current status of larviculture industry in taiwan
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Current Status of Larviculture Industry in Taiwan
Huey-Lang YangInstitute of Biotechnology
National Cheng Kung University
Taiwan
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Major Fish Fry Products in TaiwanMajor Fish Fry Products in Taiwan
• Total fry production value: 35 million USD
– Grouper: 11.9 million USD Milkfish: 4.6 million USD
– Ell: 3.5 million USD (capture) Others: 15 million USD
Others43%
Eel10%
Milkfish13%
Grouper34%
Taiwan Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2003
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Species of fish fingerling produced in Taiwan
By 2001
• Over 92 species of fish fry were produced for domestic use and export.
• Among them are
– 32 species of fresh water finfish species
– 60 marine finfish species
New species are developing by farmer all the time
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Examples of fresh water finfish larvicultured in Taiwan
1986Taiwan shoveljaw carpVaricorhinus barbatulus
1987Kuei-Fa bassSinsiperca chuatsi
1974Hybrid TilapiaO. Niloticus X aureus
1969Fu-so TilapiaO. Mossambicus X O. niloticus
1967Nile tilapiaO. niloticus
1946Mozambique tilapiaO. mossambicus
1975Blue TilapiaOreochromis aureus
1964Rainbow troutOnchorynchus mykiss
1963Bighead carpArisrichthys nobilis
Year of first successCommon nameScientific name
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Examples of marine finfish larvicultured in Taiwan
1996Tiger grouperE. fuscoguttatus
1986Orange-spotted grouperEpinephelus coioides
1998Humpback grouperCromileptes altivelis
1978Milk fishChanos chanos
1994Southern black sea breamArgyrosomus japonica
1980Yellow fin sea breamA. latus
1979Grey fin sea breamA. berda
1979Australian sea breamAcanthopagrusaustralis
1969Grey mullletMugil cephalus
Year of first successCommon nameScientific name
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1997Short dorsal fin pompanosTrachinotus ovatus
1994CobiaRachycentron canadum
1998White-spotted snapperL. stellatus1998Yellow fin snapperL. rivulatus
1998Red snapperLutjanusaregentimaculatus
1983Blue emperorLethrinus nebulosus
1997Large yellow croakerLarimicthys crocea
1987Malabar grouperE. malabaricus
1997Giant grouperE. lanceolatus
Year of first success
Common nameScientific name
From I.C. Liao et al Aquaculture 200 (2001) 1-31
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The fingerling production
Divided into two to three production operations : (grouper as example)
1. First operation: broodstock farm
product: fertilized eggs
2. Second operation: hatchery : from fertilized egg to 1 cm
product: 1 cm larvae
3. Third operation: nursery: from 1 cm to 3 cm and up
product: 3-6 cm fingerling
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Outdoor Culture
• The traditional but still the most common method in Taiwan
• In concrete or earthen pond up to 0.5 ha
• Fast growing and low cost, but unstable harvest highly depending on nature and environmental factors
• Difficult to control diseases, nutrition
• Non-reproducible
• Low quality, and cheaper
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Outdoor pond with air
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Outdoor ponds
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Outdoor concrete tanks
12Outdoor concrete tanks with shades
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Indoor Culture
• Number of indoor hatcheries is increasing, but still in small proportion
• Usually in concrete tanks up to 60 tons of water capacity
• Although indoor culture is high in cost and slow in growth, but its high survival rate in the rearing stage,
• and stable performance in subsequent grow out stage makes fingerlings of indoor culture more popular and higher priced in the market
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Comparison of Indoor & OutdoorLarval Rearing Systems in general
LowHighProduction costGoodPoorFry qualityFastSlowLarval growthEasyPoorFeed supply & water control
UnstableHighSurvival rate>100 tons< 100 tonsWater volume1.0-1.5 m1.0-2.0 mTank/pond depthOutdoorIndoor
Liao, 1996
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Comparison of Comparison of larviculturelarviculture of different speciesof different species
40-5050-6020-25Rearing period (day)
5-10%> 3%30-50%Rate of survival to grow out
Cannibalism,
Need space
Egg quality, Cannibalism, NNV infection
Low priceLimiting factor
EasyDifficultEasyLarvae rearing
Fairly complicatedComplicated, difficult
SimpleLarvae food
SpontaneousSpontaneous & Hormone management
SpontaneousInduction of spawning
EasySpontaneousSpontaneousInduction of maturation
EasyDifficultFairly controllableBroodstock
CobiaGrouperMilk fishCharacters
From I.C. Liao et al Aquaculture 200 (2001) 1-31
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BottleneckBottleneck• Non-reproducible: eg. The success frequency of Grouper
larvae production is less than 3%.
• Poor quality in outdoor farm
• Still depends on starting feeds produced in outdoor ponds, and all contaminated with pathogens
• Most of farm are family operation, produces less than 500 thousands pcs /year
• Frequent disease infection, no good effective prevention treatment or disease monitor system.
Inconsistent supply and unstable quality are major drawbacks to aquaculture
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Current progress of grouper larviculture
• Produce highly disease-resistant, reliable quality SPR or SPT frySPR or SPT fry(specific pathogen resistant or special pathogen tolerant) .
• SPR fry product will facilitate the industrialization of larvicultureand aquaculture
– Higher survival rate in later grow out stage; lower in cost of fry, feed and management
– Better quality control and traceability
– Eliminating the use of antibiotics
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Method: Production of SPR Fingerlings
• SPF (specific pathogen free) environment and standard operation procedures
• Production of pathogen free starting feed
– Constant monitoring of all incoming raw materials of larviculture for potential pathogens, and eliminate pathogen
• Disease Prevention System:
– diagnostics use and vaccination program.
Result: Production of SPR or SPT (Special pathogen resistant, special pathogen tolerant) fingerlings
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Photoincubator-seed algae
Scale up production of algae
21SPF Larva in indoor hatchery
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ReferencesReferences
• Liao, I., Su, H., Chang, E., 2001. Techniques in finfish larviculture in Taiwan. Aquaculture 200 (2001), 1-31.
• Rimmer, M., 1998. Grouper and snapper aquaculture in Taiwan. Austasia Aquaculture Magazine 12(1), 3-7.
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Thank you for your attention