Britain between the agesof 10 and 15 dropped from over four million to just over three million. The pictureis similar all over Europe.
By the year 2000, there will have been a 37% drop in the youth population
of Germany, a 22% drop in the United Kingdom and a 12% drop in France.There will be fewer adolescents in the late 1990s in Britain, but the number
of people between 30 and 44 will grow by 8%. Economists say that because of this,High Street will change. Fewer shops will sell clothes, food and drink for young
people. There will be less loud music in restaurants and pubs and the whole
atmosphere will be quieter.What kind of people will today’s adolescents be by the year 2000?Certainly more people will be vegetarian. The number of vegetarians may growfrom 2% of the population to almost 4% in the next ten years. 10% of all studentsare vegetarians. They will also be more conscious of healthy foods and theenvironmentally-friendly things in shops.
Young people will have more international life-styles, and many will goabroad to work in the next decade. Over 50% of 18–21-year olds in Britain think ofthemselves as ‘European citizens’.
Read the text and decide whether the following statements are true ( ) or false ( )
1. ___ There is a dramatic decrease in the number of youth in Europe.2. ___ There will be more adolescents in Britain at the end of the decade.3. ___ Not many shops will sell articles for young people.
4. ___ The adolescents will ignore healthy foods and environmentally-friendlygoods.
5. ___ Less than half of the young people in Britain think of themselves as‘European citizens’.
Have the predictions made than years ago become true?
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2. Work in pairs. You’re going to read an article called Growing trends which is
about life in the future. Here are the topic sentences taken from four of the
paragraphs. Discuss what you think each paragraph will say.
1 In the 21st century we will almost certainly be living in a warmer world.
2 In the 21st century most families will be using computers in the home to do
a variety of tasks.3 By the 21st century a population explosion will have taken place in the
developing world.
4 Statistics show that society is becoming more violent.
The environment
In the 21st century we will almost certainly be living in a warmer world. The
world will continue to use fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide, the main causeof global warming, ‘the greenhouse effect’ as it is also called.
Damage done to the ozone layer by man-made chemicals will mean that our
children will have an increased risk of developing skin cancer.We will be living in a world with less energy available and we will be forced
to reduce our energy consumption.
Technology
In the 21st century most families will be using computers in the home to do awide variety of tasks. A great part of the technology we will be using a generationfrom now already exists in some form. Over 3 million British households have personal computers today and a further 650,000 will probably purchase them in the
next year.In 25 years’ time computers will be a million times faster than they are today.They will have become easier to use, but anyone who has not learnt how to usethem will be seriously disadvantaged, particularly in the field of employment. Theywill be considered ‘computer illiterate’.
Population
By the 21st century a population explosion will have taken place in thedeveloping world. In developed countries, the size of the population will havestabilised but the proportion of older people will have increased dramatically and
there will be problems associated with care of the elderly and medical services. Itmay no longer be possible for the government to provide pensions for everybody.
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Society Statistics show that society is becoming more violent. 95% of Britons think
that it is unsafe to walk the streets at night; 85% believe that it used to be safer 30
years ago. The average person’s risk of becoming a victim of violent crime hasincreased three times since 1979.
This trend will almost certainly continue. Rising criminality will be one of the
most serious problems that people in the 21st century will be facing.(adapted from Reward , Heinemann)
Match the following suggestions with one of the predictions in the text.
1 Don’t fear technology or become a slave to it. It’s more important tolearn what technology can do for you than to understand how it is
done.2 Do your best to conserve energy.3 Buy sun-hats and sun-cream and teach your children to keep out of the
sun.
4 Start talks with your neighbours about hiring private security guards.5 Take out a private pension plan so that you are not dependent on the
government when you are older.6 Travel as much as you can now. With decreasing fuel supplies it may
not be possible when you are older.
Work in pairs. Do you agree with these suggestions? Can you imagine other
solutions?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the gaps with the suitable prepositions: by, of, over, to, under 1.
Example: Productivity will rise from 4% to 10%.
1. The profits of telecommunications companies will grow ____ approximately25% in the next decade.
2. The sales of our beauty soap have dropped ____ the lowest level in the last
years.3. ____ 2 million people left their homes running away from the huge hurricane.4. The promotion campaign had a poor echo. ____ 15% of the target consumers
bought the new brand of oil.
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2. I’ll probably have a lot to do early tomorrow.(likely) ………………………………………………
3. I shouldn’t think that their new store will attract many customers.
(unlikely) ……………………………………………………………..4. I expect that they’ll take control of the company.
(probably) ……………………………………………
5. The chances are that they’ll give us the answer immediately.(likely) ………………………………………………..…………
5. Make predictions about the following economic and business-related aspects:
Example: People will spend more money in the next decade than they do now.
I think people will probably spend more money in the next decade than
they do now.
or I don’t think people will spend more money in the next decade thanthey do now.
1. More people will be teleworkers.
2. China will become the world’s most powerful economy.
3. Flexitime and job insecurity mean that people will work much longer.
4. Virtually everyone will be on-line in his or her own home.
5. More people will be working in tourism than in any other industry.
6. Korea will come to dominate the automobile and household appliance
industries.
7. The gap between the rich and the poor will enlarge.8. Life expectancy will increase by two years.
9. Everyone will have a mobile telephone.
10. The European Union will break up.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Future continuous and future perfect Answer these questions and try and guess the meaning of the words and phrases in
italic.a) … will be living … -- Does this mean will be alive at that time or after it ?
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b) … will have stabilised … -- Does this mean will have continued to change orwill have stopped changing ?
2. Future continuous or future perfect?
Write complete sentences about what Georgia thinks she will have done by thetime she’s forty or will be doing at that time.
Example
work in a multinational company I’ll be working in a multinational.
get a MBA I’ll have got a MBA.
a. become a multi-millionaire……………………………………………………………………………………
b. run my own insurance business………….…………………………………………………………………………
c. move to Boston……………………………………………………………………………….……
d. live in a mansion……………………………………………………………………………….……
e. marry a renowned politician………………………………………………………………………………….…
f. have one child…………………………………………………………………….………………
g. give up smoking………………………………………………………….………………………….
Prefixes and suffixes
95% of Britons think that it is unsafe to walk the streets at night.
Can you find in the text above other examples of words formed with negative
prefixes?
1. Do the following words mean a thing, a person, or both? Look them up in a
dictionary.
cooker computer cleaner
smoker drinker pencil-sharpener
projector shopper layer
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2. Use the suffixes –er /-or and –ee to give the names of the following:
Example: An employer is the persons who hires staff.
An addressee is the person to whom a letter is addressed.
a ______________________ is the person who sends a letter.
b ______________________ takes professional photographs.
c ______________________ is the person who trains athletes.d ______________________ is someone who is hired and given payment for his
or her work.
e ______________________ is a person who makes a donation.
f ______________________ is the person to whom a letter is addressed.
g ______________________ is someone who is taken an interview.
3. Contradict the following statements using negative prefixes: dis-, il-, im-, in-,
ir, un-.
Example: He is a very efficient man.
1 I find this procedure quite logical.
2 Our customers will be satisfied with the new look of the company.
3 The speaker presented a very relevant point.
4 This issue is extremely important for our business.
5 The arrangement was rather convenient.
6 It is still possible to find the solution to this problem.
Remember!
Prefixes and suffixes
unbearable
un- bear -able
prefix root suffix
to form word to form
the opposite the adjective
I don’t agree. I think he’s inefficient.
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Prefixes Meaning Example
dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-,
un-
opposite dissatisfaction, illogical, im probable, incorrect, irrational, unimportant
multi- many multinational
over-, super-, hyper- too much overtime, superman
under- too little underestimated
Suffixes Meaning Example
-ful with careful
-less without careless
-able, -al, -ible, -ic,
-ing, -ive, -ous
forms adjectives readable, national, flexible,
economic interesting, productive,
humorous,
-ence, - ent, -ian,
-ion,
-ist, -ity, -ness, -or,-ship
forms nouns patience, achievement, politician,
explanation, ecologist, activity,
fitness, actor, dealer ship
-ly forms adverbs slowly
Did you know that ...
... in an average life you will walk 240,000 km, sleep for 25 years, eat 7,800 loavesof bread, lose 127 kg of dead skin and spend 12 years watching television?
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SECTION B
LEAD-IN
What are you doing at the weekend?Where are you going to spend your summer holiday?
Are you going to get a job next year?Are you going to learn Spanish?
READING
A Hello, Barbara. How are you?
B Fine, Alice. And you?A Not so bad, thanks. Listen, I’m ringing to arrange a meeting with you. I’mcoming to Edinburgh next Wednesday to see our partners. (1) Will you goshopping with me any time in the afternoon?
B (2) I won’t be in Edinburgh, I’m afraid. I’m going abroad for a few days on
business.A Oh, where are you going?B To Germany. I’m attending a conference in Hamburg on environment.A Mmm. Sounds nice. When are you going?
B On Monday evening, and I’m coming back on Thursday morning.
A Oh, well. I could stay overnight and see you then.B Right. (3) I’ll give you the address of a good B&B.
A That seems fine. (4) Will you book a room for me then?B Certainly. Say, Alice, what are you going to buy?A Wallpapers and paintings for our new flat. (5) Will you help me choose
some?
B It goes without saying. I’m sure (6) we’ll have a great time together.Thanks for ringing. Bye.
A Cheerio. I’ll see you on Thursday then. Have a good trip.
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(a) Read the dialogue. Find out which of the will phrases in italics is used to:
make an instant decision…………… make a prediction …………………..…..make an invitation ……………….… make a request ………………….…..….
(b) Match the sentences on the left with the replies on the right:
1. I’ll buy you another drink. A. Yes, they all say it’ll be fine.2. I’ll arrive as soon as I can. B. Okay, what would you like?
3. Will you get me something to eat? C. Thank you. That’s very kind ofyou.
4. Will you sit down with us? D. I’m sorry. I’ll bring you another plate.
5. I’m sure you’ll have a wonderful
evening.
E. Thanks. I’ll have an orange juice.
6. I won’t have this soup. It’s cold. F. Okay, make sure you’re not late.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
A. Read the following sentences:a. Wait a minute , will you? I’m speaking on the phone.
b. I’m speaking with my partner on Friday. We have to sort out things.
a. I’m sorry I can’t join you, but I’m very busy at the moment. I’m
preparing my exams.
b. I’m presenting the annual report next week.
What tense was used in each of them? Which sentences refer to actions happeningat the moment of speaking? Which sentences refer to actions that will happen in the
future? What future time phrases are used?
Present simple or present continuous?
1. Complete the conversation using the present continuous for arrangements (e.g.
he’s coming) or the present simple for official schedules (e.g. he comes). The first
one has been done for you.
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Sue: Hello, Sue Cox is speaking.
Dan: Oh Sue, this is Dan Cullen. How are you? I (1) ‘m coming (come)………
Birmingham on Sunday and I’d like to meet you next week. Can we
arrange a time?
Sue: I’d love to. When are you free?
Dan: Well how about having lunch on Monday?
Sue: I’m afraid I can’t. I (2) …………………..…… (have) lunch with the newChairman. What about Tuesday at 10.30?
Dan: No, no way. Matthew, my agent, (3) …………………….…. (come) to the
office. Wednesday afternoon might be a possibility.
Sue: Not for me. My secretary, Betty, (4) ……………………….. (get married)
and all of us (5) …………………….……. (go) to the wedding. And on
Thursday morning I (6) ……………………… (drive) up to York for a
board meeting with Dr. Tolley.
Dan: What time (7) ………………. the meeting ………………….. (start)?
Sue: 11.30 a.m. I’ve got an idea! Why don’t you come with me? We can talk on
the way.Dan: That sounds good. Oh, but wait a sec, I can’t. I (8) …………………….
(talk) to a group of business people about Australian opportunities over
lunch.
Sue: So Friday, then. Yes. That’s the only possibility because my return flight to
Sydney (9) …………………….. (leave) at 9.00 a.m. on Saturday. So,
11.30 a.m. on Friday morning at your office?
Dan: Yes, that’s perfect. I’m really looking forward to seeing you then.
MAKING ARRANGEMENTS
Suggesting atime
Will March 26th be convenient? (formal) What about….?
(informal)
Accepting Yes, March 26th suits me. (formal) Yes, I think I’ll make
it. (informal)
Refusing I’m afraid I can’t. I’m having….(formal) Sorry. I’m quite
tied up. (informal)
In pairs work out one dialogue to arrange a business lunch (formal) and one
dialogue to arrange a meeting with your friend (informal).
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B. Read the following sentences paying attention to the words in italics: 1) The AS Group is going to open a new Renault dealership this summer .
2) Based on these figures, we are going to make a profit of $1,5 m this year.3) The meeting is going to end any minute now.
Which sentence expresses:a a prediction based on present evidence? b a decision?
c an event to happen soon?
‘will’ or ‘going to’?
2. Complete the sentences using will for predictions or instant decisions or going
to for intentions. Add any other necessary words.The first one has been done for
you. 1. I’ve got to fax a Berlin number. Do you know the area code?
No, I’ll look it up in the directory for you.
2. What are you doing over the Easter holidays?
Absolutely nothing. We …………………………….. some rest.3. Did you hear the weather forecast?
Yes. ……………………. cold at first, then …………….. some lightshowers this afternoon and then …………………. a little warmer in the
evening.4. Why didn’t you come to the fair in Manchester?
I had to learn. I ……………………. to sit for entrance exams at the
International Business School.5. If you are elected, what …………… your party ……………… about
unemployment?We have fully considered this issue. When we win the election, we
………… create half a million new jobs.6. What are you doing here? The boss is expecting you for the meeting.
I completely forgot! I ………………………… finish typing my report in aminute. Thanks for reminding me.
7. How will the proposed VAT increase affect your business?
Frankly speaking, we haven’t thought about it yet. We …………………devise a strategy when we get to it.
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8. Christopher …………………… 64 years old in November and he………………. retire next year.
3 . Add comments to the sentences. Use present continuous, going to , or will .
Example: I’m afraid I can’t meet you for the lunch on the 30th.
I’m seeing Mr. Mullin in Lisbon.
1. The management have announced how they intend to reduce costs.
………………………………………………………………………………………2. I’m sorry, I didn’t realize you were busy.……………………………………………………………………………………....3. The company is in serious financial difficulty.
……………………………………………………………………………………...4. I need some time to think about this proposal.………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Sorry. I’m in a hurry right now.
……………………………………………………………………….………..……6. My boss is looking for another job.………………………………………………………………..…………………..…
7. I’m not sure whether the flight to Rome is due tomorrow.…………………………………………………………………………………..….8. Our Export Manager is in Romania at the moment looking at new offices.……………………………………………………………………………………….
Colours
People grow vegetables and flowers in a greenhouse. Here are some morewords and phrases with colours.
When you are £50 in the red, it means that you spent more than you have in
your account and you owe money to the bank. If your finances are in the black
you do not owe anybody any money.
Black-and-white may refer to photographs, films, TV sets, anything written or
printed, or situations that seem simple and easy to make decisions about.
White goods mean fridges, washing machines and other large pieces of
household appliances, as opposed to brown goods - TV sets, (video)cassette
recorders, CD players, stereo systems, and other electronic equipment.
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Here are some words and phrases formed with colours: red, blue, black, white,
grey, yellow. Read the definitions and complete the sentences below.
white-collar workers that work in offices rather than doing manual work in
industry
black economy the trading or producing of goods or services that people are
engaged in to avoid paying taxesYellow Pages telephone directory in which companies and people are listed and
grouped according to the kind of business they are involved in
red tape complicated rules and regulations, when considered unnecessary,
bureaucratic
grey area an area of a subject or situation that does not fit into a particular
category
blueprint a plan or set of proposals that shows how it is expected to work
1. Growing ………………………is beginning to worry the Government.2. It takes weeks to go through all the …………….. involved in getting a visa.
3. ……………………….. professionals work now longer hours than they used
to ten years ago.
4. The prime minister will offer delegates his …………. for the country’s future.
5. If you need the phone number of a plumber, look it up in the ………………….
6. The new rules for police procedure cleared up a lot of …………………..
ARGUMENTS ‘FOR’ AND ‘AGAINST’
Look at these discourse markers often used in a debate to express pros and cons
(‘for’ and ‘against’). Use them to complete the sentences below.
To introduce a point: firstly, secondly, one advantage is that, on the plus/ minus
side, for one thing, finally, last of all
To give an example: for instance, for example, e.g., such as
To add extra information: moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides, another
point is that
To express a contrast: however, nevertheless, yet, in spite of this, despite
To express an opinion: in my opinion, personally To draw a conclusion: to sum up, in conclusion, in short, briefly
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1. He doesn’t accept he can make mistakes. …………….., he is totally
incapable.
2. Some fruits and vegetables, ……………apricots, peaches, or carrots, are rich
in beta-carotene.
3. …………………, we may say that all the proofs have shown she was wrong.
4. ……………………, I think the next century will be very interesting.5. The train was an hour late. ……………., I managed to get to the meeting in
time.
6. I don’t think they’ll come to the party. ……….…….. they are very busy. Then,
they don’t socialise too much.
Choose on of the following topics and write a composition of 250 words. ♦ Testing drugs and cosmetics on animals♦ The nuclear energy♦ Package holidays♦ Career women♦ TV - an educational medium♦ Marrying young
Start by stating the topic issue.Working abroad may have both advantages and disadvantages.
Continue the paragraph with ‘for’ reasons.
On the plus side, it is often easier to find work there.
Begin a new paragraph with a topic sentence presenting the ‘against’ reasons.
However, many people cannot adapt themselves to the new environment.Continue the paragraph adding further information.
What is more, they feel homesick more often than not.
Finish the composition with a new paragraph, starting with a topic sentence whichstates your conclusion.
In conclusion, I think that living abroad can be appealing especially to
young people.
State your reasons.
They like the excitement of adventure and find it easier to learn new
customs and rules.
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Remember!
WAYS TO EXPRESS FUTURE
FORM USAGE EXAMPLES
will + short
infinitive
- predictions ( simple future)
instant decisions
I’m sure our economy will recover soon.
The phone is ringing. ~I’ ll answer it.
be going +
infinitive
- future events based on presentevidence
(near future)
- intentions or decisions already made
( future of intention)
The sky is cloudy, it is going to rain.
I ’m going to start my own business
next month.
simple present - future events in when and if clauses
fixed times (official timetable
or calendar)
When / if you see the results, you’ll be
very happy.
The plane for Vienna takes off at 7.30
am.
present
continuous
definite arrangements (personal
agenda)
I’ m taking the plane for Vienna
tomorrow morningwill + perfect
infinitive
a future event completed before
a future point ( future perfect )
In one’s year time I will have
finished studying this course book.
will +
present
participle
an event in progress at a future
point ( future continuous)
When you arrive at the airport, he
will be waiting for you.
be about +
infinitive,
be on the point
of + …ing
immediate future I think the meeting is about to start now.
Mary is on the point of resigning.
CHECKLIST
1. What future verb forms can you use to make arrangements?2. Think of two pairs of prefixes and/or suffixes having a positive and a negative
meaning.
3. Think of two contexts for the adjectives older and elder .4. What expressions can you use to inform a customer that it is probable/
improbable to find your boss that day?5. Is the following sentence correct: If you will kindly wait a moment, I’ll ask him
to speak to you.
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UNIT 7
INTERESTS AND HOBBIES
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
• What are hobbies? What are they good for?• Which is the difference between an interest and a hobby?• Do you think an interest supposes going deeper, both theoretically and
practically into the matter?• What do you think of being more scientific: an interest in doing something or a
hobby?• Don’t you think that people who pass all bounds in a hobby go into the field of
a profession?• What is the difference among these words: hobby, pleasure, entertainment,
passion, science, profession and recreation?
READING
AUTOGRAPHS THAT SPELL MONEY
While leafing through an old handwritten book of poetry, Peter Croft of Sotheby’s,the London auctioneers, noticed that certain pages were in a different hand fromthe rest. The moment he saw the handwriting on those dozen pages he realized thathe had uncovered a rare seventeenth century literary treasure.
INTERESTS AND HOBBIES
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Croft’s expert eye had recognized the handwriting of Robert Herrick, one of
England’s finest lyric poets. He knew the book had been bought in 1848 for 58
shillings. At auction, the book fetched 34,000 pound.
Today, collectors are prepared to pay ever-increasing prices for coveted
autographs-hand-written and signed letters or manuscripts, not just scrawledsignatures on photographs or slips of paper. A letter written by Charles Dickens
could be bought for 1 pound in 1903; today it is worth 600 pound.
So great is the demand by collectors and scholars for autographs that Sotheby’s
now hold a special monthly sale in their New Bond Street auction rooms. Last
May, a United States buyer gave 17,000 pound for Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s
manuscript of the poems he wrote in 1796, which he had copied out for his
publisher.
What gives an autograph such appeal? One letter now available in the British
Museum for all to read, helps to explain the fascination that collectors find in
autographs. The letter is by Lord Nelson who, on board “H.M.S. Victory” on
October 19, 1805, wrote to Lady Hamilton. Two days later Nelson fell mortally
wounded at Trafalgar. After the battle Captain Hardy delivered the letter to Lady
Hamilton. To read it now, in the bold, left-handed writing, which Nelson adopted
after he had lost his right hand, is to become personally involved in history.
When signatures are so rare that they never come on the market, even forgeries can be of interest. Only six authenticated examples of Shakespeare’s signature, all on
official documents, have ever been found. No one has discovered a letter written by
him, nor a single page of any original manuscript of his plays. But a forged
Shakespeare’s signature sells for 20 pounds today.
British collectors have always valued the autographs of creative minds.
(Ann Huxley, Letters Written by Famous People, Ed. Laurel, 1984)
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LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with suitable words you find in the text: 1. Peter Croft of Sotheby’s recognized Robert Herrick’s hand-writing while …….
through an old handwritten book of poetry.2. Coveted autographs – hand-written and signed letters or manuscripts …….
much money at ……. from passionate collectors.
3. Collectors pay …….prices for ……. and ……. letters or manuscripts not only……. signatures on photographs ……. of paper.
4. Two days after Nelson had written his last letter addressed to Lady Hamilton,
the great admiral fell mortally …….at Trafalgar.5. As only six authenticated examples of Shakespeare’s signature were found,
even ……. can be of interest for the …….
2. Match the words with their explanation:
1. auction a. a person’s signature2. handwriting b. something written by hand, not typed or printed
3. autograph c. a person’s style of something written by hand orwith a pen or pencil
4. manuscript d. a person who makes careful study and investi-
gation, in order to discover new facts or infor-mation
5. collector e. a person who collects things6. researcher f. a fraudulent imitation or copy in order to pass it
off as real
7. forgery g. a public sale in which articles are sold to thehighest bidder.
3. Except autographs and letters, we have just spoken about, what are themost common things people collect? What do children, students collect and what do some grown-ups collect?What is the reason? Is money important in gathering things in order to
form collections?
In the following list of objects establish which ones are collected especially by
children and students and which ones grown-ups afford collecting, investmentbeing involved?
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posters postcards portrait sketches old cameras
coins stamps watches perfumes
furniture furniture napkins porcelain objects
stickers key-holders mahogany objects sculptures
cars paintings rare books jewelry
Do you collect anything? What? Speak about the way you started collecting and ifit was difficult to start a collection of your own!
4. Read the following text about a fine art collector of antiques:
“A Chinese jade figure of a rhinoceros, claimed to be worth about 1 million pound, has
been stolen with other valuable antiques, from the Mayfair home of Mr. David Edge,65, a fine art collector, was revealed yesterday.” ( Daily Telegraph, June 16, 1993)
The news announcing the theft is a compound sentence that contains nine pieces ofinformation:
1. a figure has been stolen 6. Mr. Edge lives in Mayfair2. the figure was made of jade 7. Mr. Edge is 65 years old3. the figure was Chinese 8. Mr. Edge is a fine art collector4. it was a figure of a rhinoceros 9. This news was revealed yesterday5. it was in the home of Mr. Edge
Write similar compound sentences to combine the following sets of information:
a. Mrs. Martha Edwars is the mother of Paula Edwars. Paula Edwars is a famousactress. She acts in films. She won an award at the Cannes Film Festival. TheCannes Film Festival took place last month. Paula Edwars has given hermother a necklace from her own jewelry collection. The necklace is made ofdiamonds. The necklace was a birthday present.
b. Patricia Austin is a famous soprano. She has been singing with the CosmopolitanOpera for the last sixteen years. She announced yesterday that she is going toretire. She is going to retire next October. She wants to spend more time in painting expositions and at auctions. She is a passionate paintings collector.
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5. “Hobbies” are a great British and American tradition. A hobby is a specialinterest or activity that people do in their time off. Some people have animals ashobbies. Others are crazy about plants.
6. Sports represent other worldwide hobbies. English play football, cricket and polo but they play other sports too. We must consider the many advantages which
education derives from games, when practised as they ought to be. “Games are thehandmaid of lessons – a means of making you fit and fresh for work and a meanswhere the game itself is only of secondary importance, compared with the spirit in
which it is played. People will generally play games in the right .spirit, if those whocontrol them show in their own methods and conduct what that spirit is” theeducational writer Max O’Rell from ‘Daily Mail’ says.
7. Brainstorming activity. Role-play expressing your opinions: - Have you ever practised any sport?- What are the chief open-air sports practised in England? What about your
country?- What sport do you prefer? Why? Speak about it!- Give a short account, if you can, of the way in which football is played, or
describe a football match. Did you know that British invented it?- Give your opinion on the advantages and inconveniences of games and sports.- Doesn’t football teach discipline? What’s your opinion?
8. Work in pairs and name as many sports as possible. Together with your partner
try to classify them in outdoor and indoor sports. Use words like: team,competition, stadium, fan, player, international tournament, to enjoy sailing,
enthusiastic, own boat, sailing races (‘regattas’), baseball, summer sport, wintersport, bowler, ball, bat, batsman, pitcher, batter at cricket, a bowler throws the balland the batter hits it with his bat league, top player, big star….
9. Work in pairs and with your partner’s help, describe cricket (the typical British
sport) and baseball (the American typical sport).
- Give an account of the American football and the football played in the rest ofthe world.
- In what sports do you have to wear a helmet? Choose among boating, boxing,American football, cricket, bowling, ice hockey, surfing, Canadian hockey,
surfing, climbing, soccer.
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- What do you know about soccer? Do you know that it is known as Associationfootball and every year, the football teams of most cities and towns in Britain play in the Cup Final at Wembley Stadium in London?
10. In the following sentences fill the gaps with play when they refer to sports
played with a ball and where teams are involved, go when they refer to individual
and leisure activities and do when they refer to sports or activities where bodymovements are implied:
Model: My brother likes doing judo, going skiing in winter and playing bowls
with his friends.
- She looks forward to …… swimming when summer comes.
- Why do all little girls are fond of ….. ballet?- I don’t go in for sport now, but I felt like…. football daily when I was a little
boy.- Her mother was against ….. badminton as she found it too childish.
- What about ….. diving, the weather is very fine.- Don’t you prefer….. gymnastics to….. snooker in that club?- He took to ….. jogging as he was getting fat.
- They put off ….. fitness classes as they were very busy.- Well, I like …. skating when the ice is thick enough.- Why don’t you leave off ….. hockey with your broken arm?
Practice: Use in sentences of your own: to go gliding, fishing/horse-riding/cycling;
to do aerobics/ballet/judo/squash; to play golf/cricket/darts/table tennis/lawn tennis.
11. Read this text about music: Music
Silence’s most eloquent contradiction is music – not because music breakssilence with its sounds but also because it interrupts its motion. All the arts do this: books freeze events between two covers, pictures pin them against a wall. Butmusic goes viscerally to the source of our mortality. It stops time in its tracks and
reinvents it. What a supernatural act it is to command a tempo and a rhythm, to settime in motion and bring it to a halt. In a life of temporal endlessness, the musician
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who makes time starts and stops plays at being God. This is music’s comfort andits triumph: that somewhere there exists an antidote for decay.
The technologies of the ear (the radio, the record player and the compact
disc) both give and take away. Fishing in my collection of records the other day, Idid find a recording of Brahms' Fourth. I put it back on the shelf, I’m not quite surewhere. I am not worried. I know how it goes. This is how I relive (and therefore
live) this music - in my imagination. The imagination is our great healer.(Bernard Holland, A New and Awful Silence)
• What does Bernard Holland mean when he says that the “musician who makestime start and stop plays at being God”?
• Do you agree with Holland who asserts that the sheer availability of music hassomehow cheapened it, taken away its special pleasures, music being all aroundus today – on the radio, in the office, in the market and the shopping mall?
• Has music’s accessibility ruined your enjoying it? Why? Why not?• What is electronic music? How do synthesizers replace traditional instruments?
• What kind of music might be synthesized?• What do you like more: listening to real music (bands on stage or recorded) or
digital sounds music (someone capable of playing a keyboard instrument can be a one-man band)?
12. In the following sentences, use either play + instrument and instrument + player or person + sing and type of music + singer:
1. Elvis Presley was a rock’n’roll ………….. He came from Memphis,
Tennessee, USA and was called the ‘king of rock’n’roll’.2. Which of these instruments do amateurs usually………………. : the piano,oboe, violin, harp, banjo, drum, saxophone, guitar, trumpet, organ, accordeon,flute?
3. Can you …………………… any of them? Which?4. That great guitar…………….. couldn’t read the score, he only could …………
by ear.5. If somebody …………...… a song, can you accompany him or her
and…………………the piano or guitar?6. The great opera ……………....was so much clamored that she gave an encore.
7.
The ‘Beatles’ from Liverpool, were the most famous pop …….… in the 1960s.8. Arthur Rubinstein, the great piano ……………... , died at 90 years old.
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GRAMMAR FOCUS
PAST PERFECT
1. Look at this sentence: ”A writer friend, who visits my apartment when I amaway, phoned me in Tangier and told me there had been a robbery.”
Use past perfect tense of the verbs in brackets in the following sentences:1. As soon as I ……………... (finish) my breakfast, I went to the stadium2. By the time the coach ……………... (give) us all the training instructions, the
last member of the team arrived.3. The referee didn’t whistled the beginning of the game until all football players
……………..… (gather).4. When we reached the stadium, the goal-keeper …………… (already, arrive).
5. After a player …………….. (kick) the ball, it was taken by the forward player.6. After we ………………... (play) hard, we won.
2. Decide the order in which these things happened. Then write two sentencesusing after and the past perfect:
Example: The symphony orchestra came on the stage.The conductor arrived on the stage.The symphony orchestra members stood up.
After the symphony orchestra had come on the stage, the
conductor arrived on the stage too.After the conductor had arrived on the stage, the symphony
orchestra members stood up.
1. The tourists got out of the coach.They took photos.They got back in the coach.
2. The reporter wrote a report on the accident.She interviewed the people there.She went to the scene of the accident.
3. The mechanic put a new tyre on.
He put the wheel back on.He took the wheel off the car.
Activity: Write sentences of your own using the same patterns.
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GERUND
1. Have you noticed this structure: “… he saw the handwriting on …”, “Findingsuch as Croft’s Herrick discovery …”. They are gerunds.
In the following sentences use verb + ing as a subject : Example: ……. (to swim) is something I don’t do very often.
Swimming is something I don’t do very often.1. …… (to fish) is a profession and …… (to angle) is a hobby.2. …… (to box) is a rather dangerous sport.3. …… (to take exercise) is only one part of keeping fit.
Practice: Use the verbs: to read, to ski, to work, to write, to drive, to travel, to run
in sentences of your own.
2. Either verb + ing as a subject or long infinitive as a subject may be used in the
following sentences: e.g. ……. (to read) French is easier that ……. (to speak) it.Reading French is easier than speaking it.To read French is easier than to speak it.
1. ……. (to shake hands) is not a habit Englishpeople use.2. ……. (to study) the local customs is necessary for a traveller.3. ……. (to have) good manners is appreciated everywhere.
Make five similar sentences of your own.
3. Use gerund after propositions:e.g. After …… (to swim) I felt cold.
After swimming I felt cold.1. Can you touch your toes without … (bend) your knees?2. His wife raised the money by … (to sell) her jewelry.3. He insisted on … (to see) her.4. I have no objection to … (to hear) your story again.5. He is good at … (to tell) lies.
6. We had a lot of difficulty in … (to find) the club.
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4. Phrasal verbs (verb + preposition/adverbial particle)
to be for/against to care for
to give up to keep onto leave off to look forward toto put off to see about
to take to to go on
Use the gerund in the following sentences:
1. I have seen the film, now I am looking forward to … (see) the film.2. I don’t care for … (stand) and … (watch) the match.3. He took to … (garden) when he retired.4. They gave up … (ski) and took to … (farm).
Make sentences of your own with all the other phrasal verbs.
5. Make sentences, according to the model :
Model: Alice is studying medicine and they approve of it.They approve of Alice’s studying medicine.
He wants to study law but his father is against it.His father is against his studying law.
1. He rang us up in the middle of the night. He apologized for it.
2. She’ll attend classes in French. Her brother insists on it.3. Mary got the scholarship and we were proud of it.4. Jane will marry Gerald. Her mother is for it.
6. Make sentences according to the model :
Model: You’ll have to share with somebody, I’m afraid.That’s quite all right. I don’t mind sharing with somebody.
1. ……. do your own washing …….2. ……. pay in advance …….
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3. ……. give me a deposit ……4. ……. cook your own breakfast……
Model: You’ll have to move your car . I’m afraid.
Would you mind moving your car?Would you mind my moving you car?
Do you mind if I move your car?
1. …… to carry her luggage, I ……2. …… to see him home …….3. …….to take her by the hand …….
7. Use the expression to be worth + gerund , according to the model :
Model: Why don’t you listen to the radio?
There’s nothing worth listening to.1. …… watch TV?2. …… read the paper?3. …… look at a magazine?4. ……. see a film?5. ……. buy something?
8. Use either gerund or infinitive. Make sentences with love, hate, like, dislikedrawing the distinction between general and particular situations:
Example: I like swimming. (as a general case)
I would like to swim in this river. (as particular case)
Likes Dislikesride drivecook knitski skatedive paint
Make sentences with the verb to stop drawing the distinction between ceasing a
previous action and purpose:
Example: He stopped listening to him. (ceased the action) He stopped to listen to him. (in order to listen to him)
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Make sentences with the verbs regret, remember and forget drawing the distinction
between a past action and a future action:
e.g. I forgot giving him the money. (in the past)
I won’t forget to give him the money. (in the future)
Make sentences with to be afraid of + gerund used for involuntary actions and to beafraid + infinitive to show a strong awareness of the feeling :
e.g. He was afraid of falling. (involuntary action) He was afraid to jump so he stayed where he was.
(to be aware to perform the action)
Translate into English:
1. Adam învăţase engleza înainte să vină în Anglia.
2.
Când am ajuns pe teren, jocul începuse.3. Când Margareta a terminat partida, a deschis radioul.
4. Îţi place să citeşti?5. Îmi place să citesc, dar nu-mi place să citesc această carte.6. Schiul este fantastic.7. Ador să shiez.8. Ur ăsc să aştept la cozi.
9. Îmi place să conduc cu viteză.10. El a fost acuzat de contrabandă.11. Ea are multă experienţă in ingrijirea copiilor.
12. El era ocupat cu cultivarea florilor.13. Aştept cu ner ă bdare să plec în str ăinătate în timpul concediului.14. Încercaţi să evitaţi să călătoriţi în orele de vârf.15. El a negat că a fost acolo şi că a văzut accidentul.16. Iartă-mă că te întrerupt.
17. Ei nu se pot abţine să nu râdă de glumele lui.18. Nu ne putem permite să mergem în Franţa iarna aceasta.19. Expoziţia lui merită să fie văzută.20. Vă deranjează dacă nu fumaţi în această camer ă?
21. Ei au încetat să se mai uite la televizor pentru că programul era neinteresant.
22. Ei s-au oprit ca să cumpere bilete pentru festival.23. Lui îi era teamă să nu piardă trenul.
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24. Regret că i-am spus cuvinte atât de neplăcute.25. El va regreta să o vadă plecând.
Remember!
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
USAGE EXAMPLE
1.
The Past Perfect Tense is used to showthat the action took place before another
action in the past. It is usually used
after: when, as soon as, after, by, by
the time, not … until.
As soon as I had finished the letters, Imade coffee. By the time I had made the
calls, the coffee was cold. I didn’t drink
my coffee until I had made four phone
calls.
2. The Past Perfect often stands together
with already and just.
At noon I phoned you, but you had
already left.
When I came to your place, you had just
left.
3. The Past Perfect Tense is used in
Conditional sentences Type 3.
If you had come, I should/would have
given you the book.
Had you come, I should/would havegiven you the book.
4. The Past Perfect Tense is also used in
Indirect Speech, where The Sequence of
Tenses requires to be observed, to
express anteriority.
He said, “I’m a student and I have
learned English for three years”.
He said that he was a student and he had
learned English for three years.
THE GERUND
USAGE EXAMPLE
1. As subject of a sentence Skiing is enjoyable - in a general sense.It is enjoyable to ski.
No smoking. No trespassing short
prohibitions
2. Gerund after prepositions
Noun/Adjective/Verb+
preposition/adverbial particle + gerund
I had no experience in modelling
I’m looking forward to going to London
next month.
3. As an object the gerund is compulsory
after the following verbs: like, dislike,
enjoy, finish, hate, practice, prefer,
risk, stop, suggest, dread, detest,prevent, avoid, admit, deny, postpone,
I can’t risk catching a cold.
He enjoys listening to jazz.
I can't understand his retiring so young.
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delay, resent, recollect, defer,
anticipate, pardon, forgive, imagine,
fancy, understand, mind, keep.
After certain expressions: to be worth,
can’t stand, can’t afford.
I can’t afford doing that.
4. Sentences abridged by using the
gerund:
On hearing the bell, she went to open the
door = When she heard the bell, she wentto open the door.
5. Complex structures with gerund
(gerund preceded by possessive adjec-
tives or accusative personal pronouns):
His being a champion made the family
very happy - more formal with possessive
adjectives.
She doesn’t mind me coming late. - less for-
mal with the accusative personal pronoun.
Either gerund or infinitive can be used after the following verbs: stop, begin, start,advise, recommend, allow, permit, need, require, want, propose, try, means,
go on, used to, be afraid (of).
They show: Example:a. distinction general/particular I like writing letters (general)
I like to write letters to my best friend (particular)
b. distinction ceased activity/
purpose
He stopped looking at her (he didn’t look at her any
more)
He stopped to look at her (in order to look at her)
c. distinction past action/ future
action
I remember having given him the book
I’ll remember to give him the book.
d. need/want/require can be fol-lowed either by the gerund or
by the passive infinitive but
the gerund is more usual
The grass needs cutting/needs to be cut The engine wants fixing/wants to be fixed.
e. try/be afraid (of), go on,
propose, mean used to, have
different meanings according
to whether they are used with
gerund or infinitive
try + infinitive = attempt
He tried to repair the TV set.
try + gerund = make the experiments
He tried repairing the engine.
u sed to + infinitive = habit in the past
He used to smoke (he doesn’t smoke now).
u sed to + gerund = to be accustomed to
I’m used to waiting for buses.
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be afraid +infinitive = strong awareness of the fear
I was afraid to move so I sat quiet.
be afraid + gerund = involuntary fear
I was afraid of being caught.
propose + infinitive = intention
I propose to leave now.
propose + gerund = suggestion
I propose waiting till dawn.go on + infinitive = continue but with the
introduction of a new aspect of the topic
He was speaking about France and went on to
tell about its climate.
go on + gerund = continue
He went on speaking (about the same topic).
flavour of the month – a phrase which refers to the current fashion. Similar phrases are “flavour of the week” and “flavour of the year”. Such terms were first
used when advertising ice-cream parlours in the US in the 1940s, when a specialflavour of ice-cream would be promoted. Today, they are used to ironicallydescribe a passing trend that will soon be replaced by another.
“The Spice Girls are the flavour of the month right now, but where will
they be in a year’s time?”
to keep one’s year to the ground – to keep oneself informed. It has been said thatthe phrase was first used when talking about Indian scouts in the Wild West ofAmerica. A scout would press one ear to the earth before announcing how manyhorsemen were approaching, and from how far away.
I don’t know of any jobs in my company at the moment, but I’ll keep my ear
to the ground and let you know.”
old hat – very old-fashioned. By the mid-1500s, the Italian city of Milan hadestablished itself as the fashion centre of Europe, especially for hats. The styleschanged almost every week, so that people who wanted to stay in fashion had to buy new hats all the time. To be ‘old hat’ means ‘behind the times’.
“He’s very old hat – he uses a typewriter instead of a computer.”
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SECTION B
LEAD-IN
• What do you know about the Olympic Games?• In what country did they begin and why?
• When do they take place?• What do the Olympic Games mean for the mankind?• What can you say about wars and any other conflicts among nations during the
Olympic Games?
READING
GOING TO THE OLYMPICS
Patricia: Here’s to the new Olympics!Jeffrey: OK! Cheers!
Patricia: Did you know Mark’s actually thinking of going to see the Olympics?
Jeffrey: Wow! Is he really?
Patricia: Apparently it’s a life-long ambition. He’s been saving up for ages and
he’s going to do it in style. You know, four-star hotels, front-row seats,
the whole works. He’s even bought a camcorder to take with him, so he
can keep a record of the whole trip.
Jeffrey: Sounds great! God help him meet his dream!Trevor: Oh, I don’t know, it will cost him a bomb and I think you get a much
better idea from the telly. But he wishes he’d seen them live.
Jeffrey: Yes, as from the telly you don’t get the atmosphere. Oh, no, I think it
would be great. I’d go myself if I had half a chance.
Patricia: But if I were him, I wouldn’t go alone. I don’t think it would be much
fun going on your own, which is what he’s planning to do. It’s the sort
of thing you need to do with someone else to get the most out of it, so
you can talk about it and compare notes.
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Jeffrey: Oh, no, if he’s on his own he can do exactly what he wants to do,
without having to fit in with anybody else, hang about waiting for
people and all that sort of hassle.
Patricia: The only thing that’s putting him off is the thought of the journey itself.
He ‘d have to go by plane and he’s not too keen on flying. If only he
could go by train or by coach.
Trevor: Well, I think he’s crazy to even consider it - I bet you anything that I’ll be able to tell you more about it from the telly and it won’t have cost me
a penny! I’d rather he stayed at home and watched them on the telly
with us.
Comprehension
• What are the three friends talking about?
• What is Patricia saying about Mark’s intention of spending his time during the
games?• What ‘s Trevor’s opinion about watching the Olympic Games?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Study these nouns/verbs/phrase: journey/to journey; travel/to travel; voyage/tovoyage; trip/to take a trip to a place; excursion/to make a short journey/a pleasure-
trip:
to travel They all mean covering a distance (a călători). To travel is theto journey neutral term: we may travel both by land and by sea or air;to voyage to travel is usually indefinite and implies covering long distances;trip to journey, generally, by land and having an appointed destination;excursion to voyage is to travel by sea/water or by plane/air; to take a trip
means to journey especially for pleasure; excursion means to makea short journey/to take a pleasure-trip.
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2. Fill the gaps with the adequate forms of the verbs to travel, to journey, tovoyage or of the nouns travel, journey, voyage, trip, excursion:
1. .……. broadens mind.2. Our ……. to London was very interesting.
3. Most people like …… .4. He …… for three days, it was a long ……
5. They took a two-days …… to Sinaia.6. The board of directors decided an ……. for the whole staff.7. His …… over the Pacific in a small boat must have been very difficult.
3. Speak about a journey you made during your last holidays.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
SUBJUNCTIVE
1. What can you say about the way of saying “God help him meet his dream!”Where is the ‘s’ at the end of help? It doesn’t exist, does it? It is the Subjunctive
Mood , used to express a wish, or a prayer that something may be. Very often the
Subjunctive is expressed by using one of the modals may, might.
Long live he! Be that as it may!Though the heart be still… Far be it from me to …
(Byron) Come what may!
May I live to see it! Suffice it to say
If need be Be it so!/So be it!
2. Use the following verbs into subjunctive (the same form as the infinitive), to
complete the following exclamations expressing a wish or hope: damn, curse, bless,
forgive, help, be praised, be:
God ……… you! …………. this fog!
Heaven ……. us! ……. ……this fog!
……. ……..you! God …….with you!
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3. The Present Subjunctive is also used in conditional clauses implying a negative. In
this case were is used instead of was for the first and the third persons. Change the
sentences according to the model :
Model: If it were not for the seats, I’d have enjoyed the performance.
But for the seats, I’d have enjoyed the performance.
1. If it were not for you, I’d never go to see play for second time.2. If it were not for the cast, the play would have been a success.3. If it were not for the acting, the play wouldn’t be worth seeing.
4. After verbs: suggest, propose, insist, recommend, advise, order, the construction
that….. should + subjunctive is used. Change the sentences according to the model:
Model: Roger recommended that we should distribute the tickets.
1. Richard told her to check the list.2. George told me to read something about university life in present day England.3. The teacher told us to read the book in the original.
5. After the impersonal sentences it is/was important, necessary, advisable, better,vital, surprising, amazing etc., either the structure for + object or that ….. should
+ subjunctive may be used. Change the sentences according to the model, using
for + object: Model: It is better that you should ask him for permission to use the car.
It is better for you to ask for permission to use the car.
1. It is vital that you should avoid the subject.2. It is necessary that they should discuss the problem raised.3. It is essential that you should study the local habits.
6. After wish present subjunctive or perfect subjunctive are used to express regret.
Change the sentences according to the model:
Model: I regret/I’m sorry/It’s a pity/What a pity I don/t have a bicycle.I wish I had a bicycle.
Father didn’t buy me a bicycle.I wish father had bought me a bicycle.
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1. It’s a pity he doesn’t/didn’t practise more often.2. I regret they don’t/didn’t play chess. 3. I’m sorry she doesn’t/didn’t attend a music school.
7. Transform the following sentences according to the model:
Model: The coach has already begun and no goal has been scored yet. The coachtells the players:
“It’s time for you to score a goal.”
“It’s high time you scored a goal” (high makes the expression more
emphatic)
1. Many people in Britain are worried because the conflict in Northern Irelanddoesn’t stop. They think:………………………………………
2. Holidays are coming and Helen hasn’t bought yet a new bathing-suit. Herhusband says to her:……………………………………………
3. I’ll leave to the festival in a fortnight and I haven’t got the plane ticket yet. Mymother tells me:………………………………………………..
8. Change the following sentences according to the model:
Model: Don’t believe her! She isn’t from Paris. He hasn’t visited Rome.But she behaves as if she were from Paris. But he talks as though he had
visited Rome.1. It doesn’t rain in summer here but it looks …2. Nothing has happened but they talk …. 3. They don’t know the subject but they speak …
Translate into English:
Jocurile Olimpice au o istorie foarte lungă. Ele au început în anul 776 î.e.n. şiau avut loc la fiecare patru ani timp de aproape 1200 de ani la Olympia, în Grecia.Ele includeau multe si diferite feluri de sport: alergări, box, lupte, pentatlon (cincisporturi diferite) şi curse de care de luptă. În 394 e.n., jocurile au încetat şi templul
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din Olympia a fost distrus. 1500 de ani mai târziu, în 1894, un francez, BaronulPierre de Coubertin, a convins lumea din cincisprezece ţări să reia JocurileOlimpice. Primul din seria modernă a jocurilor a avut loc la Atena doi ani mai
târziu, în 1896. La a patra ediţie a Jocurilor Olimpice, în 1908, au fost peste două mii de concurenţi din douăzeci şi două de ţări. De atunci, numărul de atleţi careconcurează a crescut de fiecare dată. Comitetul Olimpic Internaţional din
Lausanne, Elveţia, decide unde se va desf ăşura fiecare ediţie a Jocurilor Olimpice.Se cere ca un oraş (nu o ţar ă) să fie gazdă - un oraş pentru Jocurile Olimpice deIarnă şi unul pentru Jocurile Olimpice de var ă.
Remember!
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
FORM EXAMPLE
a. The archaic Present Subjunctive has exactly
the same form as the infinitive.
To be = be (for all persons)
To take = take (for all persons)
He asked that the request be
accepted.
It is decided that he take part in
the conference.
b. The modern Present Subjunctive has the same
form as the simple past tense in all the verbs
except to be, whose present subjunctive is were for
all persons.
Suppose he came! I wish I were
you.
c. The Past Subjunctive has the same form as the
past perfect indicative:
I wish I had been there.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE EXPRESSES: EXAMPLE
1. an unreal comparison or a preference: Mother treats me as if I were a little girl.
If you had met them, you would have liked
them.
2. a regret for the present and the past
and a desire for the future.
I wish I were a student again!
They wished they had not come so late.
3. an exclamation Oh! that it were possible!Oh! that he had come yesterday.
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4. an unreality or doubt: He talks to me, as if I were his wife.
He looks/looked as if he had seen a ghost.
5. an unconditioned preference I would rather he went by train (different
subjects)
I would sooner you came with me.
EXCEPT THESE MEANINGS THESUBJUNCTIVE MAY ALSO BE USED:
EXAMPLE
a. after the impersonal constructions
introduced by it: it is necessary
/essential/probable/likely/unlikely
/wrong/proper/reasonable/just/fair/
vital/strange/odd/surprising/
amazing/absurd/ridiculous…generally with
the constructions that…should +
subjunctive
It is right that Mary be accepted.
(American)
It is right that Mary should be accepted.
b. after verbs like these ones: suggest, propose, command, order, advise,
recommend … generally with the
colloquial construction that … should.
He suggested that Mary beaccepted.(American)
He suggested that Mary should be
accepted.
He suggested that Mary was/were
accepted. (modern Present Subjunctive)
Let’s have fun Limericks, Sayings, Humour
Sympathy without relief Fools make feasts and wise men eat them;Is like mustard without beef. Wise men make jests and fools repeat them.
(Traditional)
Limerick English humour
There was a composer named Liszt “There’s been an accident”, they said,Whose music no one could resiszt. “Your servant’s cut in half: he’s dead!”When he swept the keyboard “Indeed!” said Mr. Jones, “and please
Nobody could be bored Send me that half that’s got my keys”.
And now that he’s gone he is miszt.(Harry Graham)
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CHECKLIST
1. Think of two contexts for: auction, bid.
2. State the difference between: i) I stopped talking to her.ii) I stopped to talk to her.
3. Which of the two sentences is correct: i) I went out after I finished myhomework.
ii) I went out after I had finished my
homework.4. Use two subjunctive sentences to make recommendations to your employees.5. Use the word ”means” in two different contexts with different morphological
values.
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between European countries as did air; in 1986 for about half as much. Nevertheless,
enthusiasts think that high-speed trains are different: they hope people who would now
rather fly than take an ordinary train would choose a high-speed train above either.
(from Business English - Michael Brookes, David Horner)
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Read the text and say if it is probably from (a) an instruction booklet (b) anewspaper article (c) a leisure magazine.
Swipe-cards and the air-traveller
Queues will be shorter and they will move quicker.
Business passengers with hand luggage will walk onto
planes, only stopping for security clearance. Staff will
deal with passengers with baggage for they hold more
quickly. It may sound like a dream. But the introductionof the swipe-card with its magnetic strip which allows
all this may be with us in a few months, or it may
already be operating at an airport near you.
How does it work? All the travel information is put on
an ATB (Advanced Ticket and Boarding Pass) which
has a magnetic strip. The passenger simply ‘swipes’ the
ticket at the departure gate, confirming the reservation,
seat allocation and onward connection, if there is one.
The technology for swipe-cards is simple - it is the
same as credit cards. Airlines first discussed the possibility of using them ten years ago. If this is so, you
may ask why we are still using the old-fashioned
carbon-copy tickets. The answer is the anti-fraud
measures imposed by the International Air Transport
Association. Computer fraud is, in general, a new area
of crime. But soon, when the safety measures are
satisfactory, we may be moving in a world of ticketless
travel, where telephones and computer reservations
replace paper completely. (from Going Places , Heinemann)
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2. Read the text again. Are the following statements true or false?
• Airline personnel’s jobs will be easier with swipe-cards. • With a swipe-card a passenger will walk straight onto the aeroplane. • The technology of the swipe-card is not yet perfect. • A swipe-card is nothing like a credit card. • The International Air Transport Association is worried about dishonest use of
swipe-cards.
AT THE HOTEL
Desk Clerk: “Good morning, sir! What can I do for you?”James Grant: “Good morning. I’m James Grant. My secretary must have sent
you a fax the other day for reservation, but I’ve had noconfirmation”.
Desk Clerk: “Oh, yes, we’ve received it. But she mentioned only the length of
your stay so I didn’t know what kind of room you would like tohave”.
James Grant: “ I’d like a single with a bathtub, if possible.”
Desk Clerk: “Sorry, sir, I’m afraid our singles only have showers. Would that
be O.K.?”James Grant: “Oh, well, I guess so. Does the room happen to be in the back? It’s
much quieter there, you know”.Desk Clerk: “Oh, you’ll find the room perfectly quiet. It looks on a quiet little
square. Now, would you fill in this registration card, please? Howdo you prefer to pay? Cash or credit card”.
James Grant: “I’ll pay cash. Oh, what about breakfast?”Desk Clerk: “Breakfast is included, of course. Here is your key. Your room
number is 114. It is on the first floor. Front. On the first floor youalso have a bar and a restaurant. The porter will take your luggagefor you. Have a nice stay in our hotel.”
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1. ROLE-PLAY
Work in pairs. Take turns role-playing parts A and B below.
Part A Part BYou are checking into the Ritz
Hotel. It is July 16th. Use your ownname. Your reservation number is14689, and you want to stay an extranight until Saturday, July 28th.
You are the hotel clerk at the Ritz
Hotel. Please help A, who has reserveda room through Thursday night. Thehotel is fully booked on Friday.
Send a fax to the Ritz Hotel’s Reservation Manager, confirming
reservations four your next business trip.
2. Work in pairs. Imagine a conversation between yourself as a tourist and the
desk clerk using the following words: accommodation, information desk,
hotel bar or lounge, booking desk, rent-a-car service, sports facility, beauty parlor or barber, business centre.
3. You have a house in the mountains and you want to turn it into a chalet or
what is sometimes called a Bed and Breakfast. What tourist services will
you provide? Work with two other students to make a list.
4. Make up a dialogue: Student A: You have just been offered a job as a
tourist guide in your town. Ask your employer about your duties, hours ofwork, breaks etc. Student B: You have employed Student A to be a tourist
guide. Tell her/him about the duties of the job.
Guests staying in hotels must fill out a registration card with all their
personal information. Fill in this registration card for your stay in a New
York hotel.
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The Sunflower Hotel
REGISTRATION CARD
Last name ____________________Mr/Mrs/Ms
Room Number
Reservation umberFirst name _____________________________
Q number Arrival date
Post Code ______________________________
Nationality __________ Passport No. _______ Issued at __________________
Company Name and Address ________________________________________
Payment Type ____________________________ Credit Card No. __________
Signature ____________________ Departure Date _______________________
5. Match the words and phrases in Column A to the phrases in Column B:
A Ba. agreeing 1. Unfortunately, we don’t share the
some opinion. b. disagreeing 2. Yes, that’s fine.c. refusing 3. If you could do that, I’d really
appreciate it.d. making a request 4. Can I use my American
Express card?e. making a very polite request 5. Can I help you?f. offering 6. I’m afraid we’re all booked up
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6. You are travelling alone on a business trip to the United States. You want to
check in a hotel. How do you usually solve each of the following problems? (Rank
the choices from 1-4 to indicate the order of your preferences.)
1. You book your hotel rooma. with a confirmed reservation by a travel agency b. by personal letterc. by calling from the airport.
d. when you arrive at the hotel2. The kind of room you usually stay in is a
a. single b. twinc. doubled. suite
3. When you check in, the first thing you want to confirm is
a. the check-out time b. the room rate
c. how you will pay
d. if you have any messages.4. You usually pay by
a. cash b. personal check
c. traveler’s checkd. major credit card
5. What is the most popular international credit cards in our country?a. VISA
b. American Expressc. Master Cardd. another kind of credit card.
LANGUAGE WORK
1. What kind of train would you choose among the hereby listed: train with sitting
facilities; train with sleeping accommodation; express train; fast train; through
train; slow train; night train; morning train; goods/freight train; incoming train;
outgoing train; north-bound train, commuting train.
2. What are the services in a railway station you need to resort to : information
bureau; inquiry office; booking office for first, business and economy class
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accommodation; left-luggage office; waiting room; post-office; telephone booth;
catering facilities (restaurant, snack bar, day bars, coffee rooms, tea rooms, lunch
rooms); shops.
What about a big airport : information desk; the currency exchange office;
the public address system, phone box.
3. Under what circumstances do you book : a single, one way ticket; a return, round
trip ticket; a platform ticket; a season ticket; a direct (ticket), point-to-point flight;open-dated return ticket; a dated ticket.4. Which are the airport formalities: flying ticket checking; luggage weighing;customs control; passport control; security check.
NOTE: When is the “OK” or “RQ” code used?
OK - means confirmed seatRQ (requested seat) - the confirmation of the requested seat wasnot yet possible.
Some words connected with travel
Last week he flew to New York. It was an early-morning flight. The plane was to
take off at 6 a.m. and land at 7 a.m. local time. He was stranded at the airportovernight. The plane was delayed by fog. Air passengers often suffer such delays.Trains always run on time here. You have to change trains at Crewe.We are sailing on the QE2. It sets sail at noon. It will dock in New York at 6 p.m.and shall disembark as soon as we can.The ship was wrecked. The passengers were marooned on a desert island.Our car does 10 km to the litre. It goes quite fast. We can usually overtake other
cars. The car swerved into the middle of the road to avoid the cyclist. He backed the car into the drive and parked in front of the house.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Set of rules expressing the relation between the tense of the predicate of a
subordinate clause and the tense of the predicate of the main clause. Here are the
main rules:
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Main Clause Subordinate Clause
1. Present, Present Perfect, Future Any tensee.g.He thinks (that) a. she is applying for a job.
b. she applies for a job.
c. she applied for a job.d. she has already applied for a job.e. she will apply for a job.f. she will have applied for a job byMarch 5.
2. Past Tense, Past Perfect etc. a) simultaneous actions
Past Tense
e.g. : He thought (that) she applied for a job.she was applying for a job.
b) the action of the subordinate clauseis prior to that of the main clause
Past Perfect
e.g.: I thought (that) she had applied for a job, but shedidn’t.
c) the action of the subordinate clauseis subsequent to that in the main clause
Future-in-the-Paste.g. I thought (that) she would apply for a job.
Future Perfect in the Past
she would have applied for a job byMarch 5.
EXCEPTION
• when the subordinate clause contains an assertion of general character:
e.g.: We all knew that mathematics is a science, you needn’t repeat that.• in attributive clause, the verb in the subordinate can be at any tense required
by the sense:
e.g.: He told me things which I shall never forget.
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• when the tense of the action in the subordinate is independent from the tense of
the action in the main clause, the verb in the subordinate is as required by the
context:
e.g. I liked those textile samples so much that I shall certainly place an order.• in comparative clauses introduced by: as, more than, as well as, as much as,
the tense of the verb is as required by the context:
e.g. They asked for the apartment more than I ask or will ever ask for it.
1. Use the right tense-form of the verbs in the following sentences:
a. At their astronomy class they were told that the Moon (to be) 24,000 miles awayfrom Earth. b. Last year he worked more than he (to do) this year. c. Last night Ihad the opportunity of meeting the person who (to live) next door to you. d. Lastnight I completed the report which my boss (to read) now. e. The former secretaryspoke English more fluently than the secretary we (hire) this year (to speak) at present. f. I suddenly remembered the saying that boys (to be) boys. g. Thetraveller asked the station-master when his train for Paris (to leave).
2. Use the verbs in brackets in appropriate tenses:
a. The businessman faxed that he (to arrive) on the following day. b. Harris saidhe (to know) what kind of job I (to mean). c. The question was what he (to do)next. d. He did not know what he (to talk) about. e. We were afraid that she (not
to able to) complete her work in time and so we (to offer) to help her. f. Thecustomer wanted to know if that equipment (to be used) in electrical outfits.
g. I knew that if it (to rain), they (not to go) to the fair.
Translate into English:
a. Nu ţi-am spus că de câteva zile nu am mai r ăspuns la telefon. b. Ai avut vreoidee de ce conţinea fişa postului? c. Angajaţii au constatat că şefii lor nu lemăriser ă salariile deşi le promiseser ă. d. Înainte de a pleca în călătoria de afaceri,ne-am asigurat că s-au primit faxurile care anunţau sosirea noastr ă. e. Faptul că atrebuit să mă opresc la Ploieşti m-a f ăcut să-mi schimb toate planurile. f. Nu ştiacât de mult îi va folosi ghidul de conversaţie. g. Nu ştiam când v-aţi întors. De cenu ne-aţi anunţat în prealabil? h. Care este titlul articolului pe care l-ai scris?
i. Iată-l! L-am publicat într-o revistă de specialitate care va apărea la sfâr şitul luniiviitoare. E o revistă trimestrială. j. Toată lumea aştepta să afle ce hotăr ăsc cenzorii.
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SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Think of two advantages and two disadvantages for each of the four forms oftravel: road, rail, sea, air.
READING
ON THE BOAT
“This way for the Dover Boat! Have your passport ready! Pass up the gangway!
First class on the right, second class on the left! Here we are! Would you like to
stay up on deck or go down below?
“I’m sorry, I couldn’t quite catch what the officer said. Have you?”“Yes. He asked whether we would like to stay up on deck or below.”
“Oh, I see. Well, I don’t know ... I’m not much of a sailor.
“You won’t be sea-sick today, the sea is perfectly calm, we are sure to have a good
crossing. I’ll get a couple of deck-chairs up here in the sun.
“Oh, well, I’ll risk it, but if the worse comes to the worst, don’t blame me!
“Do you travel much?”
“Not more than I can help by sea. I’ve crossed the Channel once before, but frankly
I did not enjoy it.”
“ Can you see the English coasts already?”“What did the lady say? I can hardly hear because of the waves.”
“She asked: ’Can you see the English coasts already?’
“Yes, just.”
“Well, I suppose we’d better get ready for landing.
The gangway was lowered and we went down to the pier.
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Read the text quickly. Is it from (a) a professional tourist industry magazine (b) a
business magazine (c) the travel section of a general-interest magazine?
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Finding your way in the ticket maze
It is very difficult for the customer who
walks off the street into the travel
agent to understand the complex fare
structures that are used by the industry
today. For example, the full-fare
economy class ticket from London to
Los Angeles is Ł1,256 return, and the
full-fare first class ticket is Ł2,910. If
you are in a hurry, or if you buy your
ticket at the last minute, you will
probably have to pay these kinds of
prices. However, there are lots of
special prices that the customer may
be able to benefit from on specific
occasions. If you can plan ahead
carefully, you can usually get an APEXticket, which costs Ł516. APEX means
Advanced Purchase Excursion Fare.
You must plan your journey two to
three weeks ahead of time and you
must pay the full cost of the ticket on
booking. You can’t change the booking
- and you can’t get a refund if you
change your mind, or if you can’t
travel because you are sick, or for any
other reason.There are also special deals with travel
agents. Some customers may not have a
fixed destination in mind, and may come
in looking for special offers. In that case,
scheduled consolidated fares are a good
deal. This means that the agent buys, for
example, ten tickets for each of several
flights and then tries to sell them. They
may be very cheap – probably about
Ł420 return for Los Angeles.
There are also a number of special
cases. If you buy a Round-the-World
ticket, the section Los Angeles to
London costs only Ł558 single, and
you can get this even cheaper if you
buy a standby ticket. In that case you
have to travel when the airline says
there is a seat available. A lot of reti-
red people use this type of ticket, as
they have lots of time, and it doesn’t
matter when they leave. Standby
first-class from Los Angeles to
London costs only Ł444 single, when
it is part of a round-the-world deal.
It is cheaper than standard economy.
Another type of special cheap ticketis a two-destination ticket. If you
need to travel to two different
destinations, even if the journey is
not at the same time, the ticket may
be very cheap. For example, you
may be going to Los Angeles now
and Rome in a few weeks time. The
ticket London - Los Angeles -
London - Rome - London costs Ł818.
In other words, you pay less than the full fare and you get to see Rome as
well. The very best kind of ticket is
the freebie. If you are a travel
journalist or something like that, you
might be lucky and get
complimentary tickets. For example,
if you are doing an article on a
particular country the airline may
give you a free ticket. At least, you
can always ask! (from Going Places, Heinemann)
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4. Here are some more words which could have been included in the above table.
Where would they fit into the table?
bonnet balloon deck-chair guard’s van
mast petrol pump bus driver anchorglider oar rudder left luggage lockerscheck-in desk control tower canoe dual carriageway
5. Fill in the blanks. Most of the words you need can be found above:
Yesterday John was supposed to take a ................................ (1) from London to
Paris. He got up very early, put his luggage in the .................................. (2) of hiscar and tried to start the engine. It wouldn’t start. John lifted the.............................(3) but he couldn’t see what the matter could be. He immediatelycalled his local ............................................ (4) to ask them to send a..................................... (5) at once. Fortunately, the garage had a man free and hewas with John within ten minutes. He quickly saw what the matter was. ‘You’ve................................. (6) of petrol”, he said. John felt very foolish. ‘Why didn’t I
........................................... (7) everything last night?’ he wondered. Despite allthis, he got to the airport, checked in quite early and then went straight through tothe ............................ (8) to read a newspaper while he waited. Soon he heard anannouncement. ‘Passengers on flight BA 282 to Paris are informed that all flights
to and from Paris are ..................................... (9) because of a heavy snowfall lastnight.’ ‘If only I had decided to go by ..................................................... (10)’, Johnthought. ‘It would probably have been quicker in the end and even if I sometimesfeel sick on the ................................. (11) across the Channel, it can be quite pleasant sitting in a .................................... (12) on the deck, watching the seagullsand the other ....................................... (13). The ......................... (14) on a ship
seem to produce much better food than those on an aircraft too.’
GRAMMAR FOCUS
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
In Direct Speech we quote the actual words a speaker said. The words are markedoff at either end with quotation marks. (Note that in English, quotation marks arelike this: “ _________ “ or this: ‘ _________ ‘)In Indirect Speech one speaker’s words are reported by someone else. This is
happening by using in the main clause a verb such as reply, say, tell, ask, answer etc. The indirect speech is contained in a subordinate (dependent) clause. In
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Indirect Speech the main clause may precede the subordinate clause or follow it.The conjunction that is used in Indirect Speech, but can be left out in Direct Speech(e.g.: He says, “I don’t travel much”. He says (that) he doesn’t travel so much.)
REPORTED STATEMENTS
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Simple (e.g. I want to play) Past Simple (e.g. He said that he wanted to
play)
Present Continuous (e.g. I am writing) Past Continuous (e.g. He said he was writing)
Present Perfect Simple (e.g. I have just
eaten)
Past Perfect (e.g. He said he had just eaten)
Present Perfect Continuous (e.g. I have
been learning for many hours)
Past Perfect Continuous (e.g. He said he had
been learning for many hours)
Past Simple (e.g. I lost my dog) Past Perfect (e.g. He said he had lost his dog)
Past Perfect Continuous (e.g. I had
been working a lot)
Past Perfect Continuous (e.g. He said he had
been working a lot)
Future (e.g. I will not have a largemeal)
Future in the Past (e.g. He said he would nothave a large meal)
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
today becomes that day
yesterday becomes the previous day; the day before
last night becomes the night before; the previous night
tomorrow becomes the next day; the following day
now becomes then
here becomes there
this, these becomes that, those
thus becomes so
ago becomes before
next becomes the next
REPORTED COMMANDS
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Imperative (e.g. Turn off that radio! she
said)
Infinitive (e.g. She told me to turn off
that radio)
Reporting verbs: to tell, to ask, to urge, to advise, to persuade.Also: to shout, to complain, to observe, to say scornfully.
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have solid training to match the requirements of this position?” e. Our Presidentsaid yesterday, “In all societies people want more than they are capable of producing”.
3. Replace the verb “said” in the sentences by one of the words in the box.
Use each word only once. Then, rewrite the sentences in Indirect (Reported)
Speech:
suggested agreed muttered exclaimed
insisted whispered boasted admitted
shouted claimed objected protested
1. “He can speak five languages fluently”, he said.
2. “Let’s go to the Mall this evening”, she said.3. “Stop that noise”, said the teacher.
4. “That car we are driving is my property”, the man said.5. “Yes, I broke the windows with my catapults”, the boy said.
6. “You can’t take me to prison. I know my rights”, the man said.7. “I shall always remember your vows”, said his fiancée.8. “We don’t have enough money to carry out the plan”, said the treasurers.9. “This teacher doesn’t know what he’s talking about”, said the student.10. “Well, it is a surprise to meet you here today”, he said.11. “Well, yes; if the weather is bad, we can’t go”, he said.12. “If you can’t come today you simply must come tomorrow”, she said kindly.
Translate into English:
a. L-am întrebat: “Ai mai fost vreodată la un târg de bunuri de larg consum”. b.Mi-a spus supărat: “Am încercat timp de o or ă să deschid cutia înainte să o
arunc”. c. “Mă voi antrena mai mult ca să obţin rezultate mai bune la anul”, ne-a spus sportivul. d. Preşedintele Consiliului de Administraţie ne-a spus: “Laultima şedinţă de consiliu s-a hotărât schimbarea echipei manageriale”. e.
Funcţionarul de la primărie a declarat ieri: “Cetăţenii ar trebui informaţireferitor la avantajele noilor metode de plată”. f. Expertul contabil îl întreabă pecontabil: “Aţi ţinut toate registrele la zi?” g. Azi-dimineaţă secretara m-a
anunţat: “Şedinţa s-a amânat cu o zi”.
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Let’s learn a proverb!
Don’t put the cart before the horse
Imagine a horse pulling a cart. Nothing unusual. Now try to imaginea cart placed in front of a horse. It would really look strange, even if the
horse were able to push it!This saying means that people should do things in a specific order. Whensolving a problem, you have to think of things one step at a time. If you dothings too soon, you put the cart before the horse.
CHECKLIST
1. What do you say when you phone a hotel to make a reservation for your boss?2. Change this direct question into an indirect question: Do you have a reservation,
sir?
3. In what contexts can you use the verbs TELL and respectively SAY?4. Translate into English: Mi-a spus că are 20 de ani.
5. What is a swipe card?
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UNIT 9
LET’S GO SHOPPING !
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
• Have you ever heard the story of Frankenstein? What happened in the story?• Can you explain what genetic engineering is?• What do you think that genetically engineered food is? Do you think it’s
healthy or not? Read the text to find out.
READING
You are going to read a text about genetically engineered food. Five sentences
have been removed from it. Choose from the sentences A-E the one which fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).
These days much of our food is quick and easy to prepare but is often notas fresh and natural as it used to be. Cheese, for example is no longer made in the
old-fashioned way because it takes too long. The process is speeded up with
chemicals and then flavour and colour are added.In the case of genetically engineered food not only colour or flavour are
added.Perfectly round tomatoes all exactly the same size, long straight cucumbers
and big fat chickens are now a normal part of our diets. They are made that way bygenetic engineering – not by nature. Their genes have been changed.
LET’S GO SHOPPING !
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Every living thing has genes. 0 -- B. They are passed on from generation
to generation. They make sure that humans give birth to humans and cows give
birth to cows. They also make sure that a dog cannot give birth to a frog, or an
elephant to a horse. Genetic engineers take genes from one species – for example, a
scorpion, and transfer them to another – for example, corn. In this way a new life
form is created. 1 --…
Genetic engineers put duck genes into chickens to make the chickens bigger. They put hormones into cows to make them produce more milk. They put
genes from flowers into soya beans and from scorpions into corn. This does not
make them cheaper, tastier or healthier. It makes them easier and faster for the
farmer to grow.
The effects of genetic engineering on our health are not known. Many of
the genes which are used – such as those of scorpions, rats, mice and moths – are
not part of our diet so we do not know how dangerous they may be.
The effects of genetic engineering on the natural world may be disastrous.
The engineers may create life forms – monsters – that we cannot control. The newlife forms have no natural habitat or home. They will have to find one, fight for
one – or kill for one. 2 -- … Moreover, the effects of these experiments can often
be cruel. In America, pigs were given human genes to make them bigger and less
fatty. 3 --… The pigs became very ill and began to lose their eyesight.
Greenpeace is trying to prevent all such food experiments. Some - but not
all – food companies are refusing to use genetically engineered foods. 4 --… We
must all be aware of what is happening.
Some people believe, though, that genetic engineering could be the
solution to the problem of famine. Plants which grow faster, or cows which
produce more milk, can save the lives of starving people.
We would all like a better, healthier and longer life, and genetic
engineering might give us this. On the other hand, it may be a dangerous
experiment with nature. In the story, Frankenstein created such a terrible monster,
that he had to destroy it. We must make sure that it remains a story – and no more
than that.
A. The experiment failed.
B. Genes carry information.
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C. Some – but not all – supermarkets are telling their customers which foods aregenetically engineered.D. It may be your land they fight for – or that they kill.E. These new life forms have been described as a “real-life Frankenstein”.
LANGUAGE WORK
Look at the words and expressions in bold in the text and try to explain them,
then choose any three and make sentences. What are the arguments for and against genetically engineered food? What do
you think about it?
1. Look at the words below and list them under these headings:
FRUIT – SEAFOOD – DAIRY PRODUCTS – MEAT – VEGETABLES –SWEETS – DRINKS
cabbage, champagne, pepper, lettuce, strawberries, aubergine, lobster, carrots,
prawns, mushrooms, cake, pumpkin, chicken, turkey, sausages, steak, cheese,
grapes, onion, milk, beans, ham, yoghurt, plaice, pineapple, garlic, mussels, pear,
cauliflower, doughnut, quince, cherry-brandy, leek.
2. Below are some notes about vitamins. Try to put things in order:
VITAMIN A –VITAMIN B –VITAMIN C –
VITAMIN D –VITAMIN E –
Fights colds, respiratory infections. For healthy heart and circulation. To help digestive process, circulation, nerves. Important for bones. For healthy skin and good eyesight.• Found in eggs, fish, liver, rays of sun.• Found in apricots, carrots and dairy products. Stored in the body and released
when necessary.• Found in wheat germ.
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• Found in citrus fruits.
• Richest source: brewer’s yeast.
3. Look at the menu. Which of these foods are :
spicy, sweet, salty, healthy, fattening, creamy, juicy?
DARTFORD LODGE
HOTEL & RESTAURANT
*
Soup of the Day
Galia Melon
Chilled and served on crushed ice with a blackcurrant sorbet
Savoury Pancakes
With spinach and stilton
Avocado Pear
On a nest of lettuce leaves, garnished with prawns
*
Fillet of Sole
Dusted with oatmeal and served with a parsley sauce
Lamb Cutlets
Grilled and served with mustard and tomatoes
Beef Wellington
Scottish beef with mushroom purée in a crisp pastry case
Breast of Chicken
Stir-fried and served with beanshoots and ginger
*
A choice of Desserts from the Sweet Menu
British and Continental Cheeses
*
Coffee with Hand-Made Chocolates
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4. You are going to read a dialogue between two people discussing what to eat at
a business lunch at Dartford Lodge Restaurant. Complete the dialogue with
information from the menu in exercise 3.
A: Are we having a starter as well or just a main course?
B: It’s up to you. I think I can manage a starter though.
A: I might have the ______ then. ______ are a type of shellfish, aren’t they?
B: That’s right.A: What about _______ ?
B: They’re like crêpes. And ________ is a dark green leafy vegetable. Have you
ever tried ________ ?
A: I don’t think so. What is it?
B: It’s a traditional English blue cheese.
A: Sounds nice. I think I’ll have that instead? What are you having?
B: I’ll find out what the ________ of the day is, then I’ll have _______ . I like
sorbet… If you want something that’s very English, you could try the ________.
A: Where’s that?
B: Down in the main courses.A: Ah, yes. Scottish beef. Could you explain the word “__________”?
B: Yes, it’s a kind of flat fish. And it’s covered with __________, that’s flour made
from oats.
A: OK. I think I’ll have the _________, anyway.
B: Well, I’m going to have the ________.
A: Stir-fried with _________ and __________ . It sounds Chinese.
B: Yes, I like Chinese food.
5. Study the different prepositions in these sentences: The sauce is made of butter and parsley.Oatmeal is made from oats.
Porridge is made in Scotland.The chocolates are made by hand.The menu is made up of starters, main courses, and desserts.
Take an object from your pockets, or choose an object in the room and make up
sentences about it, using the expressions in bold print.
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GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Read the following conversation. Find and correct eight grammatical mistakes;
A: Hi. I’m home. Can you help me unpack the shopping?
B: Yeah. Oh good, you got some chips for lunch. But why did you get so few
bread? And you’ve bought so little biscuits.A: They’re fattening and there weren’t some chocolates ones, which are the only
ones I really like. I’ve bought much milk – you said we needed some.
B: Good. But why have you bought so much razors?
A: We didn’t have some left and we haven’t got many washing powder either, so I
decided to get some more.
B: I hate when you go shopping. You never get some chocolate.
A: Listen, you go next time.
WAYS OF EXPRESSING QUANTITY
You can use the following expressions of quantity:
- with countable nouns: a(n), few, a few, many, both (of), several, neither
(of)
(e.g. a few dollars, several pounds)- with uncountable nouns: very little, not much, a little, less, much, a great
deal of
(e.g. very little money, less tax)
- with both countable and uncountable nouns: some, any, no, none, hardly
any, half, all, a lot of, lots of, (not) enough, more, most
(e.g. some money, hardly any cash)
2. Complete the sentences with suitable expressions of quantity from the list below.
A few some some more a couple hardly any a lot
any at least three
A: Can you lend me ______ money? I forgot to go to the bank.B: Well, I’ve only got _______ pound left.A: Oh, dear. I need quite _______ . Don’t worry, I’ll go to the bank when I go
shopping.
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B: If you’re going shopping, can you get me ______ of bottles of water? You canget bottled water at _______ shop on the high street.A: Yes, and we need _____ tins of tomatoes. I’m making spaghetti bolognese
tonight. We’ve got ______ beans. Shall I get _____ beans as well?B: All right.
3. Work in pairs. Imagine that you are planning to invite some friends to abarbecue. Make a list of the things that you will need. Then, prepare a
conversation about the thing you already have and the things that you need to
buy, using dialogue in 1 to help you. Act out your dialogue for the class.
4. Play a memory game, saying why you went to the supermarket. Each person
rembers what went before and adds to the list alphabetically, like this:
A: I went to the supermarket to get an apple.B: I went to the supermarket to get an apple and some beef.
C: I went to the supermarket to get an apple, some beef and a few …
Close your eyes and imagine a house just before a party. Write a list of things
you can hear, see and smell.
Write a poem called “Before the party”. Use your list and patterns like these:
A lot of people running
Some baked potatoes
A few packets of crisps
Not much time
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SECTION B
LEAD-IN
1.
Match the parts of these sentences to form sayings connected with money.
1) A fool and his money a) grow on trees.2) Money is like b) for love nor money.3) I wouldn’t do it c) the pounds will look after themselves.4) Money doesn’t d) are soon parted.5) If you look after the pennies e) root of all evil.
2. Which of the expressions from Exercise 1 would you use to comment on these
situations?
1) You’re watching a TV programme about a man who fights crocodiles for fun.2) You hear that someone you think is stupid paid £200 for some jeans.
3) You’re reading a newspaper article about two brothers who killed each other
over £50.
4) A child you know is saving up for a bicycle, but complains that it is a slow
process.
5) Paul wants his parents to buy him a very expensive pair of trainers. They want
him to realise that you have to work to earn money.
READING
SHOPPING
Customer: Excuse me, I bought this colour TV here last week and I’m not satisfiedwith the picture. I’d like to have my money back, please.Shop assistant: I’m sorry, sir, but I’m afraid we don’t give refunds. May I see yourreceipt?Customer: Here you are.Shop assistant: We can give you a credit note for this amount, sir, or you can
exchange it for something of equal value.
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Customer: All right, I’ll take the exchange.Shop assistant: Actually, sir, you are very lucky. We’ve got a sale this week. Wehave some really great bargains. Now, this Zandy 3000 is a great deal. It’s 40 per
cent off the normal retail price. In fact, we’re selling it for just over the wholesale
price that we pay. It has remote control and it has a one year guarantee, so that ifanything goes wrong you can bring it back and have it repaired.
Customer: It still seems expensive to me.Shop assistant: No, no, sir, that’s a fantastic price. It’s cheap, believe me. We’vesold hundreds of them and this, I believe, is the last one.
Customer: The last one, eh? OK. I’ll take it. How much extra do I owe?
Shop assistant: Just £125.
Customer: And can I pay by credit card or would you prefer a cheque?
Shop assistant: Credit card will be fine, thank you.
Customer: Good-bye!
Shop assistant: Good-bye, sir.
Shop assistant (two minutes later ): Bring out another Zandy 3000, will you?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the
story.
1. ___ The man returned the television because it was broken.2. ___ The man wanted a refund.3. ___ The Zandy 3000 was being sold at half price.4. ___ If the Zandy 3000 breaks in the next year, the man will get his money
back.5. ___ The Zandy 3000 cost more than the television that the man had returned.6. ___ The man paid by cheque.7. ___The man bought the last Zandy 3000 in the shop.
2. Decide if the following sentences are similar (S) or different (D) in meaning. 1. It’s fifty per cent off. ___ It’s half price.2. It’s a bargain. ___ It’s a good deal.3. It’s reduced. ___ It’s at the normal price.4. It’s at the retail price. ___ It’s at the wholesale price.
5. It’s a big discount. ___ It’s a great reduction.6. It’s in a sale. ___It’s at the normal retail price.
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3. Match the words with their definitions: a) refund
b) credit note
c) exchange
d) guarantee
e) receipt
f) cheque
g) credit card
1 _______ a piece of paper that says that you bought something in a store2 _______ money that you get back after you return goods in a store3 _______ a piece of paper promising you money, a replacement or repair ifsomething goes wrong with what you have bought4 _______ a piece of plastic that you can use like money to pay for goods5 _______ a piece of paper that says you can spend money in that store6 _______ goods in return for goods that you bought in a store
7 _______ a piece of paper that says that you will pay with money in your bank.
4. All the following words have to do with making payments
salary wages charge fees fare commission tip
Which one describes the money you pay
1. to thank someone for their services (for example, a waiter or waitress)?2. to an agent or salesperson?3. for a professional service (for example, to a lawyer)?
4. for a service (for example, electricity, postage)?5. for travelling?6. to your staff every week?
7. to your staff every month?
5. Now use the same seven words to complete these sentences:
1. The taxi _____ was $18 and I gave the driver a $4 ______ .2. On orders of over 2,000 pieces delivery is free of ____ .3. The builders receive their weekly _____ in cash.
4. In addition to your basic ____ you will receive a 25% _____ on all goods sold.5. She’s a good accountant but her ______ are high.
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6. In which shops would you buy the following items?
1. apricots, radishes at the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’s
2. aspirin, vitamins _ _ _ _ _ _ _’s
3. bread and cakes _ _ _ _ _’s4. dogs, cats, hamsters _ _ _ shop5. hammer, nails _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’s
6. newspapers, magazines _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’s7. pens, writing paper _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’s8. roses, daffodils _ _ _ _ _ _ _’s shop9. salmon, herring _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’s
10. tea, sugar, coffee _ _ _ _ _ _’s shop
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Look at these sentences about the achievements of some famous people.
Unfortunately, the achievements have been attributed to the wrong people.
Rewrite the sentences using the correct information.
1. The telephone was invented by William Shakespeare.2. Mount Everest was first climbed by James Watt.3. Imagine was sung by Sir Edmund Hilary and Sherpa Tensing.
4. The Pastoral Symphony was composed by Alexander Graham Bell.5. The Earth was first orbited in space by Joern Utzon.6. Hamlet was written by Leonardo da Vinci.7. The steam engine was invented by John Lennon.
8. The Sydney Opera House was designed by Yuri Gagarin.9. The Mona Lisa was painted by Ludwig van Beethoven.
PASSIVE VOICE
USAGE EXAMPLES
To describe actions without saying who
does them
In this way a new life form is created.
The sauce is made of butter and parsley.
Their genes have been changed .
To describe processes The process is speeded up with chemicals
and then flavour and colour are added .
NOTE: You can use the passive voice
and still say who performed an action byusing “by”
They are made that way by genetic
engineering – not by nature.
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FORM EXAMPLES
Use the verb BE as a help verb + the third
form (past participle) of the main verb
The sauce is
The sauces are made of garlic.
To change the tense, change the form of
the verb BE:
Present Simple English is spoken here.
Present Continuous Excuse the mess: the house is being
painted.
Past Simple It was invented by the Chinese.
Past Continuous I felt as I was being watched.
Present Perfect All the money in the safe has been stolen.
Past Perfect I knew why I had been chosen.
Future You’ll be told in advance.
Going to structures Who’ s going to be invited ?
Modal structures The company should be taken to court
and punished.
2. Put the following sentences into the passive:
1. People leave 60 umbrellas a day on London buses.
2. They asked the boy many questions.
3. We will give you another chance.
4. We must not throw away empty bottles.
5. Someone left the light on all night.
6. Something has disturbed me.
7. The police will ask you a lot of questions.8. The wind has blown off the roof.
9. People who drink and drive cause many road accidents.
10. Teenagers design some of the best computer games.
3. Answer the following questions using the passive voice:
1. “What happened to your dog?”“It………………………………”
2. “Haven’t you got a car?”“Yes, but……………………….”
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3. “Does he still work in that bank?”“No,…………………………”
4. “Are these shoes brand-new?”“Yes,……………………….”
5. “Are you going to the Longmans’ party?”“No,………………………….”
6. “Does the TV set work now?”
“Yes,………………………”7. “Is it a Swiss watch?”
“No,………………………..”
4. Write sentences from the prompts using one of the verbs from the box:
build discover elect found invent open
1. The Berlin Wall/1961The Berlin Wall was built in 1961.
2. The Channel Tunnel/1994…………………………………….
3. Radium/Marie and Pierre Curie……………………………………..4. The wireless/ Marconi……………………………………..
5. Fiat SPA/1899……………………………………..6. President Clinton/1992
……………………………………...
5. Add a comment to each of the following questions:
Have you heard what ….
1 … has happened to their Spanish subsidiary? It has been sold.
2 … is happening to the department? ………………………………………….…3 … happened to the chairman at the meeting? …………………………………..
4 … has happened to the strikers? ………………………………………………..5 … is happening to the price of petrol? …………………………………………
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6 … happened to our office in Singapore? ………………………………………
7 … has happened to the EURO? …………………………………………………..
6. Many of the following sentences sound unnatural because they are in the active.
Rewrite them in the passive , but do not mention the agent (e.g. by workers, by
people).
1. Workers in China make these telephones.These telephones …are made in China.
2. Employers pay many manual workers weekly.Many manual workers…
3. They keep a large amount of gold at Fort Knox.
A large amount of gold … ______
4. Farmers grow a third of the world’s cocoa in the Ivory Coast.A third of the world’s cocoa …
5. Countries store most nuclear waste underground.
Most nuclear waste …6. Scientist test most new drugs extensively before they go on sale.
Before they go on sale, most new drugs … ______7. Workers print a lot of books in Hong Kong.
A lot of books…
Let’s learn some new expressions!
to sell like hot cakes – to be sold very quickly“The tickets sold like hot cakes. Everyone wanted to go to the concert of
the famous pop star.”
to have one’s cake and eat it – to enjoy both of two desirable but incompatiblealternatives.
“You definitely have to make up your mind: if you get promoted, you won’t
be able to find time for your hobbies any longer. You can’t have your cake and eatit.”
piece of cake – something that is easily achieved or obtained“Why are you worrying so much about the next exam? It’s really piece of
cake!” Let’s learn some proverbs!
Don’t cry over spilt milk.
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Imagine that you have just spilled some milk on the floor – you were goingto have a nice glass of milk when an accident happened. Should you cry? Of coursenot, that would be silly! There are more serious problems in the world than spiltmilk. Moreover, you can’t get the milk back into your glass.
Therefore, to cry over spilt milk is to be upset about something that is notworth your tears, when there is nothing you can do about it.
CHECKLIST
1. Whats is the difference between i) I have few friends.ii) I have a few friends?
2. Turn into the Passive: i) Nobody has drunk from that glass.ii) Nobody has slept in this bed.
3. Think of two contexts for: cow/beef and pig/pork .4. What are the features of genetically engineered food?5. What is the difference between change and exchange?
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UNIT 10
MEDIA/COMMUNICATIONS
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
• What are media?
• What ways of conveying information to the general public do you know?
• Which one of the communication means is today more broadly defined as mass
media?
• What do you know about and which is the difference between print media,
electronic media?
• What and which are media professionals?
READING
UNDERSTANDING MEDIA
Slightly more than 550 years ago, a German craftsman invented a machine which
introduced to the then civilized world what is now known as mass media. Johannes
Gutenberg and his colleagues little realized that moveable type and the printing
press would initiate what ultimately became the “communications revolution” - a
revolution which has affected virtually everyone throughout the world.
Revolution it has been. It is impossible to tell how many millions of words and pictures have been disseminated in just the past 100 years, let alone since the
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invention of the printing press. But in that 100 years, we have shifted from the primitive, hand-operated printing presses, which changed little from those of thefifteenth century, to sophisticated, technologically superior systems and devices
which permit almost instantaneous transmission of media messages to any locale inthe world. Only the most na ï ve among us would say we are not affected by thosemessages. From the moment people tumble out of bed in the morning until they
crawl under covers at night, they are in some way subjected to the influences ofmass media. We would like to examine here the extent and the effects of that mediainfluence.
Consider this: just today some millions of copies of daily newspapers are being
circulated. Just this week, millions of copies of weekly newspapers will be
distributed. Just this month thousands of magazine titles will reach the media
marketplace. And just this year, some thousands of new book titles will compete
for readers.
The extent of influence of the electronic media is even more difficult to assess.
Thousands of television stations send signals to an estimated of 98 percent of
world-wide households. Additionally, cable television signals reach millions of
homes. Radio - who honestly knows the extent of its listenership? Thousands of
stations are picked up by millions of radio receivers. No one really knows how
many radio sets are operative, given the millions of inexpensive transistorized
personal receivers that the public uses while jogging, working or relaxing.
It is also true that no one really knows the extent of the distribution of films. Anestimated 4,000 to 5,000 feature films are released annually. They are viewed on
the big screen in some thousands of movie theatres across the countries by millionsof movie-goers (mostly teenagers and young adults). How many millions morewatch the same films in the privacy of their residences? How many students watch
films in their classrooms? How many organizations and corporations use films ofvarious types for training?
Media influence is pervasive and persuasive. It surrounds us, engulfs us. Massmedia are such an integral part of our educational, social, political, and economic
system today that if they disappeared, our society would suffer seriousconsequences.
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Comprehension
1. Who invented the printing press?2. What consequence has this invention entailed and how do people call it?
3. How have media developed for 100 years?4. How much of our life are we under the influence of media?
5. How would you define daily newspapers, weekly newspapers and magazines?6. Explain the influence of electronic media on the general public.7. Why do students watch films in classrooms?
8. What would happen if mass media disappeared? Why?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the text:
1. Johannes Gutenberg invented about 550 years ago the …………………….…....2. The invention of the printing press brought about a …………………………...in the world of communications.
3. Superior systems and devices permit today an almost…………………...transmission of media ……………………….anywhere in the world.
4. From the moment they wake up until they go to bed people are …………..…. tothe ……………………………………..of mass media.
5. Every day …………………………….... newspapers, every week ………….….newspapers and every month ……………………... reach the media ……...…...
6. While jogging, working or relaxing, the public uses ……………………. personal ………………………..…7. Millions of ………………...., mainly teenagers and young grown-ups, watch
………………………. films on the big screen in thousands of movie theatresall over the country.
8. Lots of organizations and corporations use …………….…. of various ……….…. for …………………..…. their staff.
2. Do you think the following statements are true or false? Write T or F:
1. Benjamin Franklin invented the printing press.
2. Media suppose channels or means of mass communication as the press,television etc.
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3. Electronic media mean newspapers and magazines.
4. Media professionals are writers, editors, reporters, correspondents, broad-
casters, newsreaders, news gatherers, anchormen, or anchorwomen, DJs.
5. Message means spoken communication.
6. Broadcast means to speak or appear in a radio or TV programme.
7. Movie-goers are those people who do not like to go to the cinema.
8. Mass media are an integral part of our educational, social, political andeconomic systems today.
9. If media disappeared, our society would not suffer any consequence.
3. Match the words in the left column with the suitable definition you find in the
right column:
1. media a. a workman who is skilled in an occupation
2. message b. scene, as of a play or story, or locality of operations or events
3. craftsman c. a long film forming the main item in a cinema programme4. locale d. spoken or written communication
5. news gatherer e. newspapers and broadcasting by which information is
conveyed to the general public
6. anchorman f. key broadcaster who participates in and coordinates the work
of other broadcasters
7. feature film g. reporters, correspondents, television journalists and the
camera operators who go with them
4. Combine the word media with the words in the box below and complete the
newspaper extracts:
attention circus empire campaign
magnate analyst guru correspondent
1. The trial of Bruno Hauptmann for the 1932 kidnapping of aviator’s Charles
Lindbergh’s baby attracted media ……………………... unlike any seen before.
2. The government has been particularly annoyed at the involvement of the French
state in what they are calling a hostile media--…………………………….…....
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3. Black had set his heart on the ‘News’ , which he saw as a key part of his plan to build a world-wide media………………………………………..
4. The thought of a quiet ceremony and a small dinner party to follow is becomingmore attractive to stars as they watch publicised marriages like Elizabeth
Taylor’s being transformed into a media……………………………..5. Estimates by Browen Maddox, media………………….…. at Kleinwort Benson
Securities are that the company will lose more than 330 million pound thisyear.
6. Another satellite network came into being, Sky Television, owned by media………………………….... Mr. Rupert Murdoch.7. The Palace had claimed that Fergie had hired top media ……………………..
Sir Tim Bell to handle publicity on her behalf.
5. Use the words documentary and entertainment and the new-made words
docudrama (documentary and drama) and infotainment (information and
entertainment) with their proper meaning, in sentences about TV shows:
1. What we need is ……, variety shows with comedians, singers, pianists, jugglers and acrobats.
2. That thin line between fact and fantasy has never looked thinner than in this
ABC…… movie, provisionally titled ‘Charles and Diana’.3. An interview with Ron Brown, the Democratic Party Chairman, was edited to
40seconds. Slotted between special video-effects and soundtrack, it is part of an
……revolution.
4. We have a …..on the social issues, like the housing problem and the public policies on education, health, and the social policies of the government.
6. Look at these newspaper extracts and match the types of TV programmes to
their definitions:
- His fiction was derived from ‘Dallas’ and other glossy SOAP OPERAS whichare consumed abroad.
- By combining the PHONE-IN with the TALK-SHOW, he was able to convey
his reaction to the ‘concerns of the average American’ more immediately than by any other form.
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- Being a good GAME-SHOW host means getting to know your contestants.- On my first appearance, interviewing a priest in the GOD SLOT, I tripped
headlong over some wires – and the programme was live.
- The whole point of QUIZ SHOWS is that, sitting at home you can shout outthe answers.
- Good SITCOM comes out of painful situations, and there doesn’t have to be a
happy ending every time.
Match the words in the first column with the suitable definition you find in the
second column: 1. chat-show or talk-show2. God slot3. game show4. phone-in5. quiz-show6. sitcom
7. soap opera or soap
a. contest of skill, intelligence or knowledge. b. series about the lives of a group of people
c. short for situation comedy. Comedy series based around a character or group ofcharacters, often an ‘ordinary’ family
d. a well-known host invites guests to talk, often about something they are trying tosell or to promote, like their latest book.
e. a host invites people to phone in and put questions to a studio guest or just give
their opinions about something
f. religious programmeg. contest involving answering questions.
Give examples of these kinds of TV programmes from your own experience and
comment them.
7. Here are some useful words you may need in discussing newspapers. Decide
which definition belongs to each of them:
1. “human interest” story2. edition
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3. column4. classified ads5. lead story6. editorial7. headline8. story or article
A. Technically, a vertical section of words on the page; but in a colloquial sensethe terms can mean a regular feature in the paper (e.g. the editorial).
B. A story containing something about the personal life of one or moreindividuals. These stories can be about ordinary people and have no politicalsignificance.
C. The “title” of an article.D. A column which expresses the paper’s own point of view.E. Very short advertisements which are arranged under different headings.F. A newspaper in the form that it appears on a particular day.G. Any item written by a journalist.
H. The main front-page story.
Write articles of your own, about happenings you know, trying to observe the
logical order of the events.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
CONDITIONAL
Notice this sentence from the main text Understanding Media: “if they were todisappear, our society would suffer serious consequences”.
1. Charlotte works for an advertising company. She has made some notes aboutdifferent products. Write sentences with if + the simple present + will to advertise
the products:
Example: Wash your hair with Head and Shoulders – it looks super.If you wash your hair with Head and Shoulders, it will look super.
Feel better – take PanadolYou’ll feel better if you take Panadol.
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a. choose a Sunspot holiday – have a great time b. sleep a lot better – sleep in a Dreamway bedc. people notice you – wear Rodeo jeans
d. shop at Kwikbuy – save money
Write a few sentences advertising some other products. Use if-clauses of type 1.
1. You can choose real products.
2. Read the following interview:
Jeffrey: Hi! My name’s Jeffrey. Our subject is going abroad. (Patricia’s familyhas arranged for her to spend two months with a family in France).Patricia, when are you going to France?
Patricia: Next week.Jeffrey: What will you do if you don’t understand the language?Patricia: I’ve learnt a little French in school and I’ll have a phrase book, so I’ll
try to speak French if people can’t speak English! Jeffrey: And what will you do if you’re lonely?
Patricia: Well, I’m sure to be homesick, but I’ll try to make new friends and I’llwrite to my boy-friend every week. I won’t be sad and miserable!
Imagine you are Jeffrey. Prepare for the interview by writing some questions using
if + simple present + will. Use these expressions: feel lonely, get lost, don’t like thefood, meet an English person, feel homesick, can’t speak to people.
Example: Don’t understand the language.What will you do if you don’t understand the language?
3. Use tentative possible conditions: if + should + infinitive:
Example: If you happen to see her, ask her to dinner sometime.If you should see her, ask her to dinner sometime.Should you see her, ask her to dinner sometime.
a. If by any chance Alice comes to see us, we’ll have a party. b. If you happen to get two tickets for that show, will you spare one for me?
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c. If you happen to come on Sunday, you’ll meet your favourite actress.d. If you happen to meet him, tell him to ring me up.
4. Use unless + a positive verb instead of if …not:
Example: Patricia won’t miss our meeting, if she is not ill
Patricia won’t miss our meeting, unless she is ill.
a. If you don’t apply to the chief editor, you won’t get a rise. b. The correspondents won’t enter the palace, if they don’t have the president’s
permission.c. She won’t say anything, if you don’t speak about the article.d. If you don’t take out a permit, you won’t be allowed there.
5. Patricia is a secretary. She’s grumbling about her new job and her boss. Match
each sentence in the first column with one in the second. Rewrite the sentencesusing if-clauses type 2 (if + simple past):
Example: If my boss didn’t play golf, he wouldn’t be out of the office so much.If he told me where he was, I could contact him.
1. The pay isn’t good. A .I can’t afford a nicer flat.2. He gives me so much work. B. I can’t contact him.3. His writing is so awful. C. I can’t read it.4. He doesn’t listen to me. D. I have to tell him everything twice.
6. If I were you, I wouldn’t (go by bus). I’d (go by underground)This pattern is commonly used to make tentative suggestions. It is a more polite
and considerate way of advising .
Practice this dialogue with a partner using the clues below. Instead of buy , you
may use get, purchase, invest in:
Patricia: I’m thinking of buying a “Whizzy” washing machine.
Jeffrey: I wouldn’t if I were you. I’d buy “Whirly”. It’s cheaper than a“Whizzy”.
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on to Raveley. Five miles further on Patricia had an accident. She fell and hurt herleg. So they had to go more slowly after that. They lost even more time. Theymissed their bus home because they got to Raveley so late. There wasn’t any othertransport, so they rang their friend Adam. Luckily he was at home, so he was able
to come and fetch them in his car. They were glad to get home.
Translate into English:
Mass media sunt mijloacele prin care informaţiile sunt transmise publiculuilarg. Există mijloace de informare tipărite, cum ar fi ziare, reviste, căr ţi şi mijloacede informare electronice, cum ar fi televiziunea şi radioul.
Cine ar fi crezut vreodată că, dacă Gutenberg n-ar fi inventat tiparul, care a
însemnat “revoluţia comunicaţiilor”, am fi ajuns astăzi la aparatura sofisticată din punct de vedere tehnologic, care permite transmiterea imediată a oricărui gen demesaj în orice colţ al lumii.
Zi de zi suntem într-un fel sau altul sub influenţa mass mediei. Nu putem
să nu fim afectaţi de informaţiile transmise prin ziare, televiziune, radio etc.Influenţa copleşitoare a mass mediei este văzută în însuşi modul nostru de a gândi.
Consecinţele şi rolurile majore ale mass mediei joacă un rol covâr şitor înviaţa noastr ă. Dacă n-ar fi formele mass media, n-am afla niciodată evenimentelemajore din ţar ă şi din întreaga lume.
Remember!
TYPE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE EXAMPLE
1. A) Possible,probable/real
condition referringto something whichmay or equally maynot happen.
B)Tentative
possible condition,referring tosomething, which israther unlikely to
happen, but stillcould do so
Present Tense
Should
Future Tense
Future/imperative
If it rains, we won’t go to buythe newspaper.
If you should meet Philip, tell him the news.
Should you meet Philip, tell
him the news. (more formal)
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2. Improbable
condition referringto something whichthe speaker canimagine happeningin theory
Simple Past
Tense
Present
Conditional
Tense
If she became a reporter, shewould work very hard.Unless (if …not) we invited her, she would not come.If I were you, I wouldn’t
change my job.
3. Impossible
condition referringto something in the past which, becauseit is in the past,cannot by definitionhappen.
Past Perfect
Tense
Perfect
Conditional
If he had known English, hewould have translated thereport.Had he known English, hewould have translated thereport. (more formal)
With modal verbs
If she had been able toanswer the questions, shemight have passed theexamination.
Let’s learn a new proverb!
Don’t put off tomorrow what you can do today It’s easy to put things off. Just say, “I’ll do that tomorrow”. We call that procrastination (quite a big word, isn’t it?). What about you? Do you often putthings off? What type of things? Homework, certainly. What else? We usually putoff things that we do not enjoy. Sometimes, we may not have a good reason for why
we procrastinate.However, our work won’t go anywhere, no matter how long we wait to do it.
Therefore, if we don’t have a good reason, we should just do it.
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SECTION B
LEAD-IN
• What do you know about advertisement?
• What is the difference between advertisement and publicity?• What does advertising deal with?• What do you know about the language of advertisements?
READING
T. V. ADVERTS
Patricia: The adverts will be on in a minute. You want a cup of tea, don’t you?
Jeffrey: Yes, please. Do you want a hand? It was kind of you to have invited me.Patricia: No, thanks, I’ve just got time.Jeffrey: I don’t know what the advertisers would do if everyone was like mum.
She always makes a cuppa during the adverts.
Patricia: Yes, loads of people do, that’s why they put the sound up, so you can
still hear the ad, even if you can’t see it. Jeffrey: Is that true? You’re kidding, aren’t you? It’s stupid of them not to watch
the images too.
Patricia: No, I’m not. You haven’t noticed, have you?Jeffrey: Well, no, I can’t say that I have. Isn’t that awful!Patricia: Why is it awful? Adverts aren’t that bad. In fact, some of them are
pretty good. The ones they did for shampoo, a while back, were really
great, and the ones with the monkeys were hilarious. It was very cleverof the advertiser to have chosen such a subject for an advert.
Jeffrey: Well, I think they’re a pain in the neck. Three stupid adverts forwashing powder in the middle of a film, it just ruins it, doesn’t it? It’s
wrong of the broadcasters to slot the film in this way.Patricia: Mmm! you’re right about that. Washing powder ads are worse than
everything. I can’t believe they help to sell the product. I mean, they’re
all the same, aren’t they?Jeffrey: What, the adverts you mean, or the products?
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Patricia: Well, both actually. But I meant the adverts. Jeffrey: Yeah, they just copy each other. First it was changing two packets for
one, then the “biological” powders and now the latest thing is those
liquid ones.Patricia: Here’s the tea, come on, stop chatting now.Jeffrey: Television - the great conversation killer!
Comprehension
1. What do the two friends speak about?
2. What do they think about advertisements?
3. Does Jeffrey like advertisements in the middle of a film? What’s his opinion
about that?
4. What kind of language do they use? Is their talk formal or informal?
5. What characteristic features do you notice in their speaking an “everyday
language”?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. What do you know about advertisements in newspapers? Do you know whatclassified ads are? All people want to know about business, job changes, personalinformation and others, is dealt with through the classified columns of local,
regional and national papers. Indeed, many people in British and Americancommunities buy newspapers for the sole purpose of checking the small ads.The classifieds contain important expressions and abbreviations which you, as a
language learner, need to know.
2. Read the following text about Internet and try to understand it with a dictionary:
What is the Internet and why do I need it?
Now you should have a film grasp of the World Wide Web and what it has to offer.The Web can link together information from anywhere in the world and make itavailable to anyone. Any student can jump from Dun & Bradstreet financial
information to a tour of Croatia’s capital, Zagreb, to Southern Africa - without everleaving his desk.
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Although the Web has existed for only a short time, it is already being used innumerous areas by both public and private institutions. Business have discoveredhow beneficial advertising and performing transactions on the Web can be.
Educational institutions also are making more information available on the Web,and students are discovering that they can get increasingly more research done by
searching Web pages rather than library books. You can make travel plans, buyhouses, read about your favourite hobby, and make new friends via the Web.
ROLE - PLAY
Plan your holidays through the Internet by e-mailing a travel agency. Speakabout it. You are the customer and another student is the agency’semployee.
You are a refreshments company employer. Your company is not very successful and you have to put down your prices. Use World Wide Web.
Write a summary about it.
You are being bored. To get out of it you need somebody. You have the
brilliant idea of accessing the Internet to make friends. Write about your
bad mood and speak about how you have succeeded in making a friend and
how your relations have evolved. Have you ever met?
GRAMMAR FOCUS
PHRASAL VERBS
1. Here are six examples with get. Read the examples carefully.
The new manager is easy to get on with.Fred is healthy again. He got over his illness pretty well.The files are locked up and I can’t get at them. Don’t let this rainy weather get you down.How’s Jack getting on at school?
Susan got through her exams successfully.
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Complete these sentences using a phrasal verb with get.
a. I must put this vase in a place where the children can’t..………………………. .
b. How are you ………………………….. in your new job?c. Jim’s only beginning to ……………………. his disappointment.d. She finally ……………… ….. driving licence test.
e. She couldn’t …………………… her room mate – she was a heavysmoker.
f. I know I shouldn’t let his comments ………… me ………… but Ican’t help it.
2. Here are some phrasal verbs with the particle up. Read the examples carefully.
It’s parents’ responsibility to bring up their children.
You have to make up your mind whether you want to leave now.
I can hardly get up in the morning.
You should never give up hope.Look up the price in the catalogue.
She picked up a little German when she visited her friend there.
The landlord put the rent up by 50p a week.
I can’t put up with his manners.
Since he retired, he has taken up gardening.
No sooner had he left that his fellows turned up.
Now complete the following sentences using one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. Why didn’t you buy your car now? They’re going to ……………………the price soon.
2. He was ………………………….. to be a respectable man.3. The citizens don’t ……………………………. pollution any longer.4. It was late so she ……………………………. in a hurry.
5. He had been waiting for an hour when she finally …………………… .6. I have no idea what ‘income’ means. Why don’t you ………..…..
………….?7. I’ll have to …………………. driving, I got a company car and I can’t use it.
8. Where shall I go on holiday? I haven’t …………………….. yet..
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9. He didn’t attend any training, but he managed to ……………. somecomputing skills.
10. They had to …………….. travelling by car because of the flood.
3. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs + one of the pronouns it /them/
her/ him/ you:
make up fill in give back show round turn down see
off wake up throw away break down cross out
1 They gave me a form to fill it in.
2 The boy told his friends a story that wasn’t true. He ………………………..
3 Would you like to see our company? I could ………………………………..
4 Denis was offered a job as receptionist but she …………………………..…..
5 Martin is very tired. Please don’t ……………………………………………..
6 When you finish reading the journals, don’t forget to ………………………..to the librarian.
7 She had a lot of useless things, so she wanted to ………………..……………
8 The door was locked so the police had to ……………………………………..
9 Her sister is leaving to New Zealand and she is going to the airport to ………
10 If you make a mistake on the form, just ……………………………………….
Remember!
PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are verbs with particle, the meaning of which may be different from
those of the individual parts. There are four types of phrasal verbs:
EXAMPLES
1 They do not take an object. His fellows turned up later.
2 They take an object.
• The noun object goes after or beforethe particle.
He put up the rent. / He put therent up.
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• The pronoun object always goes before the particle. He put it up.
3 They take an object. The noun/ pronounobject goes after the particle.
I can’t get at the files.I can’t get at them.
4 They have two particles and thenoun/pronoun object goes after these.
I get on with my manager.I can’t put up with his manners.
ADJECTIVAL PHRASE
Have you noticed in the dialogue between Patricia and Jeffrey about TV adverts,
the phrases of this kind: “It was kind of you to …”, “It’s stupid of them not to …”,
“It was clever of the advertiser to …”, “It’s wrong of the broadcasters to …”?
1. Patricia and Jeffrey were school mates long ago. All the pupils who left Parkside
School twenty years ago, are having a reunion. They’re meeting to talk about the
old days when they were younger. Fill in the gaps with phrases above mentioned,
namely adjectival phrases: it + to be + adjective + of + noun + long infinitive.
Jeffrey: Hello. You’re Wendy, aren’t you? It was nice of you to accept the
invitation.
Wendy: Yes, I remember you, too. You’re Jeffrey Cowley, aren’t you? …….
(splendid) (have organized) this reunion.
Jeffrey: That’s right, it was Patricia’s idea. We were in the same class, weren’t
we? But it’s easy to forget people.
Wendy: I think I remember most of the people here. Patricia Squires is over there,
isn’t she? I’ve heard she reads the news on Television Northwest. …….
(gorgeous) ……. (have) this job.
Jeffrey: Yes, she’s on television quite often. She’s done well.
Wendy: We had a lot of fun at school, hadn’t we?
Jeffrey: Er, yes. Don’t turn round, but Melone’s looking awfully.
Wendy: Mike Melone?
Jeffrey: Yes, can you remember him?
Wendy: Oh, yes.
Jeffrey: I hated him. Oh, no! he’s coming over here.
Wendy: Well, it is a reunion. We ought to be friendly!
Mike: Hello, Jeffrey! Nice to see you again.
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Jeffrey: Nice to see you too, Mike. ……. of you …… (recognize) me.
Mike: This reunion was a good idea.
Jeffrey: Yes, I’m enjoying it. Mike, do you remember Wendy?
Mike: Yes, she’s my wife.
Jeffrey: Oh!
Activity: Imagine that in twenty years’ time you are at a reunion with the other
members of your class. Think of four or five sentences with adjectival phrases that
you might say to your partner. Use these adjectives with to be + of + object + long
infinitive: pleasant, expensive, reasonable, good, kind.
Translate into English:
Redactarea unui exemplar publicitar este ca şi redactarea unei ştiri.Accentul în scrierea unei reclame se pune pe concizie şi claritate. Fiţi exact şi
cinstit - aceasta este o responsabilitate de bază în publicitate. Studiaţi reclamele.Uitaţi-vă prin reviste şi ziare. Observaţi simplitatea reclamelor. Aţi remarca deîndată că există apeluri pentru diversele interese ale cititorilor atât prin ilustraţii, câtşi prin text.
Multe căr ţi despre publicitate discută psihologia vânzării. Unele vă vor daliste lungi cu trebuinţelor oamenilor. Psihologii au publicat liste ale dorinţelorumane şi au pus cele mai puternice dorinţe la începutul acestora.
Este foarte bine să vă uitaţi la lista de apeluri pentru a găsi unul bun pentru produsul dvs. Selectaţi-l pe cel mai bun şi care este, de asemenea, logic şi credibil.Alegeţi un apel care va face cu adevărat vânzări. Nu încercaţi să vindeţi tuturor
pentru a sfâr şi să nu vindeţi nimic nimănui.Fiţi selectivi în ceea ce scrieţi. Hotărâţi ceea ce va vinde cel mai bine
produsul cititorului dvs. Fiţi creatori. Cea mai bună reclamă n-a fost încă pregătită. Nici unul dintre exper ţi nu are toate r ăspunsurile.
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Let’s have fun
All’s Well that Ends Well
The scene was in a drawing-room, and a strange idea came into her mind. She wasromantic, and all kinds of strange ideas flitted in and out of her pretty, little head.
Stamping as hard as she could on the carpet, throwing back her shoulders and pointing to the cabinet in the corner of the room with a commanding gesture, shesaid: “Open one of those three drawers.”The young man rushed toward the cabinet.“Don’t be in such a hurry. First listen to what I have to say.”He stopped suddenly, as if she had told him the drawers might explode if he
touched them.“Open one of those drawers, and be careful how you choose, for in each one I have placed an answer to the favour you have asked of me. If you put your hand on the paper on which “Yes” in written, then I am yours. But if the paper in the drawer
says “No”, then understand that is my final decision.”“You are too cruel”, said he; “I am sure it will be ‘No’ ”.“You must take your chance” she replied. He paused to look into her face for
guidance, but he found none there; so, closing his eyes and trusting to Providence,he opened the middle drawer, and took out a tiny roll of scented pink paper andhanded it to her.“Well, what is my sentence” he inquired.
“Read it yourself”, she said, as she held out the leaf of paper, upon which waswritten the world “Yes”. Now she was his; she had given her word and she must keep it. After a few minutes
the young man became suddenly cool.“What’s the matter, darling?” she asked, noting the change. “Are you not happynow?”“Not quite”.
“Not quite!” she repeated, “am I not yours for ever?” “That is so, but I won you bychance. You did not come to me of your own free will, did you?”“Don’t be so silly”, she said, as she put her arms round his neck.“If you want to know the truth, I put the same answer in each of the three drawers”.
( Anonymous)
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Let’s learn a proverb!
Don’t put all of your eggs in one basketWhat would happen if someone put all off their eggs in one basket, and
then dropped the basket? They would lose everything. But what if they put some inanother basket? In that case, if they dropped one basket, they would still have eggs
from the other one.That is why bankers usually advise people to place their money in severaldifferent investments or banks. If one investment fails or one bank goes bankrupt, people will save the money deposited in the others.
CHECKLIST
1. Is media a singular or a plural noun?
2. When can you use the verb would in an IF-clause?3. What verbs can you use to make suggestions?4. What is a phrasal verb?5. Give one exemple for each type of conditional sentence.
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STOP AND CHECK
1. Underline the correct option from the words in italics.
1. I’d like a/some advice about the government’s latest tax proposals.2. I’ve just received a/some very nice gift from one of my friends.
3. Did you meet an/any interesting people at the party?4. Bill wants you to phone him. He says he has a/some good news for you.5. Shall we carry on working, or would you like to go out for a/some meal?6. I just have to go to the bank to get a/some money.7. The engineers are having a/some problems with the new engine.
2. Write complete sentences:
Example: he / the day after tomorrow / manager / see /
He is seeing the manager the day after tomorrow.
A. present continuous or ‘will’?
Jack: everybody / come / to the presentation on Friday afternoon?........................................................................
Pam: Most people.Jack: you think / it / be a long one?
...........................................................................Pam: I'm not sure. It / probably / be about 3 hours. Why?
...........................................................................Jack: I / go to the dentist at 5.30. I made an appointment two weeks ago.
............................................................................
B. present simple or ‘going to’?
Tom: Great! That’s the end of school for a few weeks.
Lucy: When / the next term / begin?…..........................................................................
Tom: On 15th February.
Lucy: What / you / do / during the holidays?…..........................................................................
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10. They are studying marketing, ……………….. geography, political …………..
and management at the ………………… school.
11. The world …………………….. get more and more integrated.
12. It is usually more ………………… to shop in a supermarket than in a small
shop.
13. He presented himself very well at the interview. He was very professional and……………..…-like.
14. Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to ……………… straight
away?
15. He always travels by …………….-class and by such small ……………. he
manages to save a lot.
16. In a hotel it’s the receptionist’s ………………. to welcome tourists.
17. Don’t bother me so much. This is none of your ………………. .
18. The government ………….……. policy is to reduce taxation in the next years.
19. He’d better mind his own …………………. and not interfere at all.20. She has a good ………………. as a hairstylist.
8. Use your dictionary to fill in the chart. Some words do not have all forms.
Verb Noun
Person Activity Result Adjective
pro’ duce pro' ducer pro' duction
produc' tivity
pro' duce
' product
pro' ductive
photo' graphic create
'marketer
management
con' sumption
super 'visory
ad 'vertisment
em' ployer
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11. Write sentences beginning with I wish ... ..
Example: I don't know many people (and I'm lonely). I wish I knew more people.
I've eaten too much and now I feel sick. I wish I hadn't eaten so much.
1. I live in a big city (and I don't like it). ................................................................
2. It's cold (and I hate cold weather). ...................................................................3. I didn't applied for the job advertised in the newspaper.
..........................................
4. I can't go to the party (and I'd like to). ...............................................................
5. I forgot to take my camera. .............................................................................
6. I'm not lying on a sunny beautiful beach ( and that's a pity).
.....................................
7. I have to study tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed).
..............................................
8. I didn't study English hard when I was at school. ...................................................9. Ann isn't here (and I need to see her). ...................................................…............
10. I don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). …............
..........…………
12. Somebody says something to you which is the opposite of what they said
before. Write a suitable answer beginning I thought you said... .
Example: That restaurant is expensive.
1. Ann is coming to the party tonight.
Is she? I thought you said she ................................................................
2. I know lots of people.
Do you? I thought .............................................................................
3. Ann likes music.
Does she? ......................................................................................
4. I'll be here next week.
Will you? .......................................................................................
5. I'm going out this evening.Are you? ........................................................................................
Is it? I thought you said
it was cheap.
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6. I can speak a little Portuguese.
Can you? .......................................................................................
7. I haven't been to the theatre for ages.Haven't you? ..................................................................................
13. Read the report about what a candidate said at an interview. Change thewords in italics into Direct Speech.
Miss Baker said that (1) she was very interested in working for us, and sheexplained that (2) she had been working in the City for three years. When I askedher about her reasons for leaving, she said that (3) she liked what she did, but she
wanted more responsibility. She seems well-qualified for the post, as she said that(4) she had a degree in Economics and an MBA. As far as her terms of notice areconcerned, she made it clear that (5) she couldn't leave her job for another month. Idecided to offer her the job, and she said (6) she would consider our offer, and
would let us have her decision the next week .
1. She said: "I am very interested in working for you". 2. She said: ............................................................................................3. She said: ............................................................................................4. She said: ............................................................................................
5. She said: ............................................................................................6. She said: ............................................................................................
14. A speaker was asked these questions after a presentation. Report the questions.
1. "When will the new product be ready?"
2. "How much are you planning to spend on advertising?"3. "Where do you intend to advertise?"4. "What discount will you give to your distributors?"5. "Why has it taken so long to develop?"6. "How much market interest has there been in the new product?"
7. "Who is the product aimed at?"8. "What sort of problems have you had in developing the product?"
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15. High Street shops. Why do you go to these places? What do they sell or do?
Example: a laundry You go to a laundry to have your clothes cleaned.
a florist A florist sells flowers.
a. a chemist
………………………………………………………………..
b. a building society………………………………………………………………..
c. a garden centre
………………………………………………………………..
d. an insurance company
……………………………………………………………….
e. an estate agent
………………………………………………………………..
f. a travel agent
……………………………………………………………….g. a hardware shop
……………………………………………………………….
h. a software shop
……………………………………………………………….
i. a greengrocer’s shop
……………………………………………………………….
j. a DIY shop
………………………………………………………………..
16. A person who works in the Personnel Department is explaining how they select
candidates in her company:
“If there's a vacancy, I usually advertise it in-house first of all, and if I don't find
any suitable candidates, then we advertise the job in the papers. We ask applicants
to send in their CVs, and we invite some of the candidates to an interview. After
that, we draw up a shortlist and ask some of the applicants back for a second
interview. We choose the best candidate, and then I check his or her references,
and if everything's OK, we offer the applicant the job”.
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Complete the sentences below to give a general description of the recruitment
process. Use the passive in your answers.
1. The vacancy is advertised in-house.
2. If there is not a suitable in-house candidate ....................................................3. The vacancy .........................................................................................
4. Applicants ...........................................................................................5. Some candidates ....................................................................................6. A shortlist ............................................................................................
7. Selected candidates .................................................................................8. The best candidate ...................................................................................9. The references .......................................................................................10. The successful candidate ..........................................................................
17. Complete the following sentences with the first conditional :
1. I'll probably stay in my present job unless ..................................................................................................................2. The economic situation will continue to improve as long as ..................................................................................................................3. I won't be able to go to the interview on Thursday unless ..................................................................................................................4. Provided the Boeing get the safety certificate for their new aeroplane, ..................................................................................................................5. Unless I have to change the time of the meeting for some reasons, ..................................................................................................................
6. We will allow you to become the sole distributor of our product providing ..................................................................................................................
18. Put the verb into the correct form:
1. They would be rather offended if I didn't go to see them. (not/go)2. If you took more exercise, you would feel better. (feel)3. If I were offered the job, I think I ________________ it. (take)4. I'm sure Amy will lend you the money. I'd be very surprised if she
____________ . (refuse)5. If I sold my car now, I _____________ much money for it. (not/ get)
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6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory _____________ . (closedown)7. What would happen if I _______________ that red button? (press)
8. Liz gave me this ring. She ______________ very upset if I lost it. (be)9. Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be very disappointed if we _______________ (not/ come)
10. Would George mind if ______________ his bicycle without asking him?(borrow)11. If somebody _______________ in here with a gun, I'd be very frightened.(walk)
12. I'm sure Sue _______________ if you explained the situation to her.(understand)
19. Put the verb into the correct form:
1. I didn't know you were in hospital. If I had known (know), I would have gone
(go) to visit you.2. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If he ________________ (miss)it, he _______________ (be) late for his interview.
3. It's good that you reminded me about Ann's birthday. I __________________(forget) if you __________________ (remind) me.4. Unfortunately, I didn't have my address book with me when I was in New York.If I ________________ (have) your address, I _________________ (send) you a
postcard.5. I took a taxi to the hotel, but the traffic was very bad. It ________________ (be)quicker if I _________________ (walk).
6. I'm not tired. If __________________ (be) tired, I'd go home now.7. I wasn't tired last night. If I __________________ (be) tired, I would have gonehome earlier.
20. You have applied for these jobs. Say why you think you should get the job.
Example: Accountant I’ve always been good at figures. I worked asan accountant from 1990 to 1995. I’ve read alot of books about accounting. I like working inan office.
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a. Tourist guide for your town or country. b. Hotel managerc. Journalist
Write the letter of application for one of these jobs. Include any information
you think relevant. Think particularly about
your education and qualifications any experience relevant to the job why you are interested in the job. when you are available for interview
……………………………………...
………………………………………
Dear
I would like to apply for the position of ……………………………………..………,
which I saw advertised in………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………..……………………………
…………………………………………………………………..…………………………
………………………………………………………………………..……………………
……………………………………………………………………………..………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
21. Choose the correct word:
I’m off on a travel/trip to Paris tomorrow by car as I’m looking for work/job. I sawan advertisement/publicity for a job in a company there, which does scientificresearch/experiment. I’m only taking one bag/baggage and a briefcase because I’monly staying for two nights. I hope there isn’t too much traffic/cars on themotorway as I don’t like traffic jams. I believe that place to stay/accommodation
for me has been booked in a hotel close to the centre. I hope to get a view/scenery of the Eiffel Tower.
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22. Look at the following deconstructed article adapted from the newspaper The
Guardian. Rearrange the paragraphs in their logical order to get to the original
text: ‘Town’s New Swimming Pool’ :
A. Mrs. Mae Rose Owens was the first person to see it, last Friday. As she lookedout of her window she saw a tree getting shorter and shorter.
B. They recently built a new swimming Pool in the small town of Winter Park,
Florida. It is one metre deep at one end and 55 metres deep at the other. That
was not the original plan: half the pool has been eaten by an enormous hole.
C. “Suddenly the earth just opened up and down this tree went. I couldn’t believe
it.”
D. By Sunday, the hole had eaten one side of Denning Avenue, and was
approaching three more houses. Yesterday it measured 400 metres across and
55 metres deep. According to Mr. Jim Smoot, of the US Hydrological Survey,
it will probably go on growing for several weeks. There is about 15 metres of
water in the bottom.
E. The hole has also eaten two businesses, a house, five cars, several trees, and a
largepiece of road. It was still growing yesterday.
F. The hole seems to be a result of the drought. Underground streams have dried
out, making the subsoil contract.
G. By 4 a.m. on Sunday, Mrs. Owens had seen her home disappear, together with
the buildings of a Porsche agent and a printing firm.
23. Jeffrey, Trevor and Bob are football fans. They’re talking about the World
Cup. Complete their conversation by using adjectival phrases. Use the adjectives
and the verbs between brackets:
Jeffrey: Did you see Holland and Mexico on television last night?Trevor: Yes, ……. (great, to play). Holland were marvellous.
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Bob: They won’t find it so easy against Poland. ……. (difficult, to win).
Trevor: Yes, you’re right. Poland have a good team.
Jeffrey: Lobak looks, doesn’t he ……. (hard, the Austrian, to stop)?
Trevor: It will be an interesting game, won’t it?
Bob: England haven’t been very good …….(wrong, not to have the luck on
one’s side).
Trevor: But why is Bodger playing? He isn’t very good ……. (silly, the team, toselect).
Jeffrey: Well, we should beat Nigeria, shouldn’t we?
Bob: I don’t know. Anything could happen, couldn’t it?Trevor: The German are good. They don’t take any risks, do they?Jeffrey: They’re playing Hungary tonight…..(advisable, you, to watch).
Trevor: Yes, of course.
24. Fill the gaps with the following words: business, affair(s), matter:
1. The meeting was a long …….2. Don’t interfere in your relatives’ …….
3. This is your own …….4. He never discusses his ……. with anybody.5. The spy interferes in the home ……. of other countries.6. The picnic was a very pleasant …….
7. Mr. Parker is having a ……. talk with a visitor.8. He has just returned from a ……. trip.9. It is a ……. of time.
10. What’s the …….? Why is everybody shouting?11. He hates it when people interfere in his …….12. I can’t help him with this, it’s his own …….13. I don’t want to argue. It’s a ……. of opinion. 14. The Minister of Foreign …………. attended an international conference.
FILE 1
Advanced schooling in the U.S.
Many students, upon finishing high school, choose to continue their
education. Community colleges, also known as junior colleges, offer two-year programs leading to a bachelor’s degree (as well as, in many cases, further
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programs leading to higher degrees). These schools may be public or private; private schools cost a lot more. U.S. colleges and universities have many studentsfrom around the world, especially from Asia.
Many more Americans than ever before are finishing high school andcollege. More than 20 percent of all adults have finished college and more than 75 percent have finished high school. Although the number of years in of schooling is
going up, there are signs that the quality of education may be going down. This isof great concern, especially since education is considered crucial to the Americanideal that each person should achieve all that he or she can.
There are many theories about where the problems lie. Some think that
students have too many ‘ electives’, or courses they choose, and too few courses in basic subjects. Others think students watch too much TV and do too littlehomework. Everyone agrees that the problems must be addressed.
(From Spotlight on the USA, OUP)
FILE 2
Cambridge is sometimes called the birthplace of American intellectual life.It has the nation’s oldest university, Harvard University, founded in 1636.Cambridge remains a center of intellectual life, especially since it’s become hometo MIT, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Harvard has an excellent
reputation in many fields; MIT is the best placed in science and technology.Students attending Harvard and MIT come from around the world; Harvard alonehas students from 90 countries.
Since one-fourth of the people in Cambridge are students, it’s notsurprising that Cambridge has many bookstores, shops, restaurants, coffee housesand clubs.
A common sight in Cambridge is Harvard oarsmen rowing on the Charles River.The Harvard rowing team spends all year preparing for races in the spring, espe-cially for the Harvard-Yale Regatta. Yale University is Harvard’s big rival.
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TEST YOUR ENGLISH
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets. Make allthe necessary changes in the word order of the sentence. Make sure you read thewhole text first, to get some ideas of what it is about.
Women in AdventureThe last hundred of years 1) (to see) ………………….. many exceptional
woman travellers. The Victorian ladies with their long skirts and umbrellas maysometimes 2) (to seem) ……………….. amusing to us now, but after the laughter3) (to disappear ) ……………….. what remains must surely 4) (to be) …………respect. Some woman travellers 5) (to drive) ……………….. by scientific reason,others by religious faith or simply curiosity. Most 6) (to be) ……………. middle-aged and independently wealthy, but all 7) (have) …………………. incredible bravery and they all 8) (to determine) …………..………. . There 9) (to be)……………, for example, May French Sheldon, who 10) (to make) an expeditionto Africa’s Mount Kilimanjaro in 1891. She 11) (to know) ………………… to theAfricans as ‘Bebe Bwana’ or ‘Lady Boss’. Once she 12) (to astonish)
………………… a group of tribal chiefs by 13) (to arrive) ……………… at aceremony in a blond wig and a ball dress complete with a ceremonial sword.
Mrs. French Sheldon 14) (to experience) …………………. her share ofdanger, too. One night she 15) (to wake up) ………………… and saw somethingthat 16) (to terrify) ………………. any traveller. It 17) (to be) ……… . Anenormous python about fifteen feet long. If the python hadn’t been caught andkilled by an African the life of Mrs.’ Sheldon 18) (to end ) ………………..tragically.“I came very near to collapsing”, Mrs. Sheldon said. “But there was not time forweakness; there 19) (to be) ………….. other sequences 20) (to consider )…………….. .”
2 . Read the text below. Use the appropriate word made of the word given in brackets to complete the text. Make sure you read the whole text first, to get someideas of what it is about.
Welcome to Socorro, New Mexico Located in Central Mexico, Socorro is a unique 1) ( to mix) …………… of
the 2) (tradition) …………………… ways and advanced technology. Socorro, alsothe name of the County, means “help” or “aid” in 3) (Spain) ………….. . One 4)(history) ……………… source tells us that in 1598 members of the Juan de OnateExpedition gave this name to the 5) (to exist ) ………….. Pueblo village. There,
they received very 6) (to help) ……….……. assistance from the Piro people whohad been the area’s first 7) (to inhabit ) ……………….. .
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15) was declaring; 16) boldly; 17) had fallen; 18) sensitive; 19) correspondence;20) life; 21) met; 22) opposition; 23) warmth; 24) Italian; 25) famous;26) nineteenth; 27) remembering.
(The Riddle of the Sphinx) 1) neighbourhood; 2) unsafe; 3) traveller; 4) correctly;5) successfully; 6) cruelly; 7) warnings; 8) fearful; 9) childhood; 10) upright;11) distressed; 12) itself
KEY
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 1
1. i) the UK, the USA, Australiaii) India, Canada, Pakistaniii) Romania, France, Spain.
2. firm, corporation (in American English)3. Do your friends like vanilla ice cream?
Are you joking ? Have you already met your new teachers?
Will the students have to translate this text?4. i) A rising intonation.
ii) A falling intonation.5. i) (Time adverbial) + Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Indirect Object + MannerAdverbial + Place Adverbial + (Time adverbial).
ii) Question word + auxiliary/modal + Subject + verb + objects + adverbials.
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 2
1. i) You: “Hi, Paul!”
Paul: “Hi, George!”You: “This is John, my cousin. John, this is Paul, my best friend.”Paul: “Hi, John, nice to meet you!”John: “Hi, Nice to meet you too!”
ii) You: “Hello, madam. I’d like you to meet my boss, Mr Ionescu, the GeneralManager. Mr. Ionescu, this is Mrs. Perrault, the L’Oreal representative in Romania.”
Mr. Ionescu: “How do you do, Madam!”Mrs. Perrault: “How do you do, sir! I’ve been looking forward to meeting you!”
iii) you: “Hello, Mrs Popescu!”The teacher: “Hello, Miss!”You: “Let me introduce myself to you! I’m Maria Preda and I’ll be your
student this year.”
The teacher: “Nice to meet you, Miss Preda!”
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2. i) Hello, sir! I’m Mihai Vasilescu, head of the Marketing Department. How do
you do! ii) What do you usually do in the morning?iii) How are you today?
Fine, thanks!3. a possessive adjective4. Normally none of these nouns can be accompanied by an indefinite article, because they are uncountable.
5. man – men woman – women child – children foot – feet tooth – teethox – oxen mouse – mice louse – lice die – dice brother – brethren
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 3
1. Success is not supposed to make you stop fighting; on the contrary, you should
work even harder in order to keep yourself successful2. wages – money earned usually by blue – collar workers, paid per hour/day/salary - money earned usually by white – collar workers, paid monthly.3. i) meets (planned and official future action).
ii) am meeting (planned future action).
4. A job vacancy should – announce the vacant position (secretary, engineer, etc) – state the qualities required from the applicant (age,qualifications, experience etc.
– contain information about the way the applicant cancontact the employer (send acv, make an appointment by phone, send a fax etc.)5. A holding company is a group of more companies. The holding owns shares inthe existing companies, called subsidiaries. The subsidiaries are sister companies toeach other.
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 4
1. a) yes, one still feels ill. b) i) The Present perfect
ii) The Past Tense2. The UK: kindergarten, grammar school, college, university
Romania: kindergarten, general school, highschool, university3. far – farther – the farthest
– further – the furthest big- bigger – the biggestreliable – more reliable – the most reliable bad – worse – the worstfunny – funnier – the funniest
4. Sir/Madam, could you tell me …… please?
Sir/Madam, would you mind telling me …..please?(more formal)
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Can you tell me …..please ?Tell me ….. please?
(less formal)5. British English: cheque, metre, holiday.
American English: check, meter, vacation.
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 5
1. heading, date, inside address, references, salutation, subject of the letter, bodyof the letter, complimentary close, signature, enclosures.2. Should, ought to, must, might.3. i) I didn’t do my homework because it was not necessary
ii) I did my homework though it was not necessary.4. i) Hello Sir/Madam! I’m Mary Smith from ”Jonson & Co. Ltd” May I speak toMr Green, please?
ii) Hello Sir/Madam! I’ ll put you through immediately!OR: Hello Sir/Madam! I’m sorry, Mr Black is not in his office right now.
Would you like to leave a message for him?5. Won’t, shan’t.
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 6
1. the will- future; present continuous2. positive meaning: - ful, super - ; negative meaning - less; under –3. Only older pupils can participate to the contest.
His elder brother is a musician4. He’s likely to come any minute. OR: He must return soon.
He’s unlikely to get back before 10' clock. OR: I’m not sure you can find himthis morning.5. Yes the sentence is correct. (It means: If you want to wait for him…)
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 7
1. The auction will start in an hour.He bid 1, 000, 000 for that painting
2. i) I ceased speaking to her.ii) I ceased doing something else in order to talk to her.
3. Both sentences are correct.4. It is necessary that you should arrive to the office on time.
It is important that you should communicate your projects to your boss.5. Trams, planes, trains are means of transport. (noun)
Do you happen to know what this word means in English? (verb)
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CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 8
1. Hello Sir/Madam! I’m Jane Brown, secretary at “Jonson & Co. Ltd”. I’d like tomake a reservation for the General Manager, Mr Edward Jonson, please!2. Sir, I’d like to know if you have a reservation.3. Tell is more likely to occur in Indirect Speech.
Say is more likely to introduce Direct Speech.
4. He told me he was twenty.5. A swipe card is a special magnetic card containing all the travel informationnecessary to a passenger.
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 9
1. i) the sentence has a negative meaning.ii) the sentence has a positive meaning
2. That glass has not been drunk from.This bed has not been slept in.
3. Cows and pigs are domestic animals.
This restaurant offers a varied range of both pook and beef menus.4. Genetically engineered food contains changed genes; it tries to attain perfection(in terms of flavour, colour, size)5. Change implies only one agent (e.g: I changed my clothes).
Exchange implies more agents (e.g. They exchanged business cards amongthemselves).
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 10
1. Media is a plural noun.2. The verb WOULD can be used in an IF-clause when it keeps its meaning of
volition.e.g. If you wouldn’t mind, could you help me please? (~ If you want)3. You might; you could; you’d better.4. A phrasal verb is a verb followed by a particle; the meaning of the newconstruction is different from the meaning of the original verb.e.g.: to make – to manufacture
to make out – to manage to seeto make up – to become friends again
5. I go on trip if it doesn’t rain.I’d go on a trip if it didn’t rain.I’d have gone on a trip if it hadn’t rained.
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be awarded vb. a fi premiat oficialbe aware of vb. a fi conştient de / că be sea-sick vb. a avea r ău de marebear a grudge vb. a purta pică
behave oneself vb. a prezenta bune manierebend vb. a îndoi, a aplecabilingual adj. bilingv
bill of lading s. conosamentboast vb. a se lăudabold adj. (despre scris) reliefat, proeminentbonnet s. bonetă, beretă, capotă boom vb. a produce senzaţie, a prospera, a fi înfloritorboost vb. a mări valoarea; a creşte reputaţia, a promovabooth s. cabină bother vb. a necă ji, a sâcâiboundless adj. f ăr ă limită bow tie s. papion
bowl vb. a rostogolibowler s. jucător care serveşte mingea la cricket; jucător care ţinteşte mingea la baseballbravery s. curaj, bărbăţiebreak smth. down vb. a sparge, a doborîbreeze s. briză brewer’s yeast s. drojdie de berebring up vb. a educabroaden vb. a lărgi, a lăţi, a extindebroker s. agent, misitbudgeting month s. luna în care venitul sau cheltuielile sunt planificate sau
repartizate în bugetbump s. cucui; vb. a (se) ciocnibundle s. legătur ă, snopbuoy s. geamandur ă
Ccamcorder s. (camera + recorder) camer ă de luat vedericampaign (media campaign) s. campanie mass mediacancellation s. anulare, revocarecatapult vb. a catapulta
cater vb. a furnizaCEO abvr . chief executive officer director executiv, manager, administrator
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challenge s. provocarechap s. (fam.) băiat, tipcheat vb. a trişa
check-in desk s. biroul in spatele căruia stă casierul sau recepţionerul, ghişeucheers! interj. vivat! noroc!chilled adj. conservat la o temperatur ă joasă f ăr ă a îngheţa
circulate vb. a r ăspândi, a difuzaclue s. indiciu, cheiecockpit s. 1. arenă pentru lupte de cocoşi; 2. teatru de r ăzboi; 3. carlingă collocation s. alăturare; (lingv.) colocaţie, îmbinare de cuvinte
colonial language s. limbă vorbită în coloniecome over vb. a fi copleşitcommission s. comisioncommuting-train s. tren pentru navetişti
companionship s. societate, tovăr ăşie, companie
complaint s. plângere
comply with vb. a se conformacomprehend vb. a înţelege, a pricepe
computer-fraud s. furt cu ajutorul calculatorului
consultant s. consultantcooker s. aragazcost a bomb vb. a costa foarte mult
cost and freight s. cost şi navlu
coterie s. coterie, salon (literar, artistic, etc.)courtyard s. curte
covet vb. a râvni, a dori cu înfocare
crash s. 1.cădere sau coliziune violentă; 2. faliment; 3.( fam.) a intra într-un loc f ăr ă permisiune (bilet, invitaţie)crate s. ladă crease-resistant adj. neşifonabil
creased adj. şifonat, încreţitcrew s. echipă, echipajcrisis ( pl . crises) s. criză cross smth. out vb. a tăia, a bara (pe un formular)cuppa s. (colocvial ) o ceaşcă de ceai
currently adv. curent
customer s. client; în prezentcut costs vb. a reduce cheltuielile
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extension s. prelungireeye-opening adj. Senzaţional
F
facsimile s. facsimil, copie exactă
faded adj. ofilit, decolorat, f ăr ă vigoare
fail to vb. a eşua failure; s. eşec
faint vb. 1. a leşina 2. adj. slab, vag: (a faint hope)
fare s. costul unui bilet de călătorie, tarif
fee s. taxă
feel homesick vb. a simţi dor de casă
ferry vb. a transporta oameni sau lucruri cu vaporul ; ferry-boat: bac
fetch vb. a aduce
file s. dosar
fill out vb. a întregi, a completa
fit adj. potrivit
fit vb. a se potrivi
fitness s. exerciţii pentru forme corporale atletice şi întreţinerea sănătăţii
flashy adj. ţipător, superficial
flaw s. cusur, defect, pată, viciu de formă
flexitime s. program de lucru flexibil
flip-chart s. mapă cu foi detaşabile aşezată vertical pe un suport, de obicei
forecast vb. a prevedea; s. previziune
forefront s. frunte
foreman s. maistruforeseeable adj. previzibil
forgery s. falsificare, imitaţie frauduloasă
forward- player s. înaintaş (fotbal)
fossil fuel s. combustibil fosil
fraud s. fraudă
free on board adv. scutit de taxe (pentru livrarea mărfurilor pe vapor)
freebie s. bilet de călătorie gratuit (pentru persoane în interesul serviciului)
freight-train s. tren de marf ă
freshman s.novice, boboc (în primul an de liceu sau facultate)front page s. (ziare) pagină de titlu (unde găsim pe scurt articolele detailate în ziar)
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