current approaches to assess land use and surface atmosphere interactions: irrigation, salinity and...

Current approaches to assess land use and surface atmosphere interactions:Irrigation, salinity and droughtJoop Kroes

COST718 Bologna , 14-17 June 2005

Content

River basin in India Polder in The Netherlands Irrigation and brackish

water Conclusions


Research question• Optimize water use and crop

production

• Use of remote sensing

• Validity of procedures

Sirsa district within Haryana state

River basin in India


Methodology:

• Remote sensing

• Field experiments

• Scenario analysis: climate, salinity, water distribution, crop growth

SWAP

Crop combination map

Soil map

Weather data

Canal water supply

Groundwater pumping

Groundwater quality

Groundwater level

Village mapVillage map

Geographical information system

(Simulation units)

Remote sensing

SWAP

Crop combination map

Soil map

Weather data

Canal water supply

Groundwater pumping

Groundwater quality

Groundwater level

Village mapVillage map

Geographical information system

(Simulation units)

Remote sensing

SWAP-WOFOST



Results:

• Remote sensing for land use



Results:

• Remote sensing for land use and ET-estimates

• Depends on irrigation (rainfall 20% of ET)

• Compared with modeling results

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Wheat Mustard Bare soil /settlements

Cotton Rice Bare soil /settlements

ET (m

m)

ETRS estimated by SEBAL

ETSW simulated by distributed SWAP modelling

Act

ual e

vapo

trans

pira

tion

ET (m

m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900



ET (m

m)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900



ET (m

m)



Act

ual e

vapo

trans

pira

tion

ET (m

m)


rabi (winter) season kharif (summer) season


Results:

• Water productivity (WP) a good performance indicator; relates productivity and water use, example:

• ‘crop per drop’

TEWPET

Υ



Results:

• Water productivity WP

different crops and areas

(a) Wheat

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Wat

er p

rodu

ctiv

ity W

P(k

g m

-3 )

(c) Mustard

0.0

0.5

1.0

BMB SUK GHG SUK

Wat

er p

rodu

ctiv

ity W

P (k

g m

-3) (d) Cotton

0.0

0.5

1.0

BMB SUK GHG FB

(b) Rice

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

WPT ( = Yg / T)

WPET ( = Yg / ET)

WPETQ ( = Yg / ETQ)

(a) Wheat

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Wat

er p

rodu

ctiv

ity W

P(k

g m

-3 )

(c) Mustard

0.0

0.5

1.0

BMB SUK GHG SUK

Wat

er p

rodu

ctiv

ity W

P (k

g m

-3) (d) Cotton

0.0

0.5

1.0

BMB SUK GHG FB

(b) Rice

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

WPT ( = Yg / T)

WPET ( = Yg / ET)

WPETQ ( = Yg / ETQ)

• WP to communicate with stake holders (decision makers and water managers)

• Improve water distribution

• Minimize groundwater exploitation


Source: Singh, R (2005):

Dissertation Wageningen-UR (http://www.library.wur.nl/wda/dissertations/dis3711.pdf)


Polder in The Netherlands

Problem

• urbanization

• climate change-> rising sea level

• Salinization of ground water and surface water

• impact on crops

• include irrigation



Possible solutions:

• Find locations for storage

• Balance the impact of climate and salinity on crops


Salt (Cl-) tolerances applied in this study


Crop Soil solution Potatoes 750 mg/lGrass 3600 mg/lForage maize 800 mg/lFlower bulbs 150 mg/l

Irrigation water 200 mg/l 950 mg/l 200 mg/l 50 mg/l

[Cl-] in groundwater (mg l-1)


Method:

• Land and surface water

• Waterinlet brackish water

• Climate scenarios: wet -> extreme dry year



Conclusions:

•Much water required for leaching of salts

•A need for alternatives:• Alternative crops• Find acceptable salinity ranges



Saline groundwater in The Netherlands

Prediction of salinization increase in 2050

Source: /www.ruimtelijkplanbureau.nl/


Purpose:

• Analyze yield reductions when irrigated with brackish water

• Balance drought stress versus salinity stress from irrigating brackish water

Irrigation with brackish water in The Netherlands


Method:

• Climate range 1971-2000

• Potato crop

• Loamy and clay soils

• Irrigated with gifts of 20 mm when soil is dry



Results:

• Irrigation range: 0-300 mm/jr

• Variation depends on climate, soil type and hydrological conditions


Plot 4807: irrigation (mm)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99

61 mm


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99

47 mm


0

50

100

150

200

250

30071 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99

147 mm


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99

61 mm


6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99

nb 0 1200 2400 5000

Stoneplot 5206 ds-opbrengst Ca (kg/ha)

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99

nb 0 1200 2400 5000

B


Results:• salt stress << drought stress, even in dry years (like 1976)

• irrigation with high salinity levels (>1000 mg/l) is very well possible

Fig: Yield versus time

• nb=not irrigated

• 0,1200,2400,5000 [Cl] of irrigation water (mg/l)


85

90

95

100

105

110

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

chloorconcentratie (g/L)

rela

tieve

opb

reng

st (n

iet

bere

gene

n)

4807499952065250

A

80

85

90

95

100

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

chloorconcentratie (g/L)re

latie

ve o

pbre

ngst

(zoe

t w

ater

ber

egen

en)

4807499952065250

B


Results:

• Relative yield decrease around 1500 mg l-1

• Drought sensitive soils show rapid yield decrease

Relative yield

[Cl-] irrigation water (mg l-1


India and Dutch polders: water with good quality is required to leach down salts and maintain proper yields

Dutch polders: Irrigation with brackish water is possible

Optimize instead of maximize yields, with more attention for extreme wet conditions

Conclusions

current approaches to assess land use and surface atmosphere interactions: irrigation, salinity and...

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