current situation on brownfield remediation and redevelopment in zhejiang province: progress and...

Current Situation on Brownfield Remediation and Redevelopment in Zhejiang Province:

Progress and Challenges

Zhong Zhong Ph.D.

Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute


Scope

• Background

• Regulatory framework and management Procedures

• Case study for choice of selection in remedy

technology

• Conclusion

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Industry Brief History

• 1979-1991

– The rise of township and

village enterprises

• 1992-2001

– The golden age of private

sectors

• 2002-present

– The new era of modern

industry

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• Left Y-Axis: Annual Industry values (pink bars)• Right-Axis: Annual Industry increase rate (blue lines)


Industry Features

• Small business and private sectors provide more than

60% gross domestic product (GDP) value

• County-level economy in dominant

• Economy of agglomeration

• Sparse distribution with inefficient land utilization

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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute23/4/19 5


Conflictions Between Land Resource and Demand

• Total land area of Zhejiang Province is 10.18 million hectares– 70% of hilly country, 20% of arable land and 10% of water area– 3.7 hectares per-capita farmland available (2nd provincial survey)

• Hold the “red line” for farmland– 1.93 million hectares farmland in 2010– Secure provincial “red line” for farmland with no less than 1.89

million hectares by 2020

• Construction land increment control – Less than 0.2 million hectares by 2020 (which was almost

depleted at 2010)

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Economic Reform

• Zhejiang Government Document– No. 34 (2010): To promote industrial transformation and

upgrade by eliminating excess production capacity

– No. 75 (2011): To accelerate the elimination of excess production capacity

– No. 107 (2011): Guidance for regulation and promotion on heavy pollution and high energy consumption industry

– No. 49 (2012): To accelerate the economic reform and upgrade

– 《 The provincial plan for elimination of excess production capacity: 2013-2017 》

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Industrial Values

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Category2008 Output

(Billion RMB)Percent of total

output (%)Number of Enterprise

Textile Industry 448.2 11.0 24,000

Paper Industry 86.5 2.1 6,800

Metal Processing 176.8 4.3 15,300

Tanning Industry 109.0 2.7 6,600

Chemical Industry 264.5 6.5 6,700

*Source: 2nd Provincial Economic Census


Elimination of Redundancy

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YearCategory 2010 2011 2012

Steel （ tons ） 305,000 ―― 43,600

Cement （ tons ） 10,670,000 10,404,000 7,310,000

Paper （ tons ） 142,000 161,000 152,500

Textile （ million meters ） 2,368 210.8 532.9

Synthetic Fiber （ tons ） 238,400 218,800 44,600

Lead-acid Battery （ kVAh ） ―― ―― 2,329,480

Tanning （ standard size ） 3,730,000 ―― 300,000

Non-ferrous Metallurgy （ tons ） ―― 993,700 52,600

Chemical Industry （ tons ） ―― 162,700 584,800

Bricks and Tiles （ million piece ） ―― 2,358.5 3,767.7

Small Thermal Power Generation （ KW ） ―― 920,500 197,000


Elimination of Redundancy

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Category By 2015 By 2017

Steel （ tons ） 600,000 800,000

Cement （ tons ） 3,000,000 4,500,000

Paper （ tons ） 1,150,000 1,450,000

Synthetic Fiber （ tons ） 450,000 550,000

Textile （ million meters ） 2,500 3,000

Lead-acid Battery （ kVAh ） 1,800,000 2,300,000

Chemical Industry （ tons ） 350,000 500,000

Tanning （ standard size ） 4,750,000 5,750,000

Bricks and Tiles （ million piece ） 4,860 5,860


Magnitude of Land Contamination

• Abandoned sites or factory closure in total during the calendar year of 2012 – Total area: 84,960 hectares– Including chemical engineering, tanning , textile, paper, etc.– Over 211 lead-acid battery enterprises closure – 185 electroplating enterprises shut down in total

• Take Hangzhou as an example– Over 67,000 hectares in total by 2011 (only 59 municipal stated-owned

industry in account)– Another 150 heavy pollution industry in closure at northern region of

Hangzhou– At least 50 or more contaminated sites were investigated and another

600 sites are on schedule

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Clean Soil Action

• Zhejiang Government Document No. 55 (2011)• Goals

– Pollution control at the beginning– Build provincial monitoring networks and database– Establish catalog and list for contaminated sites– Initiate the brownfield remediation demonstration projects– Set new environmental quality control criteria

• Timeline– Stage 1(2011-2012): establish policy, provisions and protocols for Clean

Soil Action; start provincial survey on selected issues; setup specific aims for each goals

– Stage 2(2013-2015): execution from county-level to municipal level, summarize the progress and address the problem

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Highlights on Brownfield

• Site investigation and risk assessment– Provincial Survey: Zhejiang EPB Document No. 405(2012)– Environmental risk control priority list

• Brownfield remediation and redevelopment plan– Municipal or county level– Integration with existing land utilization pattern

• Demonstration projects for brownfield remediation and redevelopment– Mandate for all 11 municipal government– Start projects no later than 2015

• Regulatory framework and management procedures established

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Regulatory Framework

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• Issued in May, 2013

• In response to MEP No.140 (2012)

• Content ：（ 1 ） Scope and purpose;

（ 2 ） Responsibility and liability ；（ 3 ） General management

procedures

Site Investigation/Risk Assessment

Brownfield

Remedy Design

Remedial Action

RemediationEvaluation

Regulatory Revision

Record of Decision(ROD)

Agree to Land Redevelopment

Regulatory Revision

Site RemediationSupervision

Third Party Monitoring and Inspection

Site RemediationAcceptance

No need

Yes

No

VetoPass

Veto

Approved

Management Procedures


Routine Site Investigation

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Provincial Technical Standards

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Guidance and technical support for site investigation and risk assessment


Provincial Soil Screening Levels

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Criteria for general site investigation screening


Clean Soil Action Expert Board

• Oversee major brownfield projects

• General technical support

• Action propaganda

• Experts from university, institute and

industry with diverse background

• Dynamic management and updated

annually

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Clean Soil Action Training

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Remediation Market

• Projects for bidding– Qingfeng agrochemical plant site remediation

- 200 million RMB

- A total of 147,000 m2 with 204,000 m3 contaminated soil

– Changhe chemical plant site remediation- 50~60 million RMB

- A total of 5,400 m2 with 24,983 m3 contaminated soil

• Gross provincial market– No more than 500 million RMB in total

– Consulting and remedy design: around 10 million RMB

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Choice of Selection

• In situ remediation– Monitored natural attention– Soil vapor extraction– In situ chemical injection– Bioremediation– Solidification/Stabilization

• Ex situ remediation– Excavation– Thermal desorption– Solidification/Stabilization– Cement Kiln– Incineration– Safety disposal

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Case Study

• Mechanical industry site with prolonged history of

organic detergent usage

• A total of 2400 tons TCA in use

• Contaminants were confined in upper saturated zone

• Groundwater table at 0.4~1.8 m with stagnant flow

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Hydrogeology Information

• Horizontal hydraulic conductivity （ KH

）– Clay ： 2.17×10-7 cm/sec

– Silt ： 2.56 ×10-5 cm/sec

– Average ： 2.0×10-6 cm/sec

• Vertical hydraulic conductivity （ KV）– Clay ： 1.25×10-7 cm/sec

– Silt ： 1.53 ×10-4 cm/sec

• Horizontal hydraulic gradient ： 0.001~ 0.004 m/m

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Contaminants in Concerns

• 1,1,1-TCA– Csoil,max ： 2410 mg/kg

– Cgw,max ： 1510 mg/L

• 1,1,-DCA– Csoil,max ： 384 mg/kg

– Cgw,max ： 382 mg/L

• Reaction condition– Dissolved oxygen ： 0.39~4.49 mg/L ( <1 mg/L )– Oxidation-Reduction Potential ： -151 ～ -211 mV ( < 50 mV )– Dehalococoides spp. detected

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Remedy Design and Simulation

• Source remediation– Plan A ： monitored natural attenuation

– Plan B ： 80% source removal in 5~7 years

• Plume remediation– General plan ： monitored natural attenuation

• Rate of natural attenuation– TCA ： 1 yr-1

– DCA ： 0.2 yr-1

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Plan A

10 years

20 years

Plan B

10 years

20 years

TCA Plume


Plan A Plan B

DCA

Plume

10 years 10 years

20 years 20 years

40 years 40 years


Plan B50 m downgradient

MCLs=300 µg/L


Plan B100 m downgradient

MCLs=300 µg/L


Limitation of Simulation

• 2D-level simulation

• Model simplification– Biodegradation reactions in the plume can be described by first

order decay reactions

– DCA is the only derivative in consideration

– One direction homogeneous and constant flow

– All of the dissolved solutes are assumed to have the same retardation coefficient (R)

• Not applicable for diffusion into low permeability zones– Use a conventional advection-dispersion formulation

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Challenges Ahead

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Example to Follow

• World Bank polychlorinated

biphenyls (PCBs) management and

disposal demonstration project

– Funded project with around $33

million (World Bank: $18 millions)

– $16 millions spent in PCB management

in the Zhejiang Province

– Address the China’s obligation under

the Stockholm Convention

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Example to Follow

• Adopted a demonstration approach– Focus on cost-effective practices and technologies

– Address PCB management and disposal issues at provincial level

– Zhejiang province as a choice of selection- History with PCB leakage incidents and overall transformer

capacity

• Mitigating the impact of PCB threats to human health and the environment

• Establish a cost-effective framework for cleaning up PCB

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Example to follow

• Output

– Supported knowledge-building with regulatory

– Training modules implemented: 8 sessions with a total 362

staff

– National technical standards/guidelines

– Supporting achievement of national implementation plans

– Business success o f Hangzhou DADI Environmental

Protection Co. Ltd.

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World Bank PCB Project

Thanks

!

current situation on brownfield remediation and redevelopment in zhejiang province: progress and...

Documents

design instituteconflictions

hectares farmland

land resource

arable land

provincial surveyhold

inefficient land utilization

excess production capacityno

secure provincial red