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Current Status of Fresh Fruit Export in Korea

Lee, Seung Koo

Department of Plant Science

Seoul National University

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Population : Population : Population : Population : 47.6447.6447.6447.64 m.m.m.m.

Total area : Total area : Total area : Total area : 9.969.969.969.96 m. ham. ham. ham. ha

Cultivated area: Cultivated area: Cultivated area: Cultivated area: 2.022.022.022.02 m. ham. ham. ham. ha

Horticulture : Horticulture : Horticulture : Horticulture : 0.410.410.410.41 m. ham. ham. ham. ha

Import of grain : Import of grain : Import of grain : Import of grain : 14.714.714.714.7 mtmtmtmt/yr/yr/yr/yr

(Self(Self(Self(Self----sufficiency rate : sufficiency rate : sufficiency rate : sufficiency rate : 30 30 30 30 %)%)%)%)

Current Status of Fresh Fruit Current Status of Fresh Fruit

Export in KoreaExport in Korea

Lee, Seung Koo

Seoul National University

3/40Typical temperate climate with four distinct seasonsTypical temperate climate with four distinct seasonsTypical temperate climate with four distinct seasonsTypical temperate climate with four distinct seasons

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-5-5-5-5

0000

5555

10101010

15151515

20202020

25252525

30303030

JANJANJANJAN FEBFEBFEBFEB MARMARMARMAR APRAPRAPRAPR MAYMAYMAYMAY JUNJUNJUNJUN JULJULJULJUL AUGAUGAUGAUG SEPSEPSEPSEP OCTOCTOCTOCT NOVNOVNOVNOV DECDECDECDEC

0000

100100100100

200200200200

300300300300

400400400400

JANJANJANJAN FEBFEBFEBFEB MARMARMARMAR APRAPRAPRAPR MAYMAYMAYMAY JUNJUNJUNJUN JULJULJULJUL AUGAUGAUGAUG SEPSEPSEPSEP OCTOCTOCTOCT NOVNOVNOVNOV DECDECDECDEC

㎜㎜㎜㎜ Average precipitation, SeoulAverage precipitation, SeoulAverage precipitation, SeoulAverage precipitation, Seoul(1,344mm/year)(1,344mm/year)(1,344mm/year)(1,344mm/year)

2/32/32/32/3 of totalof totalof totalof totalrainfallrainfallrainfallrainfall

℃℃℃℃ Average temperature, SeoulAverage temperature, SeoulAverage temperature, SeoulAverage temperature, SeoulYear Year Year Year aveaveaveave.= 12.2.= 12.2.= 12.2.= 12.2 ℃℃℃℃

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0000

10101010

20202020

30303030

40404040

50505050

1965196519651965 1970197019701970 1980198019801980 1990199019901990 2000200020002000

millionmillionmillionmillion

0000

20202020

40404040

60606060

80808080

100100100100

120120120120

140140140140

160160160160

'80'80'80'80 '90'90'90'90 '95'95'95'95 '99'99'99'99

Colored TVColored TVColored TVColored TV

RefrigeratorRefrigeratorRefrigeratorRefrigerator

TelephoneTelephoneTelephoneTelephone

Washing Washing Washing Washing mermermermer

AutomobileAutomobileAutomobileAutomobile

Mobile phoneMobile phoneMobile phoneMobile phone

ComputerComputerComputerComputer

High living standard in rural areaHigh living standard in rural areaHigh living standard in rural areaHigh living standard in rural area

Total Total Total Total popupopupopupopu....

Farm Farm Farm Farm popupopupopupopu....

10 million farmers10 million farmers10 million farmers10 million farmersmoved to citiesmoved to citiesmoved to citiesmoved to cities

0000

10101010

20202020

30303030

40404040

50505050

60606060

1965196519651965 1970197019701970 1980198019801980 1990199019901990 1999199919991999

%%%% Rural being aged rapidlyRural being aged rapidlyRural being aged rapidlyRural being aged rapidly

Under 19 yrUnder 19 yrUnder 19 yrUnder 19 yr

Over 50 yrOver 50 yrOver 50 yrOver 50 yr

Drastic changes happened in Korean rural societyDrastic changes happened in Korean rural societyDrastic changes happened in Korean rural societyDrastic changes happened in Korean rural society

RuralRuralRuralRural exodusexodusexodusexodus

JapanJapanJapanJapan31 31 31 31 yrsyrsyrsyrs

NetherlandsNetherlandsNetherlandsNetherlands95 95 95 95 yrsyrsyrsyrs

1850185018501850 1900190019001900 1950195019501950 2000200020002000

Number of years during which farm employees wereNumber of years during which farm employees wereNumber of years during which farm employees wereNumber of years during which farm employees were

reduced to 16% from 40% of total work forcesreduced to 16% from 40% of total work forcesreduced to 16% from 40% of total work forcesreduced to 16% from 40% of total work forces

50505050

40404040

20202020

10101010

%%%% KoreaKoreaKoreaKorea14 14 14 14 yrsyrsyrsyrs

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Our farmersOur farmersOur farmersOur farmers

are stillare stillare stillare still

poor, poor, poor, poor,

eveneveneveneven

poorerpoorerpoorerpoorer

RiceRiceRiceRice

ProductivityProductivityProductivityProductivity

= = = = 5t/ha 5t/ha 5t/ha 5t/ha ====

The highestThe highestThe highestThe highest

Rice price,Rice price,Rice price,Rice price,

5555----9 9 9 9 timestimestimestimes

HigherHigherHigherHigher

The highestThe highestThe highestThe highest

XXXX ====

Because our farm size is Because our farm size is Because our farm size is Because our farm size is too smalltoo smalltoo smalltoo small

((((1.39ha/household, 20021.39ha/household, 20021.39ha/household, 20021.39ha/household, 2002))))

The most serious The most serious The most serious The most serious problem problem problem problem faced in Korean agriculturefaced in Korean agriculturefaced in Korean agriculturefaced in Korean agriculture

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0%0%0%0%

20%20%20%20%

40%40%40%40%

60%60%60%60%

80%80%80%80%

100%100%100%100%

'65'65'65'65 '70'70'70'70 '75'75'75'75 '80'80'80'80 '85'85'85'85 '90'90'90'90 '95'95'95'95 '00'00'00'00

The horticulture industry has becomeThe horticulture industry has becomeThe horticulture industry has becomeThe horticulture industry has becomeincreasingly important in Korea increasingly important in Korea increasingly important in Korea increasingly important in Korea

RiceRiceRiceRice

OthersOthersOthersOthers

AnimalsAnimalsAnimalsAnimals

58585858 40404040

3333

6666

31313131 13131313

HorticultureHorticultureHorticultureHorticulture8888 41414141

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TotalTotalTotalTotal$ 11.5 billion$ 11.5 billion$ 11.5 billion$ 11.5 billion

2004200420042004

VegetablesVegetablesVegetablesVegetables$7.7 b.$7.7 b.$7.7 b.$7.7 b.

66 %66 %66 %66 %FruitsFruitsFruitsFruits

$2.9 b.$2.9 b.$2.9 b.$2.9 b.

26 %26 %26 %26 %

OrnamentalsOrnamentalsOrnamentalsOrnamentals$ 0.9 b.$ 0.9 b.$ 0.9 b.$ 0.9 b.

8%8%8%8%

Production value of Horticultural CropsProduction value of Horticultural CropsProduction value of Horticultural CropsProduction value of Horticultural Cropsin Korea, 2004in Korea, 2004in Korea, 2004in Korea, 2004

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KimchiKimchiKimchiKimchi: major usage for vegetables in Korea,: major usage for vegetables in Korea,: major usage for vegetables in Korea,: major usage for vegetables in Korea,

More than 200 different kinds of Kimchi available,More than 200 different kinds of Kimchi available,More than 200 different kinds of Kimchi available,More than 200 different kinds of Kimchi available,

No Kimchi, No KoreanNo Kimchi, No KoreanNo Kimchi, No KoreanNo Kimchi, No Korean

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4444thththth

2222ndndndnd

7777thththth

3333rdrdrdrd1111stststst

10101010thththth

5555thththth6666thththth

8888thththth 9999thththth

The product value The product value The product value The product value ($ million)($ million)($ million)($ million) and their market sharesand their market sharesand their market sharesand their market sharesof ten major vegetables in Koreaof ten major vegetables in Koreaof ten major vegetables in Koreaof ten major vegetables in Korea

(These(These(These(These 10101010 crops formed crops formed crops formed crops formed 80%80%80%80% of the total)of the total)of the total)of the total)

$ $ $ $ 438 438 438 438 M. (M. (M. (M. (8888%) %) %) %) $ $ $ $ 455 455 455 455 M. (M. (M. (M. (8888%)%)%)%)$ $ $ $ 457 457 457 457 M. (M. (M. (M. (8888%) %) %) %)

$ $ $ $ 343343343343 M. (M. (M. (M. (6666%)%)%)%) $ $ $ $ 320 320 320 320 M. (M. (M. (M. (6666%)%)%)%) $ $ $ $ 239 239 239 239 M. (M. (M. (M. (4444%) %) %) %) $$$$237 237 237 237 M.(M.(M.(M.(4444%)%)%)%)

$$$$1,130 1,130 1,130 1,130 M. (M. (M. (M. (20202020%)%)%)%) $ $ $ $ 478 478 478 478 M. (M. (M. (M. (9999%) %) %) %) $ $ $ $ 477 477 477 477 M. (M. (M. (M. (9999%) %) %) %)

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Major fruits in Korea (2004)Major fruits in Korea (2004)Major fruits in Korea (2004)Major fruits in Korea (2004)

1st1st1st1st 2nd2nd2nd2nd 3rd3rd3rd3rd

6th6th6th6th4th4th4th4th 5th5th5th5th

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A view of protected vegetables growing area from an airplane

0000

30000300003000030000

60000600006000060000

90000900009000090000

120000120000120000120000

'70'70'70'70 '75'75'75'75 '80'80'80'80 '85'85'85'85 '90'90'90'90 '95'95'95'95 '00'00'00'00 '01'01'01'01 '02'02'02'02

hahahaha

Changes in protected areaChanges in protected areaChanges in protected areaChanges in protected area

13/40Super-high tech for pepper production

(fully automated glasshouse)

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Table 1. Fruit production in Korea. (103 M/T)

2,4102,5002,4282,153Total

78716673Etc

72575139Plum

200187170151Peach

299281287260Persimmon

357433488459Apple

368422475397Grape

452386324259Pear

584642563511Citrus

2004200220001998

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citrus

pear

grape

persimmon

apple

peach

plum etc....

total

2410

Fig. 2. Fruit production (103M/T) in 2004.

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Table 2. Export value of horticultural crops from Korea. (M US$)

355210283278262Total

4945323230Flowers

8671825645Fruits

230194169190187Vegetables

20042003200220012000

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Table 3. Export value of fruits from Korea. (M US$)

5.63.62.34.64.4Persimmon

3.45.64.35.74.9Citrus

7.85.27.714.23.0Apple

56.135.230.134.119.6Pear

20052004200320022001

18/40Oriental pearsOriental pearsOriental pearsOriental pears

‘NiitakaNiitakaNiitakaNiitaka’::::79% of oriental pear production 79% of oriental pear production 79% of oriental pear production 79% of oriental pear production crisp in texture crisp in texture crisp in texture crisp in texture good to eat as soon as harvestedgood to eat as soon as harvestedgood to eat as soon as harvestedgood to eat as soon as harvestedlarge and round to slightly flattenlarge and round to slightly flattenlarge and round to slightly flattenlarge and round to slightly flatten

bronzebronzebronzebronze----russet skinrusset skinrusset skinrusset skin

19/40ApplesApplesApplesApples

‘FujiFujiFujiFuji’::::80% of apple production 80% of apple production 80% of apple production 80% of apple production late season cultivarlate season cultivarlate season cultivarlate season cultivarlarge, high sugar, firm flesh texturelarge, high sugar, firm flesh texturelarge, high sugar, firm flesh texturelarge, high sugar, firm flesh textureyellowyellowyellowyellow----green with red highlightsgreen with red highlightsgreen with red highlightsgreen with red highlightsexcellent for eating freshexcellent for eating freshexcellent for eating freshexcellent for eating freshgood balance of high sugar and organic acidgood balance of high sugar and organic acidgood balance of high sugar and organic acidgood balance of high sugar and organic acidvery long storage life very long storage life very long storage life very long storage life

20/40CitrusCitrusCitrusCitrus

‘Satsuma MandarinSatsuma MandarinSatsuma MandarinSatsuma Mandarin’::::98% of citrus production98% of citrus production98% of citrus production98% of citrus productionvery tolerant to cold weathervery tolerant to cold weathervery tolerant to cold weathervery tolerant to cold weathersweet, seedless fruit with delicate sweet, seedless fruit with delicate sweet, seedless fruit with delicate sweet, seedless fruit with delicate flavorflavorflavorflavorRind is loose and can easily be removed.Rind is loose and can easily be removed.Rind is loose and can easily be removed.Rind is loose and can easily be removed.

21/40PersimmonsPersimmonsPersimmonsPersimmons

sweet persimmon and astringent persimmonsweet persimmon and astringent persimmonsweet persimmon and astringent persimmonsweet persimmon and astringent persimmon

''''FuyuFuyuFuyuFuyu’: : : : 82% of sweet persimmon production82% of sweet persimmon production82% of sweet persimmon production82% of sweet persimmon productionExcellent Excellent Excellent Excellent flavorflavorflavorflavor for eatingfor eatingfor eatingfor eating

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Postharvest research in Korea

1950’s: no postharvest research

1960’s: common stores with clay bricks (apple, pear)

MA storage with PVC film (persimmon, vegetables)

1970’s: MA storage

storage for national security

pretreatment technology

some postharvest physiology (respiration)

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1980’s: low cost storage

standard fruit store

packaging and filler

cold storage

1990’s: postharvest technology for globalization

cold-chain system

packaging with functional films

CA storage with nitrogen generator

2000’s: well-being era

nutritional quality

phytonutrients

convenient food

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26/40

27/40

28/40

normalnormalnormalnormalblackeningblackeningblackeningblackening

29/40

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C

AA

B

31/40

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AAAA BBBB

CCCC DDDD

AAAA BBBB

CCCC DDDD

Fig. 35. Scanning electron micrographs of the conidial shapes

and acervulus of Gloeodes pomigena isolated from black stain

Niitaka pear fruit skin. A, Colony separated from black stain

pear fruit skin(×1k); B, Colony separated from black stain

pear fruit skin(×20k); C, Cultured colony separated from

black stain pear fruit skin(×1k); D, Cultured colony separated

from black stain pear fruit skin(×20k).

33/40

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100µµµµm

P (EC)

CC

H

SC

Fig. 20. Anatomical structure of skin tissue on Niitaka pear

fruit showing initiating and terminating portion of the

peeling-off disorder. CC, cork cell; H, hypodermis;

P(EC), phellogen (elongated cell).

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Agricultural & Fishery Marketing Corporation (AFMC)Agricultural & Fishery Marketing Corporation (AFMC)Agricultural & Fishery Marketing Corporation (AFMC)Agricultural & Fishery Marketing Corporation (AFMC)

in charge of exports and imports of agricultural products in Korin charge of exports and imports of agricultural products in Korin charge of exports and imports of agricultural products in Korin charge of exports and imports of agricultural products in Koreaeaeaea

main duty:main duty:main duty:main duty:collection of agricultural and fishery trade informationcollection of agricultural and fishery trade informationcollection of agricultural and fishery trade informationcollection of agricultural and fishery trade informationpromotion of sales, and public relations development in overseaspromotion of sales, and public relations development in overseaspromotion of sales, and public relations development in overseaspromotion of sales, and public relations development in overseas marketsmarketsmarketsmarketsparticipate in major international exhibitionsparticipate in major international exhibitionsparticipate in major international exhibitionsparticipate in major international exhibitionsoperate Korean food exhibitions and overseas exhibitionsoperate Korean food exhibitions and overseas exhibitionsoperate Korean food exhibitions and overseas exhibitionsoperate Korean food exhibitions and overseas exhibitionsinstall export public relations in partner tradinginstall export public relations in partner tradinginstall export public relations in partner tradinginstall export public relations in partner trading countriescountriescountriescountries

operate financial assistance programs:operate financial assistance programs:operate financial assistance programs:operate financial assistance programs:wholesale market construction loanswholesale market construction loanswholesale market construction loanswholesale market construction loansadvanced payment loansadvanced payment loansadvanced payment loansadvanced payment loansshipping promotion loansshipping promotion loansshipping promotion loansshipping promotion loans

Overseas offices:Overseas offices:Overseas offices:Overseas offices:Japan (Tokyo, Osaka), Netherlands (Rotterdam), U.S.A. (New YJapan (Tokyo, Osaka), Netherlands (Rotterdam), U.S.A. (New YJapan (Tokyo, Osaka), Netherlands (Rotterdam), U.S.A. (New YJapan (Tokyo, Osaka), Netherlands (Rotterdam), U.S.A. (New York, LA)ork, LA)ork, LA)ork, LA)RussiaRussiaRussiaRussia (Moscow), Singapore, and China (Beijing, Shanghai)(Moscow), Singapore, and China (Beijing, Shanghai)(Moscow), Singapore, and China (Beijing, Shanghai)(Moscow), Singapore, and China (Beijing, Shanghai)

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Recommendations:Recommendations:Recommendations:Recommendations:

LaborLaborLaborLabor----saving technologiessaving technologiessaving technologiessaving technologies should be developed for improving price should be developed for improving price should be developed for improving price should be developed for improving price competitiveness. competitiveness. competitiveness. competitiveness.

Restructuring of fruit production and marketing systemsRestructuring of fruit production and marketing systemsRestructuring of fruit production and marketing systemsRestructuring of fruit production and marketing systems are are are are needed to reduce production needed to reduce production needed to reduce production needed to reduce production cost.cost.cost.cost.

It is essential to develop the It is essential to develop the It is essential to develop the It is essential to develop the modernized systems for postharvest modernized systems for postharvest modernized systems for postharvest modernized systems for postharvest operationsoperationsoperationsoperations....

Improving the Improving the Improving the Improving the brand valuesbrand valuesbrand valuesbrand values of Korean fruits into the overseasof Korean fruits into the overseasof Korean fruits into the overseasof Korean fruits into the overseas’ markets is markets is markets is markets is

also important. also important. also important. also important.

Systematic Systematic Systematic Systematic export promotionexport promotionexport promotionexport promotion programs should be implemented.programs should be implemented.programs should be implemented.programs should be implemented.

DDDDevelopmentevelopmentevelopmentevelopment of of of of new varietiesnew varietiesnew varietiesnew varieties is needed through new biotechnology is needed through new biotechnology is needed through new biotechnology is needed through new biotechnology technique.technique.technique.technique.

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Hwang, H.S. 1999. Analysis of pear breeding approach in the 21stHwang, H.S. 1999. Analysis of pear breeding approach in the 21stHwang, H.S. 1999. Analysis of pear breeding approach in the 21stHwang, H.S. 1999. Analysis of pear breeding approach in the 21st centrycentrycentrycentry in Korea. in Korea. in Korea. in Korea. J. Fruit Breeding Res. 3:19J. Fruit Breeding Res. 3:19J. Fruit Breeding Res. 3:19J. Fruit Breeding Res. 3:19----29.29.29.29.

Kang, S.J. and I.K. Yoon. 2004. Trend of Korean fruit industry aKang, S.J. and I.K. Yoon. 2004. Trend of Korean fruit industry aKang, S.J. and I.K. Yoon. 2004. Trend of Korean fruit industry aKang, S.J. and I.K. Yoon. 2004. Trend of Korean fruit industry and allotment of nd allotment of nd allotment of nd allotment of research organizations for efficient increment, p 37research organizations for efficient increment, p 37research organizations for efficient increment, p 37research organizations for efficient increment, p 37----59. In: Workshop for the ability 59. In: Workshop for the ability 59. In: Workshop for the ability 59. In: Workshop for the ability increment in the fruit tree research area. National Horticulturaincrement in the fruit tree research area. National Horticulturaincrement in the fruit tree research area. National Horticulturaincrement in the fruit tree research area. National Horticultural Research Institute.l Research Institute.l Research Institute.l Research Institute.

Kim, Y. K., H. S. Park, and J. H. Kim. 1994. A consideration on Kim, Y. K., H. S. Park, and J. H. Kim. 1994. A consideration on Kim, Y. K., H. S. Park, and J. H. Kim. 1994. A consideration on Kim, Y. K., H. S. Park, and J. H. Kim. 1994. A consideration on the past, present the past, present the past, present the past, present and future of the fruit industry in the Republic of Korea. J. and future of the fruit industry in the Republic of Korea. J. and future of the fruit industry in the Republic of Korea. J. and future of the fruit industry in the Republic of Korea. J. KorKorKorKor. Soc. . Soc. . Soc. . Soc. HortHortHortHort. . . . SciSciSciSci. . . . 35(Supplement):16135(Supplement):16135(Supplement):16135(Supplement):161----179. 179. 179. 179.

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Lee, J.C. and Y.S. Hwang. 2002. Prospects for oriental pear induLee, J.C. and Y.S. Hwang. 2002. Prospects for oriental pear induLee, J.C. and Y.S. Hwang. 2002. Prospects for oriental pear induLee, J.C. and Y.S. Hwang. 2002. Prospects for oriental pear industry and research stry and research stry and research stry and research trends in Korea. trends in Korea. trends in Korea. trends in Korea. ActaActaActaActa HortHortHortHort. 587:81. 587:81. 587:81. 587:81----88.88.88.88.

Lee, J.O. and S.S. Lim. 1999. Agriculture in Korea. Korea Rural Lee, J.O. and S.S. Lim. 1999. Agriculture in Korea. Korea Rural Lee, J.O. and S.S. Lim. 1999. Agriculture in Korea. Korea Rural Lee, J.O. and S.S. Lim. 1999. Agriculture in Korea. Korea Rural Economic Institute.Economic Institute.Economic Institute.Economic Institute.Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Korea. 2005. AgriculturaMinistry of Agriculture and Forestry in Korea. 2005. AgriculturaMinistry of Agriculture and Forestry in Korea. 2005. AgriculturaMinistry of Agriculture and Forestry in Korea. 2005. Agricultural and forestry l and forestry l and forestry l and forestry statistical yearbook.statistical yearbook.statistical yearbook.statistical yearbook.

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Welcome to Korea

A view of Korea

from satellite

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