Department of State for Agriculture Department of Livestock Services Abuko The Gambia Tel{(220) 390820 / 391576 Fax: (220) 397575 E. mail: dls@gamtel.gm

CURRENT STATUS OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES

Contribution to the State of the World Animal Genetic Resources

COUNTRY REPORT January, 2003

List of abbreviations AnGR Animal Genetic Resources ANR Agriculture and Natural Resources CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CGRFA Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture CRDN Central River Division North CRDS Central River Division South FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product ILRI International livestock Research Institute ITC International Trypanotolerance Centre KMC Kanifing Municipal Council LRD Lower River Division Mm Millimeter Mt Metric ton NARS National Agricultural Research System NBD North Bank Division ONBS Open Nucleus Breeding Scheme PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Sq.Km Square kilometer URD Upper River Division

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Table of content Introduction 4 PART 1. Status of genetic resources in the livestock population 6 1. Overview of production systems and related

Biological diversity 6 2. Assessment of the state of conservation of livestock

Biological diversity 9 3. Phenotypic characterization of trypanotolerant breeds 10

4. The state of utilization of AnGR 12 PART 2. Changing demand on livestock production And the implications for future policies 15 1. The policy environment 15 2. The changing demand and the implications for future policy 16 PART 3. State of national capacities and assessment of Future capacity building requirements 18 PART 4. National priorities for conservation and utilization of AnGR 20 PART 5. Recommendations for enhanced international Cooperation 24

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INTRODUCTION The Gambia has 15-degre longitudes at equal distance from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It has an area of 11,000 sq.km. and is bounded by Senegal to the north, south and east and by the Atlantic ocean to the west. The country is bisected by the river Gambia, forming the north and south banks. The climate is of the sudano-sahelian type characterised by a long dry season from October to early June and a short rainy season from mid June to early October. Rainfall ranges from 800mm in the eastern part to 1700mm in the western part of the country.. Temperature ranges from 14 to 40 degrees Celsius. Drought has affected rainfall resulting in erratic and unexpected rains. This has had adverse effects on the economy which heavily depends on rain-fed agriculture. The natural vegetation type is Guinea savanna woodland in the West and this changes into typical open Sudan savanna towards the eastern part of the country The population is about 1.3 million with a growth rate of 4.2 percent per annum. With a density of 114 inhabitants per sq.km., Gambia has one of the highest population density in Africa. Forty percent of the population live in the urban centres with an annual urban growth of 6% compared to 1.3% in the rural areas. The Agricultural sector employs 70% of the labour force of which 2/3 are women. The sector contributes 39% to the GDP. The main cash products are groundnut, livestock, horticulture, cotton, sesame and fisheries., while subsistence crops are millet, sorghum, maize and rice. More than 95% of the domestic export earnings is realised from the agricultural sector. The livestock sub-sector contributes approximately 30% of the agricultural GDP. This contribution is becoming more and more important because of an increased integration of livestock into agriculture Genetic resources are among the most valuable and strategically important assets that a country possesses. Many countries have indigenous animal species and breeds that could potentially contribute far more to food and agriculture production than they are currently contributing in order to meet much wider human needs. . It is estimated that about one third of the world's recognized 5000 livestock and poultry breeds are endangered and that breeds become extinct at the rate of one per week. Nevertheless, the subject has received much less attention than plant genetic diversity and hardly any awareness appears to exist about the problem of animal genetic resource erosion

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The FAO and its intergovernmental commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture (CGRFA) which has 161 members and is the major international forum for developing policies on genetic resources for food and agriculture has requested the preparation, through a country-driven process, of the first report on the state of the world animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. This report will provide a foundation for setting country, regional and global priorities and assistance in maintaining and enhancing the contribution of animal genetic resources (AnGR) to food and agriculture. The ultimate objective of this exercise is to develop national and international co-operation to achieve the sustainable intensification of livestock production systems. This will be achieved through the wise use and development of locally adapted AnGR whilst taking into consideration the constraints and opportunities created by growing demands on the livestock sector and by changing climate, disease status and technologies.

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PART1: STATUS OF GENETIC RESOURCES IN THE LIVESTOCK SUB-SECTOR.

1. Overview of animal production systems and related biological diversity

1.1. Livestock population

Livestock Populations ( in ‘000) Species 19911 1993/942 20013 20024

Cattle 340 279 364 323 Sheep 167 116 146 129 Goats 191 214 241 228 Oxen NA 17 17 17 Horses 17 18 18 18 Donkeys 43 33 33 33 Pigs NA NA NA 8 Chickens 550 NA 858 858 1 Livestock Sector Review, 1991 2 Livestock Census 3 DLS Projections 4The National Agricultural Census, Department of Planning, 2001/02 Livestock Populations by Division (in’000) Species KMC WD NBD LRD CRD/S CRD/N URD TOTAL % % % % % % % Cattle 2 .06 60 18.6 53 16.4 47 14.6 40 12.4 58 18.0 64 19.8 323 Sheep 5 3.4 20 15.5 15 11.6 19 14.7 23 17.8 19 14.7 27 20.1 129 Goats 2 0.9 51 22.4 41 18 37 16.2 31 13.6 32 14.0 228 Oxen NA 4 23.5 8 47.1 06 3.5 4 23.5 04 2.4 17 Horses NA 4 11.8 5 14.7 4 11.8 10 29.4 11 32.4 34 Donkeys NA 4 9.5 7 16.7 4 9.5 15

35.7 12 28.6 42 Pigs 09 7 - - - - - 8 Chicken 12 2.0 189 32.3 122 20.8 85 14.5 62 10.6 65 11.1 51 8.7 586 Source: The National Agricultural Census, Department of Planning, 2001/02 Herd sizes range from 35 to over 100 cattle Women own 20 to 30% of cattle in the herd

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Women own 35% of the sheep and 63% of the goats

1.2. Production systems

1.2.1. Cattle

A) The extensive system It has an agro-pastoral base with mixed farming based on rain-fed crop and livestock production. There is a periodic transhumance in search for pasture and/or water during the dry season. Transhumance during the rainy season is due to the scarcity of grazing land as a result of an expansion of the area used for crop production, which is the manifestation of an exponential population increase coupled with a decline in soil fertility..

B) The semi-intensive system Animals are supplemented with crop residues and agro-industrial by-products for an increased production of meat, milk manure and draught power. The animals are selectively taken care of within the herd in Fula communities while they are kept at home in Wolof communities.

C) The intensive system This system is found in peri-urban areas and consists of a cross breeding scheme N’Dama X Jersey. The objective is to produce F1 milking cows for peri-urban dairy production..

1.2.2. Small ruminants

A) Extensive system The animals roam the villages freely grazing on any available herbage and scavenging on domestic wastes. During the wet season, animals are tethered or confined in enclosures both at night and during the day to prevent crop damage. The animals are not housed during the dry season and are found all over the village. Breeding is not controlled and mortality rates are relatively high.

B) Compound herding system Animals are supplemented with crop residues and kitchen wastes during the dry season. They graze under the supervision of children or a hired stockman during the rainy season. Housing is provided but breeding is not controlled.

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C) Intensive system Animals are fattened with crop residues and agro\industrial by-products. They are mainly destined for the Tobaski.

Productivity of Djallonke Sheep and West African Dwarf Goat under village system in The Gambia

Parameter Djallonke Sheep West African Dwarf Goat Age at first parturition (months) 18-24 18-24 Parturition interval (days) 338 338 Birth weight (kg) 1.4 1.2 Weight at 150 days (kg) 10.2 10.2 Mortality 0-1 year (%) 18 18 Fecundity rate (%) 108 126 Litter size (%) 115 130 Adult weight (kg) 25.2 24.5 Adult mortality (%) 13 7 Productivity female / year (kg) 12.2 10.9 Agyemang (1990).

1.2.3. Poultry

A) Free range and backyard systems The free-range system is scavenging, no housing and zero management. The backyard system has some type of housing provided as well as management and some family labour provided. Birds are allowed to scavenge agricultural by-products, household wastes, seek for water and also scavenge for greens.. No significant income is realized. They are usually kept for occasional home consumption and social occasion.

B) Improved backyard system Housing is provided as well as supplementary feeding and veterinary care. Some income is realised. There is an attempt to improve the genetic potential of the local chicken through the introduction of exotic cocks.

C) Intensive system These are peri-urban broiler and egg production schemes. Day-old chicks as well as feed are imported from Senegal. This makes the production cost exorbitant rendering the final product uncompetitive vis-avis the imported ones.

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2. Assessment of the state of conservation of livestock biological

diversity

SPECIES BREED CONSERVATION IN SITU

CONSERVATION EX SITU

CONSTRAINTS

Cattle Ndama Pure breeding programme

Semen bank Economic justification of conserving the

Ndama in tse tse free areas

Zebu Susceptibility to tryps

Djakore Jersey Semen bank Susceptibility to

tryps and feeding Sheep Djallonke ONBS Economic

justification of conserving the

Djallonke in tse tse free areas

Sahelian Susceptibility to diseases

Balibali Susceptibility to diseases

Goat WAD ONBS Sahelian

goat

Irish goat Chicken 9 indigenous

breeds

Rhod island red

Hubbard Hiline Star cross

Duck Muscovy Guinea fowl Pearl

White Lavender

Turkey Black Black with

white stripes

Pigs Rabbits Horses

Donkeys Camels

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3. Phenotypic characterization of trypanotolerant breeds

The Gambian N’Dama origin: locally derived breed status: national size: miniature purpose: dairy-work-beef

By the turn of the last century the N'Dama had entered Gambia, where it has become the most important breed, making up 90% of the National herd in 1980. In Gambia, however, as in the adjoining parts of Senegal and in south-western Mali, the N'Dama is influenced to a certain extent by the Fulani Zebu, thus changing the original type. Still the Gambian N'Dama is classified as a N'Dama variety. Numbers are estimated at over 300,000 head, and spread all over the country.

The Gambian type N'Dama is also raised in Senegal, especially in upper Casamanca and Velingara.

The Gambian N'Dama is less compact than the Guinean N'Dama. Cows weigh 220-255 kg; bulls weigh 310 kg on average. The horns are longer and finer as in the Guinean N'Dama and the colour is white, with or without speckles, or pale fawn. In Gambia the cattle are herded by Fulani, but young stock, and sometimes also adults, remain tied up all day without food or water. As a result the Gambian N'Dama is late maturing. In the wet season bullocks are used intensively in agriculture for a period of three months. The Djallonke sheep The Djallonke sheep is small (40-60cm); the male has an average weight of 25-30 kg and the female 20-25kg. The Djallonke has a strong and broad head, a flat forehead, a wide muzzle and a profile strongly bulging in male. The eyes are not prominent. Horns are usually present in males and usually absent in females. They are fully well developed in males, wide at the base, curving backwards, outwards and then forwards, maximum curvature usually one and spirals. The horns are short and fine when present in females. The ears are short (10cm), narrow and usually pendent or semi-pendent. The neck is long and fine. The chest is fairly deep. The chest circumference 20% greater than withers height. The withers are higher than tail-head but less pronounced than in sahelian sheep. The back is long in relation to the height, usually dished. The croup is poorly developed. The legs are short. The tail is descending to the hocks; fairly tick at the base but very fine at the

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distant end. The tail is approximately 25cm in length. The coulour is usually white or black and white. The hair is short and stiff but males usually have a heavy mane and apron of long hair sometimes extending backwards along the rib cage. The West African Dwarf Goat It is markedly dwarf (30-50cm). The male weigh 20-25kg and the female 18-22kg. It has strong head and bulging forehead. The profile is straight or slightly dished. The muzzle is narrow; the lower jaw is slightly longer than the upper. The horns curl outwards and backwards in males and fairly strong; they are light, sharp and pointing upwards and backwards in females. Ears are short to medium length, narrow and carried horizontally. Toggles are present occasionally in both sexes. Males are normally bearded and with a weak mane; female occasionally have beards. The neck is strong and fairly long. The chest is broad and deep, girth much greater than height (60-70cm). The back is straight and long. The croup is well developed. The legs are extremely short. The udder is short but usually well developed. The color is usually dark-brown with black points.

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4. The state of utilization of the farm animal genetic resources

4.1. Cattle Meat production Slaughter figures (by species) January 2001 to June 2002

Month Cattle Sheep Goats

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

Jan 2580 1385 1195 2738 612 2126 3091 1119 1972

Feb 2865 1754 1111 2027 633 1394 5016 1818 3198

Mar 1422 938 484 361 121 240 2005 896 1109

April 2680 2137 543 1673 421 1252 3764 1203 2561

May 4690 2645 2045 1552 390 1162 3360 1499 1861

June 2257 437 1818 872 199 673 2963 855 2108

July 1661 1163 498 1049 291 758 3439 1393 2046

August 2394 1401 993 971 241 730 2538 980 1558

Sept 1595 778 817 347 213 134 1704 634 1070

Oct 2593 1740 853 795 279 516 2295 813 1482

Nov 1820 1343 477 713 440 273 1004 384 620

Dec 1715 1490 225 1238 440 798 1303 569 734

Jan 1423 1196 227 244 81 163 1042 372 670

Feb 1183 1029 154 204 66 138 929 397 532

Mar 1837 1377 460 337 117 220 1681 649 1032

April 1639 1085 554 864 212 652 1515 579 936

May 1270 966 304 536 86 450 833 202 631

June 1348 720 628 469 71 398 1520 401 1119

Total 36970 23584 13386 16990 4913 12077 40002 14763 25239 There is an annual slaughter of 61.000 heads out of which 24,000 constitute a net influx from Senegal.. Meat import figures show that 317 tons of beef and veal

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were imported which is equivalent to more than 2000 heads of N’Dama cattle. The national average beef consumption is about 5 kg per person per annum. Pure breeding N'Dama cattle, Djallonke sheep and West African Dwarf goats The overall purpose of the genetic improvement programme at ITC and in its mandate countries is to increase animal output per head among trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle, Djallonke sheep and West African Dwarf goats while retaining their resistance to diseases. The improvement schemes are designed as a three-tier scheme: nucleus – multiplier – village production /farmer. Breeding goals have been set to increase milk and meat production for cattle and goats, and to increase meat production in sheep. Statistical methodologies are used, and selection is based on a model, which includes all available information of relatives and considers all (measurable) environmental factors. The breeding programme tailored to involve stakeholders participation, including the definition of breeding goals, uses simple infrastructure and logistics which is deemed inexpensive for implementation by NARS. The Gambia, the breeding stock is at any time about 400 adult females and 5 breeding males. About 200 calves are located at ITC's station Keneba and 450 young animals are located at Bansang in a high tsetse challenge area. Selection of males and females is based on total breeding value being the sum of breeding value for daily weight gain and breeding value for milk yield. Each of the sheep and goats breeding flocks is made up of about 200 breeding females, six breeding males and 200 suckling and young animals. The cattle breeding programme is complemented by an annual screening of village cows with respect to milk yield. For both cattle and small ruminants, village multiplication herds and flocks have been established to receive breeding males from the nucleus and to sell rams, bucks and bulls to village producers. Animal traction Animal power is used on 73.4% of crop fields in the Gambia. The animals used are horses (used in 36% of crop fields using animal traction), cattle (33%), donkeys (30%) and mules (1%). Dairy industry Average milk off-take for human consumption from a N’Dama cow is estimated at about 1.2 litres per day per animal. With a calving rate of 54% about 174,420 cows will be lactating at any one time. The potential milk available is therefore estimated at 209,304 litres, but only about 40% (83,000 litres) is potentially available for sale. The Gambia imports about 14, 000 MT of dairy products on a yearly basis. There is need to increase domestic production in order to reduce imports.

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The demand for meat and milk is expected to double by 2020, principally due to population growth and urbanisation. If the anticipated demand for livestock products has to be met, this will have to come from increased productivity of individual animals rather than from expansion of animal numbers that could not be accommodated by the resource base. The genetic improvement of these livestock represents one of the most sustainable methods of increasing productivity and efficiency of production. For low-input livestock production systems that are predominant in tsetse-infested areas in West Africa, trypanotolerant livestock offer a viable option for bridging the gap between demand and supply. Recent changes in macro economic policies of countries in the region have created new opportunities for profitable domestic dairy production, especially in urban and peri-urban centres where rising effective demand and reduced disease risk justify crossbreeding of indigenous ruminants with exotic dairy breeds.

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PART 2. CHANGING DEMAND ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMMES

1. The policy environment

The primary policy objective of the sub-sector, as spelt out in the Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR) medium term (1998 to 2002) policy document (which is currently being reviewed), is to increase the production and productivity of the country’s livestock resource in a sustainable manner. The key objectives for the livestock sub-sector include increasing output to ensure food security, income generation, employment creation, diversification of the production base, ensure a balance between livestock and the environment, integrate crop and livestock production systems so as to reduce environmental degradation and improve soil fertility, and provide linkages between ANR and other sectors in the economy. The conservation and utilization of trypanotolerant breeds of livestock – the Ndama, Djallonke sheep and West African Dwarf goats - is one of the key strategies that have been put in place to achieve the livestock sub-sector objectives. Other strategies include improving the traditional production systems and the developing of a modern sector, promoting the rational and sustainable use of natural resources through community participation, and putting in place an effective animal disease monitoring and control system. The ANR policies and strategies will contribute to the holistic framework provided by the Gambia’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for eradicating poverty through multi-sectoral interventions enabling people to improve their livelihoods in a sustainable manner. The ANR strategy will itself be a broad-based approach to enhance the productive capacity and social protection of the poor and vulnerable. The ANR strategy will aim to increase the incomes of the poor by raising farm productivity, diversifying the farm household production and marketing mix, increasing the share of household production which is marketed, and creating on-farm and off-farm employment. The poverty focus of the ANR strategy will be strengthened by taking account of poor people’s perspectives contained in poverty studies such as the Participatory Poverty Assessments. The initiatives, actions and programmes pursued from 1979 to date, with a view to increasing livestock production and productivity and the contribution of the sub-sector to overall GDP, could be summarised as follows: The development and promotion of simple, cost effective and appropriate technologies aimed at improving the health and nutrition status of livestock in order to improve reproduction and growth, and reduce mortalities.

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The conduct of mass vaccination campaigns against the major epizootic diseases that affect livestock. The establishment of watering and grazing facilities, and development of feed management techniques to improve the nutrition of the animals (specially in the dry season) and to ensure efficiency and balance between livestock numbers and the environment. The establishment of small scale slaughter facilities and development of cottage industries (for milk processing and leather works) in order to encourage off-take and add value to livestock products.

2. The changing demand and the implication for future policies

The human population of the Gambia increased from 0.54 million in 1976 to 0.696 million in 1985 and 1.23 million in 1998. Cattle population increased from 296000 in 1978 to 305000 in 1983 and to 360000 in 1998. The proportion of trypanotolerant cattle did not appear to have changed much, averaging about 98% in 1976 and 1995. With a national growth rate of 4.2% and an urban growth rate of 6%, demand for food in general and livestock products in particular are exponentially increasing. This increase in human population leads to greater demand on land for settlements and crop production. This added to a loss in soil fertility and a general decline in per capita agricultural productivity constitute a clear testimony of the pressing need to further integrate crop and livestock productions. Given the fact that the best watered areas constitute medium to hot spots in terms of tse tse challenge, mixed farming in these areas will have to rely on N’Dama cattle thus justifying the need to improve the genetic resources of this indigenous breed. The prospects of indigenous domestic genetic resources in providing adequate products in meeting current and the increasing future demand are mainly threatened by 2 inter-related problems:

Slow transmission of genetic progress from research stations to small-scale producers’ animals

Erosion of adaptive genetic traits in the livestock populations leading to losses in biodiversity, and additionally the destruction of endemic environments needed for overall balance in the management of natural resources. I.e. Introgression of genes from diseases-susceptible breeds (zebu, sahelian sheep)

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Weakness in the market structures and operations (No market premium for raising Djallonke) and in the policy formulation (liberalised import of exotic breeds and products of animal origin) that diminish the competitiveness or comparative advantage of indigenous animal genetic resources.

Implication for future programmes

Community based animal genetic resources management programmes whereby livestock owners will take the lead. This will build a sense of ownership among beneficiaries. Genetic improvement programmes based on pure breeding (selection of genetically superior animals) Revisiting the policy framework that discriminates against the development of indigenous animal genetic resources.

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PART 3. STATE OF NATIONAL CAPACITIES AND ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE CAPACITY BUILDING REQUIREMENT In the Gambia, the N’Dama cattle, the Djallonke sheep and the WAD goat are being improved for meat, milk(in the case of the N’Dama and the WAD) and for tolerance to trypanosomiasis in a 3-tier nucleus scheme (station nucleus, multiplier, producer). These programmes, being implemented by ITC have been running for approximately 8 years. The strengths of the scheme stem from its design and operation intended to overcome some of the limitations and constraints identified in previous programmes. The breeding goals and selection criteria took into consideration the current policy, the results of a participatory consultation and the outcome of a model calculation deriving marginal profit. The programme infrastructure and operation are designed to minmimise the possibility of selecting animal that might perform poorly in producers’ flocks/herds (genotype by environment interaction). The conditions in nucleus and testing herds are made quite similar to those of farmers. The programme places strong emphasis on dissemination of genetic material. In collaboration with the Department of livestock Services, multiplication flocks and herds are selected and regularly monitored.. The multiplication of superior males is undertaken in producers’ herds and flocks. Central to the ITC approach for these breeding programmes is producer participation. This is being encouraged through not only screening operations but also through farmer training courses, field visits at the breeding facilities and the establishment of livestock breeders associations. One of the major constraints to the achievement of genetic goals on a sustainable basis is the lack of well-trained manpower to run breeding programmes. The process of selection requires experts trained to design effective mating plans, organise data collection, analyse and draw valid conclusions. This calibre of expert is very scarce and the need to have a well-trained cadre of both geneticists and technicians cannot be over-emphasised. At the village level, there is need to further strengthen the breeders associations, train auxiliaries in all villages and put in place a viable record keeping system. At Divisional level, there is a need to setup divisional apexes that will coordinate the wards animal genetic resources development programmes with the support of the Divisional coordinating committee and the multidisciplinary facilitation team. The National Apex will work with the Department of Livestock Services and through its bottom-up approach will provide basic information for policy formulation and analysis. At the level of the formal education system, there is need to revisit the Gambia college livestock assistant training course and make it more responsive to the country’s need in the area of animal genetic resources conservation. There is

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also need to develop a training module on animal genetics, which will be included in the training of agriculturists at the university of the Gambia.

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PART 4. NATIONAL PRIORITIES FOR CONSERVATION AND UTILISATION OF AnGR. 1. Interventions

Conservation of animal genetic resources within the framework of the Gambia Environmental Action Plan Increasing the productivity of endemic livestock through the rural sector support policy Put in place a well trained cadre of geneticists and technicians Put in place a management information system for the sustainable use and development of animal genetic resources Inventory, analysis and validation of indigenous technical knowledge Development of conservation policy, legislation, regulations and procedures Strengthen the breeders associations Broadening and sustaining the 3-tier small ruminant and cattle breeding programmes

2. Targeted sites Focus group discussions Held in 3 targeted sites show that where exotic cattle exist, they are kept at home and only serve as draught animals. It is worth noting that this is not a deliberate choice of all livestock owners in that some of them have been attempting in vain to introduce exotic breeds in their herds.

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Niamina East

Village Herd population Exotic breeds Percentage / number of

exotic small ruminant

Sheep Goat

Mawndeh Kunda 372 None 40% crosses 0

Kerewan Touray 440 None 0 0 Bati Njol 400 Gobra (draught) 5% Sahelian 0 Mamutfana 705 30% Gobra and Crosses 60% 10% Kerr Biran 250 Few crosses as draught

animals 60% 0

Amdalai 141 None 0 0 Kudang 800 0 0 0 Kerewan Demba 462 0 0 0 Sotokoi 150 0 0 0 Pateh Sam 840 Few gobra and Crosses as

draught animals 10% sahelian

0

Amdalai Ngai 180 0 0 0 Njai Kunda 80 0 0 0 Maka 450 0 0 0 Mbayen 65 0 5 0 Sinchu Gundo 200 0 0 0 Sinchu Alhaji 102 8 crosses 4 sahelian 0 Sinchu Janko 100 0 0 0 Jaffai 9 (all draught animals) 0 0 0 Tenefara 80 0 0 0 Jareng 300 2 Crosses 0 0 Thirty Mile 260 0 0 0 Jokul 306 0 0 0 Bantanto 90 0 0 0 Pallen 231 0 0 0 Sambel Kunda 40 0 0 0 Nagwarr 120 0 0 0 Missira Touben 250 0 100% 0 Busura 130 2 Gobra 0 0 Kombo East Districk

Village Herd / Flock size Exotic breeds Percentage / number of

exotic small ruminant Sheep Goat Kafuta 500 0 0 0 Pirang 1500 5% 0 0 Kafuta Tombong 200 0 0 0 Berending 350 0 0 0 Faraba 1000 3 crosses (Draught) 0 1% Sohm 500 2 Gobra 0 0 Tunjina 80 0 0 0 Mandinaba 180 0 0 Basori 280 0 0 0 Toubakuta 13 0 0 0 Durasu 120 0 0 0 Faraba Kairaba 220 0 0 0

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KYANG WEST Districk

Village Herd / Flock size Exotic breeds Percentage / number of

exotic small ruminant

Sheep Goat

Karantaba 250 0 0 0 Bureng 430 0 0 0 Mandina 165 0 0 0 Missera 80 2 Gobra 0 0 Jula Kunda 148 0 0 0 Mandinarr 410 0 0 0 Gissay 200 2 1 0 Bankuling 44 0 0 0 Tankularr 235 0 0 0 Kuyang 378 0 0 0 Janneh Kunda 245 0 0 0 Joli 266 0 0 0 Kantong Kunda 610 0 0 0 Kani kunda 610 5 50% 30% Keneba 488 0 0 0 Sandend 90 0 0 0 Sankandi 302 0 0 0 Nioro Jataba 1500 6 0 0 Wudeba 30 0 0 0 Jiffarong 300 0 0 0 Jattaba 170 0 0 0 Janmaru 300 4 0 0 Brikamanding 310 0 0 0 Jaly 581 0 0 0

3. Evolution of ruminant genetic resources

4.1 Evolution of the herd / flock size and breeds composition

4.1.1. Cattle

Minimum Mean Maximum 20y 10y Now 20y 10y Now 20y 10y Now Indigenous 1 10 15 56 53 59 180 180 120 Exotic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.4 0.00 0.00 10 0.00 0.00 Crosses 0 0.0 0.0 2 0.4 1.3 46 10 40 The current mean Indigenous breed is greater than 10 and 20 years ago while the current means exotic and crosses are smaller than 20 years ago. This denotes a failure in the attempts to introduce the exotic breeds over the past 20 years. With sound habitat conservation schemes this trend will be likely to continue.

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4.1.2. Sheep

Minimum Mean Maximum 20y 10y Now 20y 10y Now 20y 10y Now Indigenous 1 0.00 0. 14.5 14.5 14 30 35 80 Exotic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.53 1 1 9 Crosses 0 0.. 0. 0 1 1.3 0 19 20 The current mean indigenous is smaller than the means 10 and 20 years ago while the current means crosses and exotic are greater than the means 10 and 20 years ago. This indicates a slight shift from indigenous to sahelian breeds and this could be more accentuated with habitat transformation.

4.1.3. Goats Minimum Mean Maximum 20y 10y Now 20y 10y Now 20y 10y Now Indigenous 3 0.0 0.0 12.6 16.4 10.9 15 45 50 Exotic 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.11 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 9.0 Crosses 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.7 0.08 0.00 20 3 The current mean indigenous breed is smaller than the means 10 and 20 years ago while the current mean exotic is smaller the mean exotic 20 years ago and the current mean crosses smaller than the mean 10 years ago. This shows the difficulty in maintaining exotic breeds but there are still attempts to introduce them. It also shows a decrease in the goat population that may be attributed to diseases.

4.2. Socioeconomic issues. The interview of 96 livestock owners selected randomly shows that 74.0% bought the initial stock, 2.1% exchanged small ruminants with cattle or poultry with small ruminants, 16.7% inherited the initial stock, 4. 2% got their initial stock by managing other peoples’ livestock and 3.1 % got their initial stock through gifts. 99% of interviewees stated that the exotic breeds are better meat producers while 78% made a similar statement for milk production. For draught power, 96.7% preferred the N’Dama cattle while 99% felt that the exotic breeds attract more cash. 100% of interviewees expressed the superiority of the indigenous breeds with regards to diseases resistance, feed and water shortages. The study shows that the oldest flock owned by women is 5 years. All the flocks that were set up more than 5 years ago belong to men. This poses the problem of sustainability with regards to women’s livestock entreprise.

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Among those who bought their initial stock, 90.1% are men. Among those who exchanged small ruminants for cattle or poultry for small ruminants, 50% are women. 100% of those who inherited their initial stock are men likewise for those who set up their herd / flock by managing others’ livestock. For those who started through gift, 33.3% are women. For those who expressed water as the most felt problem (29.3%), 96.4% are men. For those who expressed diseases as the most felt problem (61.5%), 86.4% are men. All those who expressed feed shortage as the most felt problem (8.3%), are men.

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PART 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENHANCED

INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION The Gambia has ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity which states in its Article 8 that genetic resources should be conserved in the `surroundings where they have developed their distinct properties which, with respect to livestock is a reference to the farming and pastoral communities that have nurtured local breeds. Furthermore, the CBD spells out that `the knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity are respected, preserved and maintained clearly, the spirit of the CBD calls for a participatory approach to animal genetic resource conservation. FAO should assist in building the capacities of National Coordinators within the framework of the intergovernmental mechanism and the technical programme of management support for countries. ILRI should develop an early warning – early reaction mechanism with regards to breeds dilution and extinction. It also should assist the National Coordinators in terms of knowledge and skills that will enable them to facilitate country validation processes of the mechanism. There is need to broaden the data collection strategies and databases of both ILRI and FAO to integrate and make use of indigenous knowledge. These strategies and database of these two institutions are geared towards the needs of scientists and representatives of government institutions. Rooted in formal scientific concepts and values, they are not designed to accommodate indigenous knowledge. This results in an incomplete picture of the actual situation on the ground that could interfere with conservation efforts. Furthermore, omission of indigenous knowledge and perspectives results in an evaluation of animal breeds on the basis of their outputs of cash products only. It is exactly the conception of animals as commodity producing machines while ignoring other vital traits that have been a prime mover in genetic resource erosion. Elaboration and updating of environmental action plans to provide guidance for co-ordination and ensure consistency of natural resources, biodiversity and environmental management policies.

Setting up regional communication and information systems networks

Closer collaboration between NARS in order to facilitate dissemination of research findings

25

26

SUMMARY Genetic resources are among the most valuable and strategically important assets that a country possesses. Many countries have indigenous animal species and breeds that could potentially contribute far more to food and agriculture production than they are currently contributing and meet much wider human needs. . It is estimated that about one third of the world's recognized 5000 livestock and poultry breeds are endangered and that breeds become extinct at the rate of one per week. Nevertheless, the subject has received much less attention than plant genetic diversity and hardly any awareness appears to exist about the problem of animal genetic resource erosion The FAO and its intergovernmental commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture (CGRFA) which has 161 members and is the major international forum for developing policies on genetic resources for food and agriculture has requested the preparation, through a country-driven process, of the first report on the state of the world animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. This report will provide a foundation for setting country, regional and global priorities and assistance in maintaining and enhancing the contribution of animal genetic resources (AnGR) to food and agriculture. The ultimate objective of this exercise is to develop national and international co-operation to achieve the sustainable intensification of livestock production systems. This will be achieved through the wise use and development of locally adapted AnGR whilst taking into consideration the constraints and opportunities created by growing demands on the livestock sector and by changing climate, disease status and technologies.

The demand for meat and milk is expected to double by 2020, principally due to population growth and urbanisation. If the anticipated demand for livestock products has to be met, this will have to come from increased productivity of individual animals rather than from expansion of animal numbers that could not be accommodated by the resource base. The genetic improvement of these livestock represents one of the most sustainable methods of increasing productivity and efficiency of production. For low-input livestock production systems that are predominant in tsetse-infested areas in West Africa, trypanotolerant livestock offer a viable option for bridging the gap between demand and supply. Recent changes in macro economic policies in the countries in the region have created new opportunities for profitable domestic dairy production, especially in urban and peri-urban centres where rising effective demand and reduced disease risk justify crossbreeding of indigenous ruminants with exotic dairy breeds. The primary policy objective of the sub-sector, as spelt out in the Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR) medium term (1998 to 2002) policy document (which is currently being reviewed), is to increase the production and productivity of the country’s livestock resource in a sustainable manner. The key objectives for the livestock sub-sector include increasing output to ensure food security, income generation, employment creation, diversification of the production base, ensure a balance between livestock and the environment, integrate crop and livestock production systems so as to reduce environmental degradation and improve soil fertility, and provide linkages between ANR and other sectors in the economy. The conservation and utilization of trypanotolerant breeds of livestock – the Ndama, Djallonke sheep and West African Dwarf goats - is one of the key strategies that have been put in place to achieve the livestock sub-sector objectives. Other strategies include improving the traditional production systems and the developing of a modern sector,

27

promoting the rational and sustainable use of natural resources through community participation, and putting in place an effective animal disease monitoring and control system. With a national growth rate of 4.2% and an urban growth rate of 6%, demand for food in general and livestock products in particular are exponentially increasing. This increase in human population leads to greater demand on land for settlements and crop production. This added to a loss in soil fertility and a general decline in per capita agricultural productivity constitute a clear testimony of the pressing need to further integrate crop and livestock productions. Given the fact that the best watered areas constitute medium to hot spots in terms of tse tse challenge, mixed farming in these areas will have to rely on N’Dama cattle thus justifying the need to improve the genetic resources of this indigenous breed. One of the major constraints to the achievement of genetic goals on a sustainable basis is the lack of well-trained manpower to run breeding programmes. The process of selection requires experts trained to design effective mating plans, organise data collection, analyse and draw valid conclusions. This calibre of expert is very scarce and the need to have a well-trained cadre of both geneticists and technicians cannot be over-emphasised. The current mean Indigenous breed is greater than 10 and 20 years ago while the current means exotic and crosses are smaller than 20 years ago. This denotes a failure in the attempts to introduce the exotic breeds over the past 20 years. With sound habitat conservation schemes this trend will be likely to continue. The current mean indigenous is smaller than the means 10 and 20 years ago while the current means crosses and exotic are greater than the means 10 and 20 years ago. This indicates a slight shift from indigenous to sahelian breeds and this could be more accentuated with habitat transformation. The current mean indigenous breed is smaller than the means 10 and 20 years ago while the current mean exotic is smaller the mean exotic 20 years ago and the current mean crosses smaller than the mean 10 years ago. This shows the difficulty in maintaining exotic breeds but there are still attempts to introduce them. It also shows a decrease in the goat population that may be attributed to diseases. The Gambia has ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity which states in its Article 8 that genetic resources should be conserved in the `surroundings where they have developed their distinct properties which, with respect to livestock is a reference to the farming and pastoral communities that have nurtured local breeds. Furthermore, the CBD spells out that `the knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity are respected, preserved and maintained clearly, the spirit of the CBD calls for a participatory approach to animal genetic resource conservation. FAO should assist in building the capacities of National Coordinators within the framework of the intergovernmental mechanism and the technical programme of management support for countries. ILRI should develop an early warning – early reaction mechanism with regards to breeds dilution and extinction. It also should assist the National Coordinators in terms of knowledge and skills that will enable them to facilitate country validation processes of the mechanism.

28

Bibliography Agyemang K. (2000), A review of status of trypanotolerant livestock in west and central Africa, GEF / UNDP Project DoSA, (1998), Medium-term agricultural and natural resources sector policy objectives and strategies. FAO,(1991), Animal genetic resources- Conservation and Management FAO, (1984), Animal genetic resources conservation by management, databanks and training. FAO, (1991), Small ruminant production and the small ruminant genetic resource in tropical Africa FAO, (1987), Trypanotolerant cattle and livestock development in West and Central Africa IFAD, (2002), Country strategy and opportunity paper – The Gambia. ITC, (2002), Contribution to the 7th world congress on genetics applied to livestock production – Montpellier – France ITC/BMZ, (2002), Improving indigenous animal genetic resources – Project proposal – The Gambia Steglish., (2202), The role of indigenous cattle breeds in production systems under tsetse challenge: results and methodology assessing farmers’ perceptions in the Gambia – ITC.. Touray E. M. , (1993), Improving poultry and small ruminant production in the Gambia – Women in development project.

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Annexes Table 1.1 Importance of livestock to the gross domestic product in agriculture (millions of $US)

Activity $ US Data from Year Livestock production (official statistics) 37, 476, 000 Other agricultural production (official statistics) 87, 444, 000 Best estimate of additional value of livestock NA

Table 1.2 Land use and current trends (1000 ha)

Area (1000 ha) Area (1000 ha) Category 1990 1999 Arable land 261200 261200 Permanent crops NA NA Permanent pastures 663600 331800 Agricultural area 193600 193600 Land area 10,68900 10,68900 Total area

NB : Current trends for landuse = 1.3% Table 1.3 Land use for livestock and current trends (1000 ha)

Area (1000 ha) Area (1000 ha) Category 1990 1999 Cropping for food 194,584 266,200 Cropping for feed NA NA Cropping for food and feed Natural Pasture 3318sqkm 3318sqkm Improved pasture NA NA Fallow 33,917Ha 19,558Ha Forest NA 5033sqkm Non-agricultural NA 2612sqkm Total area

Table 1.4 Land tenure for livestock production

Category Area (1000 ha) % Private NA # DIVI 0 ! Government and communal NA # DIVI 0 ! Total # DIVI 0 !

30

Table 1.5 Farm structure and distribution

Category Number of farms/ Households

% Number of farms/ Households with livestock

%

Landless NA #iDIV/0! NA #iDIV/0! >0 to 2 ha NA #iDIV/0! NA #iDIV/0! >2 to 10 ha NA #iDIV/0! NA #iDIV/0! >10 to 50 ha NA #iDIV/0! NA #iDIV/0! >50 to 100 ha NA #iDIV/0! NA #iDIV/0! >100 to 500ha NA #iDIV/0! NA #iDIV/0! >500 ha NA #iDIV/0! NA #iDIV/0! Unknown NA #iDIV/0! NA #iDIV/0! Total NA #iDIV/0! NA #iDIV/0!

Table 1.6 Livestock population, number of owners/house-holders and employment by species

Livestock population

(1000)

Number of owners/ householders

Number of persons additionally employed

Species Fully Partially Cattle 323 27,799 NA NA Buffalo NA NA NA NA Sheep 129 26,450 NA NA Goats 228 40,370 NA NA Camels NA NA NA NA Lamas and alpaca NA NA NA NA Horses 17 NA NA NA Donkeys NA NA NA NA Pigs 8 849 NA NA Chicken 586 50,786 NA NA Turkey NA NA NA NA Ducks NA NA NA NA Geese NA NA NA NA Rabbits NA NA NA NA

31

Table 1.7 Human population in the Country

Year Total (millions) Rural or Farming (%)

Urban or Non Farming (%)

Total

1990 0.890m 65% 35% 100% 1999 1.3m 60% 40% 100%

Average annual growth rate

4.2%

6%

1.3

Food security and rural development Table 1.8 Major livestock primary production (1000 tonnes/numbers)

Meat (t) Milk (t) Eggs (t) Fibre (t) Skin (No) Species 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 Cattle NA 4200 NA 7750 NA 37000 Buffalo NA NA NA NA NA NA Sheep NA NA NA NA Goats NA NA NA NA Camels NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Lamas & alpaca NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Horses NA NA NA NA NA NA Donkeys NA NA NA NA NA NA Pigs NA 360 NA NA Chicken NA 1150 NA 682 NA NA NA NA Turkey NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Ducks NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Geese NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits NA NA NA NA NA NA

Table 1.9 Major livestock primary product imports (1000 tonnes/numbers)

Meat (t) Milk (t) Eggs (t) Fibre (t) Skin (No) Animal (No) Species 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1991

Cattle 1024 127 NA 2664 NA NA Buffalo NA NA NA NA NA NA Sheep NA 69 NA NA NA NA NA NA Goats NA NA NA NA Camels NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Lamas & alpaca

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Horses NA NA NA NA NA NA Donkeys NA NA NA NA NA NA Pigs NA 36 NA NA Chicken NA 1296 170 508 NA NA NA NA Turkey NA 4 NA NA NA NA NA NA Ducks NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Geese NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits NA NA NA NA NA NA

32

Table 1. 10 Major livestock primary product exports (1000 tonnes/numbers)

Meat (t) Milk (t) Eggs (t) Fibre (t) Skin (No) Animal (No) Species 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1991

Cattle NA NA NA 11 Buffalo NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Sheep NA NA NA NA NA NA Goats NA NA NA NA NA NA Camels NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Lamas & alpaca

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Horses NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Donkeys NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Pigs NA NA NA NA NA NA Chicken NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Turkey NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Ducks NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Geese NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Chapter 2. The State of Production System Table 2.1 Distribution of livestock by production system (%)

Production systems Species Low input Medium input High input Total Cattle 90% 8% 2% 100% Buffalo NA NA NA NA Sheep 80% 18% 2% 100% Goats 90% 8% 2% 100% Camels NA NA NA NA Lamas & alpaca NA NA NA NA Horses 5% 80% 15% 100% Donkeys 35% 60% 5% 100 Pigs 90% 9% 1% 100% Chicken 80% 5% 15% 100% Turkey NA NA NA NA Ducks 96% 4% 0% 0% Geese NA NA NA NA Rabbits 6% 70% 24% 100%

33

Table 2.2 Changes in the distribution of production systems during the last 20 years

Production systems Species Low input Medium input High input Total Cattle NA NA NA Buffalo NA NA NA Sheep NA NA NA Goats NA NA NA Camels NA NA NA Lamas & alpaca NA NA NA Horses NA NA NA Donkeys NA NA NA Pigs NA NA NA Chicken NA NA NA Turkey NA NA NA Ducks NA NA NA Geese NA NA NA Rabbits NA NA NA Table 2.3 Type of livestock farm by production system for cattle (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence 85% 13% 2% 100% Smallholder 65% 30% 5% 100% Small-scale-commercial 5% 30% 65% 100% Large-scale-commercial 0% 15% 85% 100% Table 2.4 Type of livestock farm by production system for buffalo (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence NA NA NA NA Smallholder NA NA NA NA Small-scale-commercial NA NA NA NA Large-scale-commercial NA NA NA NA Table 2.5 Type of livestock farm by production system for sheep (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence 90% 9% 1% 100% Smallholder 70% 28% 2% 100% Small-scale-commercial 13% 19% 68% 100% Large-scale-commercial 0% 13% 87% 100%

34

Table 2.6 Type of livestock farm by production system for goats (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence 90% 9% 1% 100% Smallholder 70% 28% 2% 100% Small-scale-commercial 16% 19% 65% 100% Large-scale-commercial 0% 13% 87% 100% Table 2.7 Type of livestock farm by production system for camels (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence NA NA NA Smallholder NA NA NA Small-scale-commercial NA NA NA Large-scale-commercial NA NA NA Table 2.8 Type of livestock farm by production system for Ilamas and alpaca (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence NA NA NA Smallholder NA NA NA Small-scale-commercial NA NA NA Large-scale-commercial NA NA NA Table 2.9 Type of livestock farm by production system for horses (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence NA NA NA Smallholder NA NA NA Small-scale-commercial NA NA NA Large-scale-commercial NA NA NA Table 2.10 Type of livestock farm by production system for donkeys (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence NA NA NA Smallholder NA NA NA Small-scale-commercial NA NA NA Large-scale-commercial NA NA NA

35

Table 2.11 Type of livestock farm by production system for pigs (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence 90% 9% 1% Smallholder 75% 23% 2% Small-scale-commercial 35% 25% 60% Large-scale-commercial 0% 10% 90% Table 2.12 Type of livestock farm by production system for chicken (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence 95% 4% 1% Smallholder 60% 35% 5% Small-scale-commercial 10% 25% 65% Large-scale-commercial 0% 2% 98% Table 2.13 Type of livestock farm by production system for turkeys (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence NA NA NA Smallholder NA NA NA Small-scale-commercial NA NA NA Large-scale-commercial NA NA NA Table 2.14 Type of livestock farm by production system for ducks (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence 98% 2% 0% Smallholder Small-scale-commercial Large-scale-commercial Table 2.15 Type of livestock farm by production system for geese (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence NA NA NA Smallholder NA NA NA Small-scale-commercial NA NA NA Large-scale-commercial NA NA NA

36

Table 2.16 Type of livestock farm by production system for rabbits (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence 80% 18% 2% Smallholder 60% 32% 18% Small-scale-commercial 28 32% 50% Large-scale-commercial 0% 15% 85% Table 2.17 Type of livestock farm by production system for other species (%) Name of species Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium input High input Total Subsistence NA NA NA Smallholder NA NA NA Small-scale-commercial NA NA NA Large-scale-commercial NA NA NA

D) Chapter 3 The state of Genetic diversity Table 3.1 Breed diversity (Number of Breeds)

Number of breeds Current Total At risk Widely used others Lost (last 50

yr) Species

L E L E L E L E L E Cattle 1 3 0 3 2 NA NA NA NA NA Buffalo NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Sheep 1 0 1 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA Goats 1 NA 1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Camels NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Lamas & alpaca

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Horses 1 Donkeys 1 Pigs 1 1 Chicken 1 5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Turkey NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Ducks NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Geese NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

37

Table 3.2 Number of breeds for which characterization has been carried out (Number of breeds)

E) At population level At individual level Species Baseline survey

Genetic distance

Breeds & crosses evaluation

valuation Performance recording

Genetic evaluation

Molecular Evaluation

Cattle 323,167 NA NA NA 774 200 NA Buffalo NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Sh 129,232 NA NA NA NA Small Ruminants Gt 228,404 NA NA NA

S/R 1809 S/R 200 NA

Camels NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Lamas & alpaca

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Horses NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Donkeys NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Pigs NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Chicken NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Turkey NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Ducks NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Geese NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Chapter 4. The State of utilization of AnGR (Use and development) Table 4.1 Relative importance of livestock products and services within species (%)

Species

Milk

Mea

t

Inco

me

Tra

nspo

rt

Egg

s

Fibr

e

Skin

&

hor

ns

Ris

k m

anag

eme

Fert

ilise

r M

anur

e

Dra

ught

Cul

ture

Rec

reat

ion

Fuel

feat

her

Env

iron

me

ntal

M

gt

Tot

al

Cattle 16 5 30 14 3 23 22 1 Buffalo

16 22 Sheep Goats

5 23 30

Camels Lamas & alpaca

Equine 16 30

22 23

Pigs 23 30 22 Chicken 23 30 22 Turkey Ducks Geese Rabbits

38

Table 4.2 Number of widely used breeds with breeding strategies (No. of breeds) Breeding strategies Species Total number of

breeds Purebred Selection

Crossbreeding Both

Cattle 6 X Buffalo NA NA NA NA Sheep 4 X Goats 4 X Camels NA NA NA NA Lamas & alpaca NA NA NA NA Horses NA NA NA NA Donkeys NA NA NA NA Pigs 4 Chicken 5 X Turkey Ducks Geese Rabbits Table 4.4 Number of breeds with current breeding strategies and tools being used (No. of breeds)

Breeding strategies Total Species

Breeding goals Designed Designed

And implemented

Individual identification

Recording AI ET Genetic evaluation

Cattle 1 1 1 1 1 1 NA 1 Buffalo NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Sheep 1 1 1 1 1 NA NA 1 Goats 1 1 1 1 1 NA NA 1 Camels NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Lamas & alpaca

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Horses NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Donkeys NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Pigs NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Chicken NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Turkey NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Ducks NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Geese NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

39

Table 4.5 State of the art of technologies /methodologies used in breeding strategies Used for: Technology or Methodology Research Breeders Multi-trait selection index construction 80% 20% Optionalization tools for breeding plans 100% 0% Electronic database related to recording schemes NA NA Genetic evaluation Software for: Phenotypic selection breeding values

100% NA

Reproductive technologies (AI, ET, etc) 100% 0% Micro satellite linkage maps for QTL identification for Marker Assisted

NA NA

Other technology (specify) NA NA Table 4.6 Role of stakeholders in the implementation of tools for the development of AnGR Stakeholders Breeding

goals Individual identification

Recording Artificial insemination

Genetic evaluation

Federal Government

NA

NA

NA

NA

State Government

3 2 4

2 2

Local Government

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Breeder’s 5 3 3 2 NA Private Companies

3

NA 3

4

NA

Research 5 NA 5 4 4 NGO’s NA NA NA NA NA 1= none 2= little 3= regular 4= more 5- high Table 4.7 Involvement of stakeholders in activities related to the development of AnGR Stakeholders Legislation Breeding Infrastructure Human Farmer’s Federal Government

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

State Government

5 4 3

5 5

Local Government

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Breeder’s 1 3 4 4 NA Private Companies

Research 5 5 5 4 5 NGO’s

NA NA

NA

NA

NA

1= none 2= little 3= regular 4= more 5- high

40

Table 4.8 Stakeholders preference for animal genetic resources

Stakeholders Locally adapted breeds

Imported within region

Imported exotic breeds

Federal Government NA

NA

NA

State Government 5 1 4 Local Government 5 1 4 Breeder’s 4 3 2 Private Companies 2 1 4 Research 5 1 5 NGO’s

NA NA

NA

1= none 2= little 3= regular 4= more 5- high Table 4.9 Priority of needs for utilization of technologies for the development of AnGR

Needs Technology Knowledge Training Financial

resources Breeder’s organization

Recording 4 4 5 5 Genetic evaluation 4 3 4 2 AI/ET 4 4 3 1 Molecular techniques 5 3 4 1 Breed organization techniques

4

3

4

4 1= none 2= little 3= regular 4= more 5- high

F) Chapter 5 5.1 Current number of breeds in managed conservation programmes Number of locally adapted breeds at risk Species Total Managed in Situ Managed ex situ Both (in and ex

situ) Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels Lamas & alpaca Horses Donkeys Pigs Chicken Turkey Ducks Geese Rabbits

41

Table 5.2 Current number of breeds receiving incentives and for which various tools for management of ex situ conservation programmes are used

Incentives Tools Species Gov. NGO Market Semen

storage Embryos storage

DNA/Tissue storage

In vivo Monitoring system

Cattle NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Buffalo NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Sheep NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Goats NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Camels NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Lamas & alpaca

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Horses NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Donkeys NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Pigs NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Chicken NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Turkey NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Ducks NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Geese NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Table 5.3 Current number of breeds receiving incentives and for which tools for in situ conservation programmes are used

Incentives Technical tools Species Gov. NGO Market Private Recording AI ET Others Cattle X X Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels Lamas & alpaca

Horses Donkeys Pigs Chicken Turkey Ducks Geese Rabbits

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Table 5.4 Stakeholders involvement in the management of conservation programmes

Stakeholders In situ Conservation Ex situ Conservation Government X Breeder’s associations X Private companies Research institutions/universities X NGO’s

Table 5.5 Priority of needs for utilization of technologies for in situ conservation programmes

Needs Technology Knowledge Training Financial

Resources Technology

Recording 5 5 5 Genetic evaluation 5 5 5 5

AI/ET 5 5 5 5 Molecular techniques 5 5 5 5 Breeder improvement

techniques

5 5 5 5

1= none 2= little 3= regular 4= more 5- high Chapter 6. The State of Policy Development and Institutional Arrangement for AnGR Table 6.1 Effects of existing policies and legal instruments on the utilization (use and development) of AnGR

Urban/peri-urban systems Rural production Species Industrial

systems Smallholder

systems Industrial

systems Smallholder

systems Cattle X Buffalo Sheep X Goats X Camels Lamas & alpaca Horses Donkeys Pigs Chicken Turkey Ducks Geese Rabbits

43

Table 6.2 The focus of current policies on activities related to the utilization (use and development ) of AnGR

Activities Species Use of exotic

breeds Use of locally

adapted breeds Training, research and

extension Organisation of breeders/farmers

Cattle X X X Buffalo Sheep X X X Goats X X X Camels Lamas & alpaca Horses Donkeys Pigs Chicken Turkey Ducks Geese Rabbits

Table 6.3 Prioritising the needs to enable the development of AnGR policies

Required Needs Immediately Medium term Long term

Breeding policy X Capacity building X Private sector participation X

6.4 The priority of future needs in policy development for AnGR conservation programmes

Policy development related to Species Technology Infrastructure Human

resources Financial resources

Organizational structures

Cattle 5 5 5 5 5 Buffalo Sheep 4 4 4 4 4 Goats 4 4 4 4 4

Camels Lamas & alpaca

Horses 4 4 4 4 4 Donkeys 4 4 4 4 4

Pigs 3 3 3 3 3 Chicken 5 5 5 5 5 Turkey 4 4 4 4 4 Ducks 3 3 3 3 3 Geese 2 2 2 2 2

Rabbits 4 4 4 4 4 1= none 2= little 3= regular 4= more 5- high

44

6.5 The priority of future needs in policy development for the utilization (use and development ) of AnGR

Policy development related to Species Technology Infrastructure Human

resources Financial resources

Organizational structures

Cattle 5 5 5 5 5 Buffalo Sheep 4 4 4 4 4 Goats 4 4 4 4 4 Camels Lamas & alpaca Horses 4 4 4 4 4 Donkeys 4 4 4 4 4 Pigs 3 3 3 3 3 Chicken 5 5 5 5 5 Turkey 4 4 4 4 4 Ducks 3 3 3 3 3 Geese 2 2 2 2 2 Rabbits 4 4 4 4 4

1= none 2= little 3= regular 4= more 5- high

45