curriculum and syllabus regulation...

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

KALASALINGAM UNIVERSITY(Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education)

Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil - 626 126

M.Sc. Microbial Technology

CURRICULUM

AND

SYLLABUS

REGULATION 2012-13

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M.Sc. Microbial Technology Regulation 2012

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M. Sc. Microbial Technology Curriculum

Semester I

Code No. Subject L T P C

MMT5001 Introduction to Microbiology 3 0 0 3

MMT5002 Principles of Biochemistry & Biophysics 3 0 0 3

MMT5003 Biostatistics and Computer Applications 3 0 0 3

MMT5004 Microbial Physiology and Metabolism 3 0 0 3

MMT5005 General Virology 3 0 0 3

MMT5006 Microbial Genetics 3 0 0 3

MMT5081 Laboratory in Microbiology 0 0 6 3

MMT5082 Laboratory in Biochemical Techniques 0 0 6 3

Total 18 0 12 24

Semester II


MMT5007 Agricultural Microbiology 3 0 0 3

MMT5008 Immunology 3 0 0 3

MMT5009Microbial Diversity & EnvironmentalMicrobiology

3 0 0 3

MMT5010 Molecular Biology 3 0 0 3

MMT5011 Food and Dairy Microbiology 3 0 0 3

MMT5012 Bioinformatics and Drug Design 2 0 0 2

MMT**** Elective I 3 0 0 3

MMT5088 Immunology Laboratory 0 0 3 2

MMT5089 Molecular Biology Laboratory 0 0 6 3

Total 20 0 9 25


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Semester III


MMT6001 Bioprocess Technology 3 0 0 3

MMT6002 Enzyme Technology 3 0 0 3

MMT6003 Medical & Diagnostic Microbiology 3 0 0 3

MMT6004 Recombinant DNA Technology & Genomics 3 0 0 3

MMT6005 Downstream Processing 3 0 0 3

MMT**** Elective II 3 0 0 3

MMT6091 Laboratory in Diagnostic Microbiology 0 0 6 3

MMT6092Laboratory in Bioprocess Technology &Down Stream Processing

0 0 6 3

Total 18 0 12 24

Semester IV


MMT6099 Project Work 0 0 24 12

Total 0 0 24 12

Total Credits (from 1st semester to 4th semester = 85 credits)


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LIST OF ELECTIVES


MMT5013 Techniques in Microbial Biotechnology 3 0 0 3MMT5014 Bioinstrumentation 3 0 0 3MMT5016 Microbial Metabolites 3 0 0 3MMT5017 Pharmaceutical Microbiology 3 0 0 3MMT5018 Human Physiology 3 0 0 3

MMT6006 Drug Discovery & Development 3 0 0 3MMT6007 Plant Genetic Engineering 3 0 0 3MMT6009 Plant-Microbe Interaction 3 0 0 3MMT6011 Solid Waste Management 3 0 0 3MMT6012 Vaccinology 3 0 0 3


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SEMESTER I

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

A brief idea of microbial diversity and scope of microbiology. Principles of classification of microbes;morphological, metabolic and molecular criteria for the classification, a brief introduction to majorgroup of bacteria. Nutritional types of microorganisms. Structure of Gram positive and Gram negativebacteria; cell membrane, cell wall, flagella, capsule and slime, chromosome, ribosome, plasmid andendospores. Genetic recombination in bacteria (transformation, conjugation and transduction). Bacteria,Archea and their broad classification; Eukaryotic microbes: Yeasts, molds and protozoa; Viruses andtheir classification; Molecular approaches to microbial taxonomy.

MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Overview: Scope and importance Structure and function of biomolecules: Carbohydrates, proteins,lipids Enzymes: Characteristics, Ribozymes, co-enzymes, kinetics-M-M equation, determination of Kmand Vmax, mechanism of action – binding of substrate and lowering of activation energy, covalentcatalysis, acid- base catalysis, allosteric regulation, enzyme inhibition. Metabolism: General concepts –application of second law of thermodynamics, redox potential, outline of intermediary metabolism: freeenergy change of the reactions catabolism – anabolism, ATP as high energy phosphate compound, ATPsynthesis Bacterial photosynthesis, Assimilation of sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen.

MICROBIAL GENETICS

Nucleic Acids: Structure, physical and chemical properties of DNA and RNA, extrachromosomal DNA-profile, function and evolution. DNA replication, damage and repair, spontaneous and induced mutation,reversion of mutation. Transposition: Structure of transposons, replicative and non-replicativetransposition, transposon mutagenesis. Genetic recombination; Molecular models and mechanism, Geneconversion. Gene expression and regulation: Operons and regulons, repression and activation of Lacoperon, feedback inhibition and regulation of virulence genes in pathogenic bacteria. Signal transductionin microbes. Use of microbes in genetic engineering.

MICROBIAL DISEASE AND CHEMOTHERAPY

Normal microbiota; Classification of infectious diseases; Reservoirs of infection; Nosocomial infection;Emerging infectious diseases; Mechanism of microbial pathogenicity; Diseases caused by Gram positivecocci – sore throat, pneumonia; diseases caused by Gram negative cocci – meningitis, gonorrhea;diseases caused by Gram positive bacilli – tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, gas gangrene ; diseasescaused by Gram negative bacteria of family Enterobacteriaceae – enteric fever, bacillary dysentery, UTIetc.; diseases caused by other Gram negative bacilli – cholera, plague, whooping cough, wound

MMT5001 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGYL T P C3 0 0 3


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infection, septicemia; sexually transmitted diseases; diseases caused by mycoplasma, Chlamydia,rickettsia; overview of medical mycology – superficial, subcutaneous, systemic and opportunisticmycosis; overview of medical parasitology: Important protozoal diseases: Malaria, Leishmaniasis, andhelmenthic diseases: Ascariasis, , filariasis, Taeniasis. Overview of medical virology: Herpes virus,Poliovirus, Hepatitis, HIV. General characteristics of antimicrobial drugs; Antibiotics: Classification,mode of action and resistance; Antifungal and antiviral drugs. Concept of immunotherapy

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

Fermented food, wine, bakery products, cereals, and milk products. Microbial spoilage of food productsincluding cereals, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, and dairy products. Food preservatives and their uses.Microbiological examination of milk and milk products, source of their contamination and control.Types of microbial communities; soil microbial diversity: significance and conservation; effect ofagricultural practices on soil organisms. Biological nitrogen-fixation: The range of nitrogen fixingorganisms; mechanism of nitrogen fixation (biochemistry of nitrogenase); genetics of nitrogen-fixation;Rhizobium-Legume Association; N2 fixation by non-leguminous plants. Biofertilizers.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Prescott's Microbiology, Joanne M. Willey , Linda M. Sherwood , Christopher J. Woolverton8th Edition McGraw-Hill Publishers Eight edition- 2010.

REFERENCE:

1. Microbiology: An Introduction. Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case.Benjamin Cummings; 10th edition – 2009.

2. Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan And Paniker, 7th Edition, Reprint. OrientBlackswan, 2006.


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RADIATION BIOPHYSICS

Interaction of radiation with matter, ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation, free radicals, ion pairs,radiation units and dosimetry, dose effect graphs and target theory, direct and indirect radiation action,radiation on proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, cell and whole organism, genetic effects of radiation,repair of radiation induced damage, radiation in diagnosis and therapeutics, protection from radiation.

MOLECULAR & CELLULAR BIOPHYSICS

Structure of Atom, Schrodinger’s theory, Quantum numbers, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule,Periodic table, Bonds between atom & molecules, Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen, Electrostatic, Disulphide& Peptide bonds, Vander Waals forces, Bond energies, Bond angles, Weak interactions, Molecularorbital theories, Energy requirements in cell metabolism, Role & Structure of mitochondria, High-energy phosphate bond, Electron transfer phenomenon & biological energy transfer.

CARBOHYDRATES & VITAMINS

Classification, structure and reactions of monosaccharide’s, and disaccharides. Structure andconformation of polysaccharide cellulose, Amylase, Chitin, Carbohydrates conjugates, Classification &biological role of vitamins & hormones. Vitamins – Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins.Classification, structures and physiological functions

AMINOACIDS AND PROTEINS

Structure and characteristics of amino acids,Structural level of proteins & stabilizing forces,Conformational properties of polypeptides, Ramchandran plot, Helical parameters & Conformation,organization & interaction of angles, Conformational structure of alpha-keratin, Silk fibrin, Collagen,Actin, Myosin, Folded conformation of globular proteins (e.g.- Haemoglobin, Myoglobin, Lysozyme,Cytrochromes) mechanism & side chain conformation, Classification & role of Beta- bends & bulges,Super secondary structure, Domain & motiffs, Proteins in solution & protein sequencing, Concept ofprotein evolution, Cytochrome & Haemoglobin evolutionary studies.

LIPIDS & NUCLEIC ACIDS.

Structure, and properties classification of lipids, fatty acids, waxes, phospholipids, cerebrosides,lipoproteins and gangliosides- Prostaglandins - prostacyclins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes andphysiological implications- Steroids and bile acids, Double helical structure of DNA, Conformationalparameters of Nucleic acids & their constituents, Chargff’s rule, DNA polymorphism, DNAsupercoiling, Hyperchromicity, Circular DNA, Types & structure of RNA, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA &modified nucleotides, nucleic acid sequencing.

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. Ackerman E.A. Ellis, L.E.E. & Williams L.E. (1979), Biophysical Science, Prentice-Hall Inc.2. Barrow. C. (1974), Physical Chemistry For Life Sciences, McGraw-Hill.3. David, L., Nelson and Michael, M., Cox., Lehninger’s - Principles of Biochemistry, Macmillan

worth Publisher, USA, 3rd Edition, 20004. Harper’s Biochemistry. Ed. R.K. Murray, D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell.

Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Connecticut.

REFERENCE:

1. Cantor C.R. and Schimmel P.R. (1980), Biophysical chemistry, W.A.Fremman and Co.2. Bloomfield V.A. and Harrington R.E. (1975), Biophysical chemistry, W.A.Freeman and CO.3. Bulter l.A.V. And Noble D.Eds. (1976), Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology (all

volumes) pergamon, Oxford.4. Fersht, A.R., Structure and Mechanism in Protein Science, A Guide to Enzyme Catalysis and

Protein Folding, W.H. Freeman, New York, 4th Revised Edition, 19995. Dugas, H., Bioorganic Chemistry, Springer Verlag, London, 3rd Edition, 19996. Voet, D., Voet, G., Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, Singapore, 3rdEdition, 2001

INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICSBasic definitions and applications. Sampling: Representative sample, sample size, sampling biasand sampling techniques. Data collection and presentation: Types of data, methods of collectionof primary and secondary data, methods of data presentation, graphical representation byhistogram, polygon, ogive curves and pie diagram.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE.Measures of variability: Standard deviation, standard error, range, mean deviation and coefficient ofvariation. Correlation and regression: Positive and negative correlation and calculation of Karl- Pearsonsco-efficient of correlation. Linear regression and regression equation and multiple linear regression,ANOVA, one and two way classification. Calculation of an unknown variable using regression equation.

TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCETests of significance: Small sample test (Chi-square t test, F test), large sample test (Z test) and standarderror.Introduction to probability theory and distributions, (concept without deviation) binomial, poisonand normal (only definitions and problems) Computer oriented statistical techniques. Frequency table ofsingle discrete variable, bubble spot, computation of mean, variance and standard Deviations, t test,correlation coefficient

MMT5003 BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONSL T P C3 0 0 3


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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONSIntroduction to computers: Computer application, basics, organization, PC, mainframes and Super-computers, concept of hardware and software, concept of file, folders and directories, commonly usedcommands, flow charts and programming techniques. Introduction to Q basic and C. Introduction in MSOffice software concerning Word processing, spreadsheets and presentation software.

NET WORKING CONCEPTSNetworking fundamentals, client, server, LAN, WAN, Flp, TelNET, INTERNET, NICNET, WWW,html, e mail, intoduction to MEDLINE, CCOD and PUBMED, for accessing biological information. Anintroduction to bioinorganic software, C/C++, bioperl, biojava, bioXML, bioORACLE, etc. Introductionto Havard graphics and coral draw.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Statistics in biology, Vol. 1 by Bliss, C.I.K. (1967) Mc Graw Hill, NewYork.2. Practical Statistics for experimental biologist by Wardlaw, A.C. (1985).3. Programming in C by E. Ballaguruswamy

REFERENCE:

1. How Computers work - 2000. By Ron White. Tech. Media2. How the Internet Work 2000 by Preston Gralla Tech. Media.3. Statistical Methods in Biology - 2000 by Bailey, N.T. J. English Univ. Press.4. Biostatistics - 7th Edition by Daniel

NUTRITION AND GROWTH

Introduction – Composition and structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - Microbial nutrition:Elemental nutrient requirements of microbes – Nutritional modes in bacteria: Photoautotrophy inbacteria and cyanobacteria - Chemoautotrophy and autotrophic metabolism - Concept of heterotrophy:Photoheterotrophy and chemoheterotrophy - Nutrient transport in microbes: Simple diffusion,facilitated diffusion, and passive and active transport - Microbial growth kinetics: Typical growth curveof batch and continuous cultures - Synchronous growth - Measurement of microbial growth: cell numberand cell mass - Factors affecting microbial growth.

CATABOLIC PATHWAYS

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Bioenergetics: Free energy, ATP structure, and types of phosphorylation – Oxidation-reduction potential- Oxygen requirement and tolerance: Obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes -Toxic effect of oxygen on anaerobes - Fermentation of carbohydrates by microorganisms: Glycolysis,Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, Krebs cycle, glyoxylate cycle, and pentose phosphate pathway – fattyacid catabolism – catabolism of amino acids – Urea cycle – breakdown of purine and pyrimidinenucleotides – Products of primary metabolism and their importance, with examples.

ENERGY CONSERVATION

Components of the respiratory chain - Mechanism of electron-transport phosphorylation - Respiratorychain inhibitors – Electron-transport processes in anaerobic bacteria: Denitrification and nitrateammonification – Sulphate reduction – Reduction of sulphur to hydrogen sulphide – Methane andacetate formation by reduction of carbonate – Succinate formation by reduction of fumarate – Reductionof ferric to ferrous iron.

BIOSYNTHETIC ROUTES

Synthesis of carbohydrates: Bacterial and cyanobacterial photosynthesis; and gluconeogenesis –Biosynthesis of glycoproteins and peptidoglycan – Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic bacteria and by free-living bacteria and cyanobacteria - Biosynthesis of amino acids - Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidinenucleotides: De Novo and salvage pathways – Biosynthesis of membrane lipids – Chemistry ofporphyrins: Biosynthesis of heme, cytochromes and bacteriochlorophyll – Secondary metabolism andimportance of bacterial and fungal secondary metabolites, with examples.

MINERALS, VITAMINS AND METABOLIC REGULATION

Mineral metabolism - phosphorus, potassium, calcium and trace elements - Influence of minerals on theproduction of toxins - Role of trace elements on microbial enzymes - Sources, chemistry andbiochemical functions of water-soluble vitamins - Regulation of enzyme synthesis: Induction andrepression – Enzyme regulation by alteration of catalytic activity: Examples of regulatory patterns –Mutants with defective regulation.

TEXTBOOKS:

1. General Microbiology by Hans G. Schlegel, 7th Edition, Cambridge University Press2. Microbiology by M. Pelczar, E.C.S.Chan and N.R Krieg, Tata McGraw-Hill3. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry by Nelson and Cox, 5thEdition, W.H. Freeman & Co.,

New York

REFERENCE:

1. Biochemistry by Donald Voet and Judith G Voet, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.2. Microbial Physiology by Albert G. Moat, 4th Edition


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CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF VIRUSES

Introduction to bacterial viruses - bacteriophages, plant viruses and animal viruses and fungal viruses.Virus database ICTV, Viroids and prions, Viruses and their importance.

VIRUS LIFE CYCLE AND ISOLATION

Transmission of plant and animal viruses, attachment and entry, different types of viral genomes andtheir transcription, translation, movement, replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Isolation,purification and identification of viruses

VIRUS PATHOGENESIS AND ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

HIV infection, cancer induction by viruses, emerging bird Flu virus, Plant viruses – TMV and Potato Xvirus, Anti-viral drugs - Introduction to anti-viral drugs, Development of anti-viral drugs, Examples ofanti-viral drugs, Drug resistance.

VIRUS VACCINES

Introduction to virus vaccines, live attenuated virus vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, Virion subunitvaccines, Live recombinant virus vaccines, Mass production of viruses for vaccines, Virus-like particles,peptide vaccines, DNA vaccines, Storage and transport of vaccines.

VIRUS-INDUCED GENE SILENCING AND APPLICATIONS

Gene silencing mechanism, virus-induced gene silencing in plants and in animals, Plant viruses anddisease resistance, functional genomics by using viruses, Plant and animal virus vectors andapplications.

TEXT BOOKS:

1) Virology- Principles and applications, John B. Carter and Venetia A. Saunders, 2007, JohnWiley & Sons publications

2) Fields Virology Vol 1 and 2. B.N. Fields, D.M. Knipe, P.M. Howley, R.M. Chanock, J.L.Melnick, T.P. Monath, B. Roizman, and S.E. Straus, eds.), 2007 5th Edition. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA.

MMT5005 GENERAL VIROLOGYL T P C3 0 0 3


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REFERENCE:

1) Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses. S.J. Flint, V. R. Racaniello, L. W. Enquist, V. R. Rancaniello, A. M. Skalka, 2003 Publisher:American Society Microbiology

BASIC MOLECULAR CONCEPTS

Discovery of DNA and experimental evidence- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary structureof DNA, Watson and Crick model of double stranded DNA- DNA replication: DNA replicationmechanism, enzymes involved in DNA replication and models of DNA replication. Organization oftranscriptional units and regulation of gene expression -Mechanism of transcription –post transcriptionalmodification-translation mechanism –post translational modification

BACTERIAL GENE TRANSFER METHODS

Methods of gene transfer in bacteria- Conjugation: Discovery, nature of donor strains andcompatibility, interrupted mating and temporal mapping, Hfr, F',heteroduplex analysis, mechanism ofchromosome transfer, molecular pathway of recombination. Chromosome transfer in otherbacteria; Transformation: natural transformation systems, Biology of transformation,transformation and gene mapping, Chemical-mediated and electrotransformation; Transduction:discovery, generalized and specialized or restricted transduction.

PHAGE AND FUNGAL GENETICS

T4 virulent phage: structure, life cycle, genetic map and DNA replication. Lamda temperate phage:Structure, genetic map, lytic and lysogenic cycle, lysogenic repression and phage immunity. (Lambdaregulon) applications of phages in microbial genetics. Aspects of fungal Genetics: Meiotic and mitoticmapping, gene conversion, mitotic segregation and recombination, heterothallism and mating typeswitches. Parasexual analysis-protoplast fusion, transformation, gene disruption, plasmids, retroposonand retrotransposon.

REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

Operon concept, co-ordinated control of structural genes, stringent response, catabolite repression,instability of bacterial RNA, positive regulation in E.coli (Arabinose operon) and negative regulation inE.coli (lac operon), inducers and repressors, regulation by attenuation by trp operon.

MMT5006 MICROBIAL GENETICSL T P C3 0 0 3


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TRANSPOSONS

Transposons – Insertion sequences and composite transposons, phages as transposons, replicative, non-replicative and conservative transposition. Mutations i.e. deletions, inversions and frameshift due totransposition. Mechanism of transposition, controlling elements of maize autonomous and non-autonomous elements. Types of transposons and their properties.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Microbial Genetics by Maloy ET. Al. 1994. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.2. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria by J. W. Dale. 1994. John Wiley and Sons.3. Modern Microbial Genetics. 1991 by Streips and Yasbin. Niley Ltd.4. Moleculat Biology of the Gene 4th Edition by J.D. Watson, N.H. Hoppkins, J.W.5. Roberts, J.A. Steitz and A.M. Weiner. 1987, The Benjamin / Cummings Publications Co. Inc.

California.

REFERENCE :

1. Gene VII by Lewin Oxford University Press. 2000.2. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics. 4 th Editions by Birge.3. Microbial Genetics by Frefielder. 4th Edition.4. Organization of Prokayotic Genome. 1999 by Robert L.Charlebois, ASM Publications.5. DNA repair and mutagenesis. 1995 by Errol C. Friedberg, Graham C. Walker and Wolfram,

Siede, ASM Publications.6. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, 1997 by Larry, Snyder and Wendy, Champness, ASM

Publications.7. Methods of General and Molecular Bacteriology, 1993. Edited by Philip. Gerhardt, ASM

Publications.

1. Safety and Laboratory Guidelines.2. Sterilization and microscopy.3. Bacterial Structure, Smear Preparation and Simple Staining, Gram Staining, Acid-Fast Staining:

Ziehl-Neelsen Method.4. Pure culture techiniques, plating and streaking.

MMT5081 LAB IN MICROBIOLOGYL T P C0 0 6 3


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5. Biochemical tests - Citrate Test, Starch Hydrolysis, Urea Hydrolysis, Casein Hydrolysis Test,and Gelatin Hydrolysis Test.

6. Environmental Factors Affecting Microbial Growth – temperature, pH, Osmotic pressure.7. Bacteriological Examination of Water: MPN and Membrane Filter Technique.8. The Bacterial Growth Curve - Standard Plate Count: (Viable Count), Spread Plate Method,

Serial Dilutions.9. Evaluation of antiseptics - Phenol coefficient test.10. Haemolysis- Hemolytic Streptococci Alpha and Beta.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, James Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman. BenjaminCummings; 8th edition – 2007.

1. Prepare buffers and reagents for the coupled kinase activity assay.(Acidic, basic, neutral, biological)

2. Methods of tissue homogenization(Potter-Elvejham, mechanical blender, sonicator and enzymatic)

3. Protein fractionation(i) Salting in and out, gel filtration, electrophoretic separation(ii) Gel filtration affinity based techniques(iii)SDS-PAGE

4. DNA isolation - Plasmid and Genomic DNA isolation.

5. Titration curves for amino acid, determination of pKa and pI

6. Chromatographic Techniques:(i) HPLC, Gel filtration, Ion exchange.(ii) Separation of plant pigments by TLC.(iii) Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography.

7. Determination of acid value, saponification value and iodine number of oils and fats

8. Quantitative Analysis

(i) Estimation of amino acid by ninhydrin method.

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(ii) Estimation of protein by Biuret, Lowry method.(iii)Estimation of glucose by DNS method.(iv)Estimation of total carbohydrates by anthrone method.(v) Isolation of egg albumin, from egg white.(vi)Isolation of cholesterol from egg yolk.(vii) Isolation of starch from potatoes.(viii) Isolation of casein from milk.(ix)Qualitative analysis of lipids, carbohydrates and amino acids.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. A biochemical Guide to principles and techniques of practical biochemistry -5th Edition KeithWilson and Kenneth H. Goulding

2. Principles and techniques of practical biochemistry - Bryan L. Williams and Keith Wilson

REFERENCE:

1. Biochmeical Techniques, John f. Tobyt and Bernard J. White2. Experimental Biochemistry, Robert L. Dryer and Gene F. Lata3. Practical Biochemistry – Shawney4. Physical Biochemistry - David Friefelder5. Instrumental methods of Analysis - Chatwal - Anand

SEMESTER II

IMPORTANCE OF SOIL MICROORGANISMSFactors affecting the activities of soil microorganisms. Carbon and Nitrogen cycle in nature - Biologicalnitrogen fixation - symbiotic and non-symbiotic microorganisms- Microbial transformation ofPhosphorus - Rhizosphere- R: S ratio- Microbial interrelationship in soil - Beneficial and harmfulrelationship.

BIOFERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDESRhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Gluconacetobacter, Azorhizobium, phosphobacteria - Plant

Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ( PGPR) - mycorrhizae - Blue Green Algae (BGA) and Azolla -

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Production and quality control of biofertilizers. Mass production of biofertilizers and quality control.Biopesticides - microbial pesticides, Bacillus thuringiensis usage in BT cotton.

FOOD MICROBIOLOGYMicroorganisms associated with food and dairy products. Microbial contamination of food, fermentedfoods, Microbes in pest and disease management - Bioconversion of agricultural wastes. Probiotics.

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN FERMENTED FRUITS AND VEGETABLESTea, coffee, cocoa vanilla-beer, vinegar and wine, soy fermentations-microorganisms as food-single cellprotein bacteria, fungi, yeast and algae-production techniques, production of amino acids added tofoods- application of microbial enzymes in fruit and vegetable processing. Plant growth promotingbacteria,

MICROBIAL DISEASES IN AGRICULTURE AND REGULATIONMicrobial and viral pathogens affecting agriculture animals- Microbial pathogens affecting plants-bacterial pathogens, Pesudomanas, Xanthomonas, Erwininia, Agrobacterium, Viral diseases, Potatovirus X, Cotton leaf curl virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus etc, Fungal diseases and resistance againstdiseases.

TEXT BOOK

1. Agricultural Microbiology, G. Rangaswami, D. J. Bagyaraj, D. G. Bagyaraj - 2nd Edition, 2005.Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.

REFERENCE:

1. Motsara, M.R. Bhattacharyya, P.and Srivastava, B. 1995 Biofertilizer Technology, Marketingand Usage. Fertilizer Development & Consultant Organization , New Delhi

2. Microbes for Legume Improvement , Mohammad Saghir Khan l Almas ZaidiJaved Musarrat,2010 Springer-Verlag.


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INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNE SYSTEM

Biology of the immune system; innate immunity; acquired immunity; organization and structure oflymphoid organs; cells of the immune system ,Nature and biology of antigens; structure, classes andfunctions of antibodies; Antigens receptors -Epitopes, haptens and the study of antigenicity; Freund’sadjuvants and its significance. Antibodies :Hybridoma and monoclonal antibody production;Applications of monoclonal antibodies in biomedical research

ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES INTERACTION

Antibody affinity-avidity-specificity-cross reactivity; Immunogenicity versus antigenicity - Factors thatinfluence immunogenicity –Antigen-Antibody reaction by precipitation, agglutination and complementfixation. Non-specific immune mechanism: - Surface defenses, tissue defenses, opsonization,inflammatory reaction, and hormone balance. Tissue metabolites with bactericidal properties (lysozyme,nuclein, histone, protamine, basic peptides of tissues – leukins, phagocytins, lecterins,haemocompounds)

EXPRESSIONS AND REGULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

Regulation of immune response: antigen processing and presentation, generation of humoral and cellmediated immune response, activation of B and T lymphocytes, cytokines and their role in immuneregulation, T cell regulation, MHC restriction, immunological tolerance. Cell mediated cytotoxicity:Mechanism of T cells and NK mediated lysis, antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, andmacrophage mediated cytotoxicity. Complement system: Classical, alternate, lectin pathway ofcomplement activation. Regulation of complement activation.

IMMUNOASSAYS

Quantitation of immunoglobulin by RID, EID and nephlometry. Fluorescent activated cell sorter(FACS); Mitogen and Antigen induced Lympho-proliferation assay; cell mediated Lympholysis; mixedLymphocyte reaction. HLA typing, ELISA, ELISA-PCR, RIA, Western Blotting, Immunofluroscensand their application. Immunodiagnosis : Serological methods for detection and quantitation of viruses

TRANSPLANTATION AND AUTOIMMUNITY

Graft rejection - evidence and mechanisms of graft rejection - Prevention of graft rejection -Immunosuppressive drugs - HLA and disease - Mechanisms of immunity to tumour antigens-

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Autoantibody in humans - Pathogenic mechanisms - Experimental models of autoimmune disease -Treatment of auto immune disorders.

TEXT BOOKS:1. R. A. Goldsby, T. J. Kindt & B.A. Osborne 2000. Immunology, Freeman and Company.2. Janes Kuby 1997. Immunology, Third edition, W. H. Freeman and company, New York.3. I. Roitt. 1996 Immunology Black well Scientific Publication.

REFERENCE:1. T. G. Parslow, D.P. Stites, A.L. Terr 2001 Medical Immunology, Tenth edition, MCGraw-Hill

publishing.2. H. Zola 2000. Monoclonal antibodies. Bios Scientific publisher ltd.

BIODIVERSITY, CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHAEBACTERIA

Introduction to microbial biodiversity – distribution, abundance, ecological niche. Types- Bacterial,Archael and Eucaryal Thermophiles: Classification, hyperthermophilic habitats and ecological aspects.Extremely Thermophilic Archaebacteria, Thermophily, commercial aspects of thermophiles.Applications of thermozymes. Methanogens: Classification, Habitats, applications.

ALKALOPHILES, ACIDOPHILES, HALOPHILES AND BAROPHILES

Alkalophiles :Classification , alkaline environment , soda lakes and deserts , calcium alkalophilyApplications . Acidophiles: Classification, life at low pH, acidotolerence, applications.Halophiles:Classification, Dead Sea, discovery basin, cell walls and membranes – Purple membrane,compatible solutes. Osmoadaptation / halotolerence. Applications of halophiles and their extremozymes.Barophiles: Classification, high-pressure habitats, life under pressure, barophily, death under pressure.

EFFLUENT TREATMENT TECHNIQUES

Microbiology of wastewater and solid waste treatment: - Waste-types-solid and liquid wastecharacterization, physical, chemical, biological, aerobic, anaerobic, primary, secondary and tertiarytreatments. Anaerobic processes: Anaerobic digestion, anaerobic filters, and upflow anaerobic sludge.Treatment schemes for effluents of dairy, distillery, tannery, sugar and antibiotic industries (Types,microbes used, types of Effluent Treatment Plants). Bioconversion of Solid Waste and utilization asfertilizer. Bioaccumulation of heavy metal ions from industrial effluents .

MMT5009MICROBIAL DIVERSITY & ENVIRONMENTAL

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BIOREMEDIATION OF XENOBIOTICS

Microbiology of degradation of xenobiotics in the environment, ecological considerations, decaybehaviour, biomagnification and degredative plasmids, hydrocarbons, substituted hydrocarbons, oilpollution, surfactants and pesticides. Genetically Modified Organisms released and its environmentalimpact assessment and ethical issues.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Ozone depletion, UV-B, green house effect and acid rain, their impact and biotechnological approachesfor management. . Containment of acid mine drainage applying biomining [with reference to copperextraction from low grade ores].

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Extremophiles by Johri B.N. 2000. Springer V erlag. , New York2. Microbial Diversity by Colwd , D. 1999, Academic Press.3. MIcrobial Life in Extreme Environments. Edited by D. J. Kushner. Academic Press.4. Bioremediation by Baker K.H. And Herson D.S. 1994.. MacGraw Hill Inc. N.Y.5. Waste Water Engineering - Treatment, Disposal and Re-use by Metcalf and Eddy, Inc.,Tata

MacGraw Hill, New Delhi.

REFERENCE:

1. Microbiology of Extreme Environments. Edited by Clive Edward. Open University Press.2. Milton Keynes, Microbiology of Extreme Environments and its potential for Biotechnology.

Edited byM.S. Da Costa, J.C. Duarate, R.A. D. Williams. Elsiever Applied Science, London.3. Extreme Environment. Mechanism of Microbial Adaptation. Edited by Milton R.Heinrich.

Academic Press.4. Environmental Microbiology edited by Ralph Mitchell. A John Wiley and Sons. Inc. Waste

Water Microbiology 2nd Edition by Bitton.5. Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of pollution. Edited by Des. W. Connell, G.J. Miller. Wiley

Interscience Publications.6. Environmental Biotechnology. Edited by C. F. Forster and D.A., John Wase. Ellis Horwood Ltd.

Publication.


20

INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Molecular Biology and genetics-Double Helix - Major and minor grooves etc., A, B,and Z forms of DNA, DNA topology - The chemistry of DNA synthesis - mechanism of DNApolymerase – Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication – mechanics of DNA replication, enzymesand accessory proteins involved in DNA replication- DNA repair and recombination

TRANSCRIPTION & POST TRANSCRITIONAL MODIFICATION

Prokaryotic transcription - Eukaryotic transcription – RNA polymerase – General and specifictranscription factors – regulatory elements and mechanisms of transcription regulations – transcriptionaland post transcriptional gene silencing – Modifications in RNA- 5’ Cap formation- transcriptiontermination – 3’ end processing and polyadenylation – splicing – editing – nuclear export of mRNA,mRNA stability.

TRANSLATION

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic translation – the translation machinery – mechanisms of initiation –elongation and termination – regulation of translation – Co and post translation modification of protein

ANTISENSE AND RIBOZYME TECHNOLOGY

Molecular mechanism of antisense molecules – inhibition of splicing, polyadenylation and translation –disruption of RNA structure and capping – biochemistry of ribozyme – hammerhead, hairpin and otherribozymes – Strategies for designing ribozymes – Applications of antisense and ribozyme.

MAPPING OF GENOME & GENOME SEQUENCING

Genetic and physical maps – physical mapping and map based cloning –choice of mapping population-Southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome analysis – Molecular markers in genomeanalysis – genomic libraries – YAC, BAC libraries – Strategies for sequencing – packaging –transections and recovery of clones – Application of sequencing information for identification ofdetective genes.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Watson, J. D. , Tania A. Baker, Stephen P. Bell, Alexander Gann, Michael Levine, RichardLosick, Molecular Biology of the Gene, Benjamin Cummings, London, 3rd Edition, 2003

MMT5010 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY3 0 0 3


21

REFERENCE:

1. Weaver, R.F., Hedrick, P.W., Molecular Biology, William C. Brown, Illinois, 5th

Edition, 20032. Malacinski G.M., Freifelder D., Essentials of Molecular Biology, Jones & Bartlett Pub,

Boston, 4th Edition, 2002

INDUSTRIAL FOOD FERMENTATIONS

Starter cultures their biochemical activities, production and preservation of the following fermentedfoods. a. Soy sauce fermentation by Moulds, b. Fermented vegetables – Saurkraut c. Fermented Meat –Sausages d. Production and application of Bakers Yeast e. Application of microbial enzymes in foodindustry

QUALITY ASSURANCES IN FOODS

Foodborne infections and intoxications; bacterial with examples of infective and toxic types,Clostridium, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Campylobacter, Listeria. Mycotoxins in food withreference to Aspergillus species. Quality assurance: Microbiological quality standards of food.Government regulatory practices and policies. FDA, EPA, HACCP, ISI.

FOOD PRESERVATION METHODS

Radiations - UV, Gamma and microwave, Temperature, Chemical and naturally occurringantimicrobials, Biosensors in food industry.

MICROBIOLOGY OF CHEESE AND BEVERAGE FERMENTATIO.

Microbiology of fermented milk products (acidophilus milk, yoghurt). Role of microorganisms inbeverages – tea and coffee fermentations. Vinegar Fermentation

ADVANCED FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

Genetically modified foods. Biosensors in food, Applications of microbial enzymes in dairy industry(Protease, Lipases).

MMT5011 FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGYL T P C3 0 0 3


22

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Food Microbiology. 2nd Edition By Adams2. Basic Food Microbiology by Banwart George J.3. Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers by Dolle4. Biotechnology: Food Fermentation Microbiology, Biochemistry and Technology.Volume 2 by

Joshi

REFERENCE:

1. Fundamentals of Dairy Microbiology by Prajapati.2. Essentials of Food Microbiology. Edited by John Garbult. Arnold International Students Edition.3. Microbiology of Fermented Foods. Volume II and I. By Brian J. Wood.Elsiever Applied Science

Publication.4. Microbiology of Foods by John C. Ayres. J. Orwin Mundt. William E. Sandinee. W. H. Freeman

and Co.

INTRODUCTION TO BIOINFORMATICS

Scope and applications of Bioinformatics- Introduction to Databases: Types of databases, DatabaseManagement System, Data life cycle- Biological databases: Classification, Information retrieval frombiological databases.

SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS

Pairwise sequence alignment: Sequence homology, similarity and identity, Methods of Pairwisealignment: Dot Matrix, Dynamic Programming (Needleman-Wunsch algorithm and Smith-Watermanalgorithm), Scoring matrices (PAM, BLOSUM)- Database similarity searching : Heuristic algorithms(BLAST and FASTA)- Multiple sequence alignment: Exhaustive algorithms, Heuristic algorithms:Progressive alignment, Iterative alignment, Clustal - Molecular Evolution and molecular phylogenetics-Forms of tree representation- Phylogenetic tree construction methods: Distance-based methods,Character-based methods.

MMT5012 BIOINFORMATICS AND DRUG DESIGNL T P C2 0 0 2


23

PROTEIN STRUCTURAL BIOINFORMATICS

Structure of proteins- Methods of protein primary, secondary and tertiary structure prediction- Proteinfunction prediction- Protein folding- Protein-protein interaction through systems biology approach-Molecular visualization of protein structures.

DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT

Stages of drug discovery: Target identification and validation, Lead identification and optimization-Drug development: Preclinical studies, Clinical research- Sources of drugs: Natural sources, Organicsynthesis, ADMET properties of drugs, Lipinski’s rule of fives- Drug targets: Enzymes, Receptors, andIon channels- Case study: Design of enzyme inhibitors for HIV, international scenario.

COMPUTER AIDED DRUG DESIGN

Approaches in drug design- Structure based drug design: Molecular docking- Ligand based drug design:Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR), Pharmacophore modelling- Combinatorialchemistry- In silico ADMET prediction.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. S.C. Rastoji, N. Mendiratta, P. Rastogi, Bioinformatics: Methods and Applications, PHI, ThirdEdition, 2009.

2. Jin Xiong, Essential Bioinfromatics, Cambridge University Press, 2006.

REFERENCE:

1. Bryan Bergeron, M.D., Bioinformatics Computing, Eastern Economy Edition, Prentice Hall,NewYork, Second Edition, 2003

2. Perun, T. J. and Propst, C. L., Computer Aided Drug Design, Dekker, First Edition, 1989


24

1) Radial immunodiffusion.

2) Immunoelectrophoresis.

3) Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

4) Hemolysis.

5) Hemagglutination.

6) Immunization and collection of serum.

7) MTT assay for cell viability and growth

8) Western-blotting

9) Blood film preparation and identification of cells

10) Trypsinization of monolayer and subculturing Cell counting and cell viability.

MMT5088 IMMUNOLOGY LABORATORYL T P C0 0 3 2


25

1) Isolation of plasmid DNA from bacteria

2) Agarose gel electrophoresis

3) Restriction enzyme digestion

4) Purification of digested DNA

5) Preparation of competent cell and transformation

6) SDS PAGE

7) Cloning of genes and its expression

8) Polymerase Chain Reaction

9) Western blotting

10) Invitro mutagenesiss

MMT5089 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LABORATORY0 0 6 3


26

SEMESTER III

INTRODUCTION TO BIOPROCESS

Historical development of bioprocess technologies, role of bioprocess engineer in the biotechnologyindustry, concept of Bioprocess, outline of an integrated bioprocess and the various (upstream anddownstream) unit operations involved in bioprocesses, generalized process flow sheets. A brief surveyof organisms, processes, products and market economics relating to modern industrial biotechnology.Design of a basic fermenter, bioreactor configuration, design features, individual parts, baffles,impellers, foam separators, sparger, culture vessel, cooling and heating devices, probes for onlinemonitoring.

MICROBIAL STRAIN IMPROVEMENT

Isolation, selection and improvement of microbial cultures: Screening and isolation of microorganisms,primary and secondary metabolites, enrichment, specific screening for the desired product. Strainimprovement for the selected organism: mutation and screening of improved cultures, random andstrategic screening methods, strategies of strain improvement for primary, secondary metabolites withrelevant examples. Use of recombinant DNA technology, protoplast fusion techniques for strainimprovement of primary and secondary metabolites. Production of recombinant molecules in eterologussystem, problems associated with strain improvement programme, improvement of characters other thanproducts and its application in the industry. Preservation of cultures after strain improvementprogramme.

FERMENTATION PROCESS

Growth of cultures in the fermenter Importance of media in fermentation, media formulation andmodification . Kinetics of growth in batch culture, continuous culture with respect to substrateutilization, specific growth rate, steady state in a chemostat, fed-batch fermentation, yield of biomass,product, calculation for productivity, substrate utilization kinetics. Fermentation process: Inoculumdevelopment. Storage of cultures for repeated fermentations, scaling up of process form shake flask toindustrial fermentation.

DOWN STREAM PROCESSING

MMT6001 BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGYL T P C3 0 0 3


27

Biomass separation by centrifugation, filtration, flocculation and other recent developments. Celldisintegration: Physical, chemical and enzymatic methods. Extraction: Solvent, two phase, liquidextraction, whole broth, aqueous multiphase extraction. Purification by different methods. Concentrationby precipitation, ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis.

DRYING AND CRYSTALLIZATION.Reactors for specialized applications: Tube reactors, packed bed reactors, fluidized bed reactors,cyclone reactors, trickle flow reactors, their basic construction and types for distribution of gases.

TEXT BOOKS:

1) Pauline.M.Doran., "Bioprocess Engineering Principles"; Academic press2) Peter F.Stanbury, Allan Whitaker, "Principles of Fermentation Technology"3) Michael L.Shuler and Fikret Kargi, "Bioprocess Engineering Basic concepts", Prentice Hall,

1992

REFERENCE:

1) Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis, Tata McGraw Hill, N.Y.2) Biotechnology. Volume 3. Edited by H. J. Rehm and G. Reed. Verlag Chemie. 1983.3) Advances in Biochemical Engineering by T.K. Bhosh, A.Fiechter and N. Blakebrough.Springer

Verlag Publications, New York.4) Biotechnology- A textbook of Industrial Microbiology by Creuger and Creuger, Sinaeur

Associates.


28

INTRODUCITON

Introduction and Scope, General distinctive features and industrial applications. Enzymes: HistoricalResume, Nomenclature and Classification, Isozymes, Biological Roles, Activation Energy, ChemicalNature of Enzymes, Characteristics of Enzyme, 3’D’ Structure of Enzymes, Active Site, Factorsaffecting enzyme activity, Modifiers of Enzyme Activity, Enzyme Activators, Enzyme Inhibitors,Allosteric enzymes.

ENZYME KINETICS

Kinetics of single substrate reactions, Estimation of Michaelis,Menten parameters, multisubstratereactions, Mechanisms and kinetics, Turnover number, Types of inhibition, Kinetic models: Substrateand product inhibition, Allosteric regulation of enzymes, Monod Changeux Wyman model, pH andtemperature effect on enzymes and deactivation kinetics; Vitamins and their co-enzymes: structure andfunctions with suitable examples, Metalloenzymes and Metal ions as co-factors and enzyme activators.

EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF MICROBIAL ENZYMES

Importance of enzyme purification, different sources of enzymes. Extracellular and intracellularenzymes. Physical and Chemical methods used for cell disintegration. Enzyme fractionation byprecipitation (using Temperature, salt, solvent, pH, etc.), liquid-liquid extraction, ionic exchange, gelchromatography, affinity chromatography and other special purification methods. Enzymecrystallization techniques. Criteria of purity of enzymes. Pitfalls in working with pure enzymes.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ENZYME AND ENZYME ENGINEERING

Industrial applications: Microbial enzymes in textile, leather, wood industries and detergents. Enzymesin clinical diagnostics. Enzyme sensors for clinical processes and environmental analyses. Enzymes astherapeutic agents. Enzyme engineering: Chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis to studythe structure-function relationship of industrially important enzymes.

ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION

Physical and Chemical techniques for enzyme Immobilization – adsorption - matrix entrapment-encapsulation - cross-linking - covalent binding - examples; Advantages and disadvantages of differentImmobilization techniques - overview of applications of immobilized enzyme systems

MMT6002 ENZYME TECHNOLOGYL T P C3 0 0 3


29

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Enzymes by Trevor palmer , East west Press2. Biochemical engineering fundamentals, second edition. James E Bailey, David F., Ollis, Mc

Graw Hill Intl. Edition.

REFERENCE:

1. Zubay, G., Biochemistry, McGraw Hill Publishers, New Delhi, 4th Edition, 19992. James Lee, M., Biochemical Engineering, PHI, USA, e-Book Version 2.1,2002

GENERAL ASPECTS OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

The History of Infectious Diseases, Pathogens , Host–Pathogen Interactions, General Epidemiology,Principles of Sterilization and Disinfection

BACTERIOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY

Morphology and Physiology of Metabolism and Growth in Bacteria, Molecular and IntercellularMechanisms of Genetic Variability in Bacteria, General Characteristics of Fungi, General Aspects ofFungal Disease: Fungal Allergies, Fungal Toxicoses and Mycoses.

VIROLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

Morphology and Structure of virus, Host-Cell Reactions, Pathogenesis and Defense Mechanisms,Morphology and host cell reactions of Protozoa, Helminths and Arthropods.

EPIDEMIC INVESTIGATION AND MICROBIAL IDENTIFICATION

Chain of Infection - Epidemiologic Methods - Epidemic Investigation -Manifestations of Infection -Microbial Causes of Infection -Specimen Selection, Collection and Processing-MicrobiologicExamination -Microbial Identification- Serodiagnosis -Antimicrobial Susceptibility.

MOLECULAR AND ANTIBODY BASED DIAGNOSIS OF DISORDERS

Biochemical disorders; Immune, Genetic and Neurological disorders; Molecular techniques for analysisof these disorders; Assays for the Diagnosis of inherited diseases; Bioinformatic tools for molecular

MMT6003 MEDICAL & DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGYL T P C3 0 0 3


30

diagnosis , Production of monoclonal antibodies with potential for diagnosis; Diagnosis of bacterial,viral and parasitic diseases by using; ELISA and Western blot.

TEXTBOOKS:

1. Fritz H. Kayser, M.D., Kurt A. Bienz, Ph.D., Johannes Eckert, D.V.M., Rolf M. Zinkernagel,M.D., Medical Microbiology, Thieme Publishers, 2005.

2. Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology Connie R. Mahon & George Manuselis 2nd• Edition2000 W.B. Saunders Company

3. Campbell, M.A and Heyer L.J., Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, 2ndEdition, CSHL Press, Pearson/Benzamin Cummings San Francisco, USA, 2007

REFERENCE:1. Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology Washington Winn, Stephen

Allen, William Janda, Elmer Koneman, Gary Procop, Paul Schreckenberger, Gail Woods 6thEdition 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

2. Andrew Read and Dian Donnai, New Clinical Genetics, Scion Publishing Ltd, Oxfordshire, UK,2007.

3. James W Goding, Monoclonal antibodies: Principles and Practice, 3rd Edition, Academic Press,1996.


31

BASICS OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGYHistory of DNA recombination – Basic vectors: Plasmids, cosmids, Phagemids. Genetic elements thatcontrol gene expression – Major role of restriction enzymes, types of restriction enzymes, modifyingenzymes and ligases.

CONSTRUCTION AND TYPES OF VECTORS

Characteristics of plasmid and phage vectors - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors – Gatewaycloning vectors, Insect, yeast and mammalian vectors. RNAi vectors, Design of linkers and adaptors,BAC, YAC vectors for high throughput sequencing.

CONSTRUCTION OF LIBRARIESReverse transcription, Construction of cDNA and genomic libraries - Screening of libraries with DNAprobes and antisera – Normalization of libraries. Lasers capture micro-dissection and libraryconstruction.

PCR METHODS AND GENOMICS

PCR, Real time-PCR, Inverse PCR, nested PCR, Taqman assay, RACE PCR, RAPD -Site directedmutagenesis - Methods of nucleic acid sequencing - Sangers method, Genome sequencing, Nextgeneration sequencing methods.

APPLICATIONS OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Marker-exchange mutagenesis in bacteria. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation, production ofrecombinant therapeutic proteins, production of recombinant vaccines. Transgenic and knockoutanimals. DNA microarrays and DNA finger printing.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Old, R.W., Primrose, S.B., Principles of Gene Manipulation, An Introduction to GeneticEngineering, Blackwell Science Publications, Oxdford, 5th Edition,1993

2. Rastogi, S., & Pathak, N. (2009). Genetic Engineering, Oxford University Press.3. Trevan, M.D. (1987). Biotechnology: The Biological Principles, Tata-McGraw-Hill

REFERENCE:

MMT6004 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY & GENOMICSL T P C3 0 0 3


32

1. Watson, J.D., Hopkins, W.H., Roberts, J.W., Steitz, J.A., Weiner, A.M., Molecular Biology ofthe Gene, Scientific American Book, New York, 3rd Edition, 1987

INTRODUCTION TO BIOSEPARATION PROCESS

Role and importance of bioseparations in biotechnological processes-Problems and requirements ofbioproduct purification- Cost- cutting strategies- Characteristics of biological mixtures - Classificationof bioproducts -Biological activity, Analysis of purity-Process economics-Capital and operating costanalysis

PHYSICAL METHODS OF SEPARATION

Centrifugation and filtration-Cell disruption methods; Enrichment Operations: precipitation methods(with salts; organic solvents; and polymers; extractive separations; aqueous two-phase extraction;supercritical extraction); adsorption method, Membrane based separation theory; Types of membranes;Types of membrane processes (Dialysis; Ultrafiltration; microfiltration and Reverse Osmosis)

ISOLATION OF PRODUCTS

Physico-chemical basis of bio-separation processes. Removal of particulate matter, biomass, andinsolubles: flocculation; sedimentation; adsorption: Isotherm, Batch, continuos and scale-up ofadsorption, Extraction: solvent separation, equipment and modes of extraction, Aqueous two-phaseextraction process, supercritical fluid extraction, Precipitation of proteins: methods and scale-up.

CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS OF PURIFICATION

Chromatography - principles, instruments and practice, Paper; TLC; Adsorption, Gel filtration; reversephase, ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, bioaffinity ; pseudo affinity chromatographic techniques;GC; HPLC; FPLC; and Electrophoretic separation

FINISHING OPERATIONS

Products polishing: Crystallization and drying; Purification of cephalosporin; aspartic acid;Recombinant Streptokinase; Monoclonal antibodies; Tissue plasminogen activator; Taq polymerase;Insulin.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Sivasankar B, Bioseparations: Principles and Techniques, PHI, New Delhi, 2010.

MMT6005 DOWNSTREAM PROCESSINGL T P C3 0 0 3


33

2. Nooralabettu Krishna Prasad, Downstream Process Technology: A New Horizon inBiotechnology, PHI,New Delhi, 2010.

3. Jenkins, R.O., Product Recovery in Bioprocess Technology, Biotechnology by Open LearningSeries, Butterworth- Heinemann, London, 2nd Edition, 1992

REFERENCE:

1. Belter, P.A., Cussler, E.L. and Wei-Houhu., Bioseparations, Downstream Processing ForBiotechnology, Wiley Interscience Publication, Singapore, 1st Edition, 1988

2. Roger G Harrison et al "Bioseparation Science and Engineering" Oxford University Press, 20033. C.A. Costa and J.S. Cabral “Chromatographic and Membrane Processes in Biotechnology by

Publisher:” Kluwer Academic Publishers


34

1. Identification of E. coli, P. auriginosa, S. aurious, Salmonella sp by biochemical tests.

2. Identification of pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans.

3. Perform common staining techniques of Gram stain, Acid fast stain, and lactophenol cotton blue

directly from collected specimens or cultures and interpret the staining reactions and morphology

microscopically.

4. Identify specimen requirements, usage, and techniques used for MIC's, Serum levels, beta

lactamase, and Schlichter test.

5. Perform and evaluate Kirby-Bauer sensitivity testing.

6. Detection of endotoxin by LAL test.

7. Enumeration, identification and antibiotic sensitivity of microbes associated with urine /pus.

8. Precipitation techniques : immunodiffusion, immuno electrophoretic method.

9. Agglutination reactions : Widal, Haemagglutination

10. Quantification of immunoglobulins by ELISA

MMT6091 LABORATORY IN DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGYL T P C0 0 6 3


35

1. Growth kinetics of a bacterium / yeast in batch culture: calculation of doubling time, specificgrowth rate, and plotting of growth curve.

2. Preparation of fermentor and accessories for batch cultivation of microbes: calibration of pHprobe, medium preparation, sterilization, and calibration of dO2 probe.

3. Inoculation of a bacterial / yeast strain in fermentor for batch production of an enzyme / biomass:estimation of kinetic parameters of product formation, biomass production and substrateutilization.

4. Determination of total viable microbial count by serial dilution and plating.

5. Determination of cell concentration by direct microscopic count using a haemocytometer.

6. Identification of-amylase producers on starch plates by the Iodine Test.

7. Laboratory centrifugation for separation of biomass from fermentation broths: relationshipbetween angular velocity, centrifugal force and relative centrifugal force (RCF).

8. Filtration and Microfiltration for solid-liquid separation: cake resistance and its effect onfiltration flux; determination of specific cake resistance ().

9. Mechanical cell disruption by homogenization: determination of product release kinetics.

10. Sonication of microbial cell suspensions and determination of product release kinetics.

11. Colorimetric determination of protein concentration by the Lowry and Bradford assays.

12. Colorimetric determination of total sugars and reducing sugars.

13. Salting out of proteins by precipitation with ammonium sulphate.

14. Precipitation of proteins with acids or bases: determination of isoelectric point.

15. Batch adsorption of an acid on activated charcoal.

16. Solvent extraction and aqueous two-phase extraction of proteins.

MMT6092 LABORATORY IN BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY & DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

L T P C0 0 6 3


36

17. Gel-filtration chromatography of a protein-salt mixture.

18. Ion-exchange chromatography of a positively charged protein.

19. Gas chromatography for quantitative estimation of volatiles: ethanol.

20. SDS-PAGE of proteins and determination of molecular weight.


37

ELECTIVES

INTRODUCTION

Sterilisation; Pure cultures and aseptic techniques; Nutritional Types; Bacterial growth curve,Metagenomics for the isolation of genes for novel enzymes; Light microscopy and electron microscopy.

PURIFICATION OF MICROBIAL PROTEIN

Electrophoretic separation of protein; Characterization using- PAGE/ gel filtration method, native andSDS-PAGE; 2D-PAGE; capillary electrophoresis; Isoelectric focussing; Differential centrifugation andpurification by density gradient centrifugation.

CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION AND SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS

Chromatographic methods of separation; Principles and applications of Paper chromatography; Thinlayer chromatography; Gas-liquid chromatography; HPLC and FPLC; Spectrophotometry- Principlesand applications UV-Visible Spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, AtomicAbsorption Spectrometer.

GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES

Antisense and RNAi technology; Protein and DNA sequencing techniques- Maxim- Gilbert sequencing,Chain-termination methods, Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS), Pyrosequencing,illumina (Solexa) sequencing, Solid sequencing; Genomic and cDNA library preparation; RFLP; RAPDand AFLP techniques. PCR and Types of PCR

TRACER TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY

Concept of radioactivity; radioactivity counting methods with principles of different types of counters;Concept of α, β and gamma emitters, scintillation counters; gamma-ray spectrometers; autoradiography;applications of radioactive tracers in biology, FACS.

TEXT BOOKS:

MMT5013 TECHNIQUES IN MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGYL T P C3 0 0 3


38

1. Friefelder. D. (1982) Physical Biochemistry, Application to Biochemistry and MolecularBiology, 2 nd ed. W.H. Freemen and Company, San Fransisco.

REFERENCE:

1. Griffiths, O. M. (1983). Techniques of Preparative, Zonal and Continuous FlowUltracentrifugation.

2. William, B.L. and Wilson, K. (1986). A Biologist Guide to Principles and Techniques3. Practical Biochemistry, 3 rd ed., Edward Arnold Publisher, Baltimore, Maryland (USA).4. Slater, R.J. (1990).Radioisotopes in Biology-A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press,

NewYork


39

CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ELECTROPHORETIC TECHNIQUES

Chromatography – Principle, operative technique and applicatons Of paper, TLC, adsorptionchromatography, GLC, and HPLC. Ion-Exchange, molecular sieve. Electrophoretic techniques –Principle and technique of gel, SDS, high voltage and Discontinuous electrophoresis, Isoelectricfocusing. Pulsed field Get electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Basic principles, Instrumentation and applications of UV, Visible IR spectrophotometers and MassSpectrometry. Flame Photometry - Principles and applications.

CENTRIFUGATION TECHNIQUES

Principle, methodology and application of analytical centrifugation, Differential centrifugation, densitygradient centrifugation, Ultra – Centrifuge.

X-RAYS

X-Ray diffraction, crystals and detectors, quantitative analysis and Applications. Radio chemicalmethods – Basic concepts, counting Methods and applications. Autoradiography

TRACER AND OTHER TECHNIQUES

Tracer and other techniques – radioactive decay, units of radioactivity Detection and measurement ofradio activity, Geiger – Muller counter Scintillation counter. Applications of radioisotopes in biology.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. An introduction to practical biochemistry by David T. Plummer.2. Laboratory Manual in biochemistry by Pattabiraman and Acharya.3. Practical biochemistry by J. Jayaraman.

REFERENCE:

1. Analytical Biochemistry, D.J.Homie and Hazal Peck, Longman group 3 rd edition, 1998.

MMT5014BIOINSTRUMENTATION L T P C

3 0 0 3


40

2. Physical Biochemistry – Application of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, David Friefelder,W.H.Freeman and Co., Second Edition, 1999.

3. Experimental Biochemistry, Robert Switzer and Liamgarrity, W.H.Freeman And Co., ThirdEdition, 1999.

INTRODUCTION

Growth kinetics of microorganisms: Microbial products as primary and secondary metabolites;trophophase- Idiophase relationships in production of secondary metabolite; Role of secondarymetabolites in physiology of organisms producing them; Pathways for the synthesis of primary andsecondary metabolites of commercial importance; Metabolic control mechanisms: substrate induction;catabolic regulation; feedback regulation; amino acid regulation of RNA synthesis; Energy chargeregulation and permeability control; Bypassing/ disorganization of regulatory mechanisms foroverproduction of primary and secondary metabolites.

MICROBIAL PRODUCTION ORGANIC ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS

Organic feedstock: ethanol; Acetone; Ethanol Organic acids: Production of Citric acid; Acetic acid;Lactic acid; Gluconic acid; Kojic acid; itaconic acid; Amino acids: Use of amino acids in industry;methods of production; Production of individual aminoacids (L-Glutamic acid; L Lysin; L-Tryptophan).

MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES

Enzymes: commercial applications; production of Amylases; Glucose Isomerase; L AsparaginaseProteases Renin; Penicillin acylases; Lactases; Pectinases; Lipases; Structure and biosynthesis ofNucleosides, Nucleotides and related compounds.

MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF VITAMINS AND ANTIBIOTICS

Vitamins- Vitamin B12; Riboflavin; B carotene; Antibiotics: beta-Lactam antibiotics; aminoacid andpeptide antibiotics; Carbohydrate antibiotics; Tetracycline and antracyclines; Nucleoside antibiotics;Aromatic antibiotics; bioplastics (PHB; PHA); biotransformation of steroids.

MICROBIAL BIOTRANSFORMATIONS

Types of bioconversion reactions; procedures for biotransformation; applications of bioconversions;biotransformation of steroids, sterols, non steroid compounds, antibiotics and pesticides.

MMT5016 MICROBIAL METABOLITESL T P C3 0 0 3


41

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Wulf Cruger and Anneliese Cruger., Biotechnoloogy, (A text book of industrial Microbiology),Panima Publishers, New Delhi, 2ndedition, 2003

2. Casida, J.R., L.E., Industrial Microbiology, Willey Eastern Ltd, New Delhi,1stEdition, 2006

REFERENCE:

1. Prescott and Dunn, Industrial Microbiology, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 4th Edition, 19872. Stanbury, P.F., and Whitaker, A., Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nd Edition,

Pergamon Press, Oxford, 20053. Nduka Okafar., Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1st Edition., 2001.


42

ANTIBIOTICS AND SYNTHETIC ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Antibiotics and synthetic antimicrobial agents (Aminoglycosides, b lactams, tetracyclines, ansamycins,macrolid antibiotics) Antifungal antibiotics, antitumor substances. Peptide antibiotics, Chloramphenicol,Sulphonamides and Quinolinone antimicrobial agents. Chemical disinfectants, antiseptics andpreservatives.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS

Mechanism of action of antibiotics (inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, nucleic acid and protein synthesis).Molecular principles of drug targeting. Drug delivery system in gene therapy Bacterial resistance toantibiotics. Mode of action of bacterial killing by quinolinones. Bacterial resistance to quionolinones.Mode of action of non – antibiotic antimicrobial agents. Penetrating defenses – How the antimicrobialagents reach the targets (cellular permeability barrier, cellular transport system and drug diffusion).

MICROBIAL PRODUCTION AND SPOILAGE OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

Microbial contamination and spoilage of pharmaceutical products (sterile injectibles, non injectibles,ophthalmic preparations and implants) and their sterilization. Manufacturing procedures and in processcontrol of pharmaceuticals. Other pharmaceuticals produced by microbial fermentations (streptokinase,streptodornase). New vaccine technology, DNA vaccines, synthetic peptide vaccines, multivalentsubunit vaccines. Vaccine clinical trials.

REGULATORY PRACTICES, BIOSENSORS AND APPLICATIONS INPHARMACEUTICALS

Financing R&D capital and market outlook. IP, BP, USP. Government regulatory practices and policies,FDA perspective. Reimbursement of drugs and biologicals, legislative perspective. Rational drugdesign. Immobilization procedures for pharmaceutical applications (liposomes). Macromolecular,cellular and synthetic drug carriers. Biosensors in pharmaceuticals. Application of microbial enzymes inpharmaceuticals.

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND VALIDATION

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) in pharmaceuticalindustry. Regulatory aspects of quality control. Quality assurance and quality management inpharmaceuticals ISO, WHO and US certification. Sterilization control and sterility testing (heatsterilization, D value, z value, survival curve, Radiation, gaseous and filter sterilization) Chemical andbiological indicators. Design and layout of sterile product manufacturing unit.

MMT5017 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGYL T P C3 0 0 3


43

TEXT BOOKS:

1) Pharmaceutical Microbiology – Edt. by W.B.Hugo & A.D.Russell Sixth edition. Blackwellscientific Publications.

2) Analytical Microbiology –Edt by Frederick Kavanagh Volume I & II.Academic Press NewYork.

3) Quinolinone antimicrobial agents – Edt. by David C. Hooper, JohnS.Wolfson .ASMWashington DC.

4) Quality control in the Pharmaceutical Industry - Edt. by Murray S.CooperVol.2. Academic PressNew York.

REFERENCE:

1) Biotechnology – Edt. by H.J.Rehm & G.Reed, Vol 4. VCH Publications, Federal Republic ofGermany.

2) Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by S.P.Vyas & V.K.Dixit. CBS Publishers & Distributors, NewDelhi.

3) Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals Second Edition, by Sydney H.Willig, MurrayM.Tuckerman, William S.Hitchings IV. MercelDekker NC New York.

4) Advances in Applied Biotechnology Series Vol 10, Biopharmaceuticals in transition. IndustrialBiotechnology Association by Paine Webber. Gulf Publishing Company Houston

GENERAL AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY

General physiological concept, extra cellular fluid and homeostasis, control system of the body, cellsand cellular process, cell membrane transport process, membrane potential and action potential, sensorygenerator potential, functional system of cells, endocytosis, synthesis and formation of cellularstructures by endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, locomotion of cells.

GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY

Overview of t he gastrointestinal system, functional anatomy and regulation, gastric secretion,pancreatic and salivary secretion, intestinal mucosal immunology, functional anatomy of liver, bilatorysystem, file formation and secretion, digestion, absorption and assimilation

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SKELETAL, MUSCLE AND NEURAL PHYSIOLOGY

Skeletal muscle structure and function, overview of muscle function, introduction to nervous system,brain, spinal cord, central and cranial nervous system, reflex arch, autonomous nervous system, generalsensory system, touch and pain, vision, hearing and equilibrium, smell and taste, control of posture andmovement.

CARDIOVASCULAR, PULMONARY AND RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

Overview of cardiovascular system, cardiac function assessment, peripheral vascular system and itscontrol, arterial pressure regulation, cardiovascular response to physiological stress, function, structureand mechanism of respiratory system, ventilation, perfusion, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide,control of breathing, renal function, basic process, anatomy, renal blood flow, tubular transportmechanism, regulation of sodium and water excretion, potassium, calcium and phosphate balance.

ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC PHYSIOLOGY

General principles of endocrine physiology, pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid gland, calcium andphosphate regulation, adrenal gland, pancrease, male and female reproductive system, control of bodytemperature, hypoxia and hyperbaria

TEXT BOOKS

1. Hershel Raff, Michael Levitzky, Medical Physiology A Systems Approach, The McGraw-HillCompanies Inc, 2011

REFERENCE

1. Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, and Hall, textbook of Medical Physiology, Elsevier Inc.2006


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INTRODUCTION TO BIOINFORMATICS

Scope and applications of Bioinformatics- Introduction to Databases: Types of databases, DatabaseManagement System, Data life cycle- Biological databases: Classification, Information retrieval frombiological databases.

SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS

Pairwise sequence alignment: Sequence homology, similarity and identity, Methods of Pairwisealignment: Dot Matrix, Dynamic Programming (Needleman-Wunsch algorithm and Smith-Watermanalgorithm), Scoring matrices (PAM, BLOSUM)- Database similarity searching : Heuristic algorithms(BLAST and FASTA)- Multiple sequence alignment: Exhaustive algorithms, Heuristic algorithms:Progressive alignment, Iterative alignment, Clustal - Molecular Evolution and molecular phylogenetics-Forms of tree representation- Phylogenetic tree construction methods: Distance-based methods,Character-based methods.

PROTEIN STRUCTURAL BIOINFORMATICS

Structure of proteins- Structural prediction of proteins: primary, secondary and tertiary – Protein folding-Functional prediction of proteins – Protein-protein interaction through systems biology approach –Molecular visualization of protein structures

DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT

Stages of drug discovery: Target identification and validation, Lead identification and optimization-Drug development: Preclinical studies, Clinical research- Sources of drugs: Natural sources, Organicsynthesis, ADMET properties of drugs, Lipinski’s rule of fives-Drug targets: Enzymes, Receptors, andIon channels- Case study: Design of enzyme inhibitors for HIV, International Scenario.

COMPUTER AIDED DRUG DESIGN

Approaches in drug design- Structure based drug design: Molecular docking- Ligand based drug design:Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR), Pharmacophore modelling- Combinatorialchemistry- In silico ADMET prediction.

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TEXT BOOKS

1. S.C. Rastoji, N. Mendiratta, P. Rastogi, Bioinformatics: Methods and Applications, PHI, ThirdEdition, 2009.2. Jin Xiong, Essential Bioinfromatics, Cambridge University Press, 2006.

REFERENCE

1. Bryan Bergeron, M.D., Bioinformatics Computing, Eastern Economy Edition, Prentice Hall,NewYork, Second Edition, 20032. Perun, T. J. and Propst, C. L., Computer Aided Drug Design, Dekker, First Edition, 1989

PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING-BASIC CONCEPTS

Direct DNA transfer, chloroplast transformation and Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer. Tissuesused for making transgenic plants: Arabidopsis ‘in planta’ transformation and other explants used inmonocots and dicots. Current marker genes and reporter genes used in transgenic technology. Methodsto develop marker-free transgenic plants. Gene silencing in transgenic plants.

OVERVIEW OF TRANSFORMATION

Challenges and achievements. Genetic Engineering of the Plant cells for Secondary MetaboliteProduction: Indole Alkaloid Production in Catharanthus roseus as a model. Case studies of transgenicplants that are resistant to plant viruses and fungal pathogens.

TRANSGENIC PLANTS

Identifying Genes of Interest via Genomic Studies, Traits for Improved Crop Production, Traits forImproved Product, Food Quality Nutritional Improvements, Modified Plant Oils, PharmaceuticalProducts and Bio-fuels

MARKER GENES AND PROMOTERS

Definition of Marker Genes, Introduction to selectable Marker Genes and reporter genes. Promoters,Selectable Marker Genes, Conditional Positive Selectable Marker Gene Systems, Selection onAntibiotics, Selection on Herbicides, Selection Using Nontoxic Metabolic Substrates, Nonconditional

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Positive Selection Systems, Conditional Negative Selection Systems, Nonconditional Negative SelectionSystems, Marker-Free Strategies.

TRANSGENIC PLANT ANALYSIS

Biosafety: Initial Screens: Putative Transgenic Plant, Screens on Selection Media, Screening by PCRand ELISA. Determining the Presence of Intact Transgenes or Constructs, Transgene Expressionanalysis. GM plants and biosafety. Regulations in genetic engineering.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Neal Stewart, Jr. (2008) Plant Biotechnology and Genetics: Principles, Techniques, andApplications. John Wiley & Sons Inc.

2. Adrian Slater., Nigel, W., Scott, and Mark R Fowler., Plant biotechnology The GeneticManipulation of Plants, Oxford University Press, London, 1st Edition, 2003

3. Kirsi Majra., Oksman., Caldentey., Plant Biotechnology and Transgenic Plants, Marcel Dekker,New York, 1st Edition 2002

REFERENCE:

1. Plant genomics: Methods and protocols. Somers DJ, Langridge P, Gustafson JP. 2009 edition,Humana Press

2. Yan Lu and Robert L. Last (2008) Web-Based Arabidopsis Functional and Structural GenomicsResources. The Arabidopsis Book. Rockville, MD: American Society of Plant Biologists.doi:10.1199/tab.0074.1, http://www.aspb.org/publications/Arabidopsis


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PLANT – VIRUS INTERACTIONS

Interactions with viruses and reasons for susceptibility and requirements for virus resistance. RNAviruses: Tobacco mosaic virus and tobacco rattle virus, DNA viruses- Cauliflower mosaic virus, virusreplication and movement, Plant virus vectors for gene silencing.

PLANT – BACTERIA INTERACTIONS

Phytopathogens and overview of bacterial pathogenisis, Agrobacterium crown gall disease, exploitationof tumorigenesis, bacterial secretion systems, gene regulation and quorum sensing, beneficial bacteria,Rhizobium and host interactions, nodulation and nitrogen fixation.

PLANT – FUNGAL INTERACTIONS

Infection Processes- fungi and toxins, fungal elicitors/AVR proteins, Plant disease resistance genes andGenetic engineering for resistance, Induced resistance: Secondary product responses, Genetic control ofhost perception and fungal virulence. Mutualistic fungal symbionts. Ectomycorrhizal andendomycorrhizal fungi. Infection processes. Interactions with host plants and other soil microbes.

PLANT – NEMATODE INTERACTIONS

Nematode types and life cycle, infection on economically important crop plants and its effects.Resistance and control against nematodes.

BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF RESISTANCE

Introduction and the biochemistry of the hypersensitive response, Induced resistance: Protein defenseresponses and systemic responses. Recognition events in induced resistance

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Susan Isaac, Fungal-Plant Interactions, Chapman Hall, 19922. George Agrios, Plant Pathology, Academic Press,2005- Fifth Edition.

REFERENCE:

1. Plant-microbe interactions. Edited by Kamal Bouarab, Normand Brisson and Fouad Daayf. 2009

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SOURCES AND TYPES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES

Sources and types of solid wastes - Quantity - factors affecting generation of solid wastes;characteristics - methods of sampling and characterization; Effects of improper disposal of solid wastes -public health effects. Principle of solid waste management - social & economic aspects; Publicawareness.

ON-SITE STORAGE & PROCESSING

On-site storage methods - materials used for containers - on-site segregation of solid wastes - publichealth & economic aspects of storage - options under Indian conditions - Critical Evaluation of Options.

COLLECTION AND TRANSFER

Methods of Collection - types of vehicles - Manpower requirement - collection routes; transfer stations -selection of location, operation & maintenance; options under Indian conditions.

OFF-SITE PROCESSING

Processing techniques and Equipment; Resource recovery from solid wastes - composting, incineration,Pyrolysis - options under Indian conditions.

DISPOSAL

Dumping of solid waste; sanitary land fills - site selection, design and operation of sanitary landfills -Leachate collection & treatment

TEXT BOOKS:

1. George Tchobanoglous et.al., Integrated Solid Waste Management, McGraw-Hill Publishers,1993

2. B.Bilitewski, G.HardHe, K.Marek, A.Weissbach, and H.Boeddicker, Waste Management,Springer, 1994

REFERENCE:

1. Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban Development,Government of India, New Delhi, 2000

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2. R.E.Landreth and P.A.Rebers, Municipal Solid Wastes - problems and Solutions, LewisPublishers, 1997

3. Bhide A.D. and Sundaresan, B.B., Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries, INSDOC,1993

GENERAL ASPECTS OF VACCINE AND IMMUNITY

History of Vaccine Development -Definition of Vaccine -Evolution of Vaccines ,Innate Immunity;Activation of the Innate Immunity through TLR mediated signaling; Adaptive Immunity; T and B cellsin adaptive immunity; Immune response in infection; Protective immune response in bacterial; Viral andparasitic infections; Correlates of protection

IMMUNE RESPONSE

Vaccination and immune response; Appropriate and inappropriate immune response during infection:CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells; Memory B cells; Generation and Maintenance of memory T and Bcells; Dendritic cells in immune response

VACCINATION

Adjuvants in Vaccination; Induction of Th1 and Th2 responses by using appropriate adjuvants;Microbial, Liposomal and Microparticles as adjuvant; Chemokines and cytokines; Role of solublemediators in vaccination; Oral immunization and mucosalImmunity

VACCINES

Conventional vaccines; Bacterial and viral vaccines; Live attenuated and inactivated vaccine; SubunitVaccines and Toxoids; Peptide Vaccine, Licensed vaccines-Anthrax vaccine-cholera vaccine-combination vaccines-tuberculosis vaccine-Plaque vaccine-activated and inactivated influenza vaccines-mumps vaccines-human papilloma virus-rabies vaccine.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS

Rationally designed Vaccines; DNA Vaccination; Mucosal vaccination; New approaches for vaccinedelivery; Engineering virus vectors for vaccination; Vaccines for specific targets; Tuberculosis Vaccine;Malaria Vaccine; HIV vaccine, Adverse effects of vaccines like pertussis and rubella vaccines.

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Regulatory issues for AIDS vaccines development- consequences of state of vaccine injury- liability lawfor vaccine production.

TEXTBOOK:

1. Vaccines- Stanley A. Plotkin, Walter A. Orenstein, Paul A. Offit- 5th Edition-Published byElsevier Health Sciences, 2008

REFERENCE:

1. AIDS vaccine development: challenges and opportunities - Wayne C. Koff, Patricia Kahn, Ian D.Gust -Published by Horizon Scientific Press, 2007

curriculum and syllabus regulation...

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