current affairs 2012-13 shunmugam ias study circle head3

8/11/2019 Current Affairs 2012-13 Shunmugam Ias Study Circle Head3

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SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE H.O: Coimbatore -99941 46662 B.O: Tirunelveli- 95972 11166, Tirupur-99944 27714

1SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE H.O: Coimbatore -99941 46662 B.O: Tirunelveli- 95972 11166, Tirupur-99944 27714

WWW .iasipstnpsc.in Email: [email protected]

CURRENT AFFAIRS 2012-13 by way of General Knowledge;

jkpof muR tpUJfs - 2013

jkpog; NguwpQh;fs; kw; Wk; jd; dykw;wjiyth;fspd; ngah; fshy; jkpof muRVw;gLj; jpAs; s jpUts; Sth; tpUJ cl; glgy; NtW tpUJfs; xt; nthU Mz; Lk; jpUts; Sth; jpdkhf [dthp 15 Mk;Njjp toq; fg;gl; L tUfpd; wd. 2012 Mk;Mz; Lf; fhd tpUJ ngw; wth; fspd; tptuk; .

jpUts; Sth; tpUJ lhf; lh; e. KUfd;

je; ij nghpahh; tpUJ

lhf; lh; Nfh.rkurk; . mz; zy; mk; Ngj; fh; tpUJ jh.ghz; bad;

ngUe; jiyth; fhkuh[h; tpUJ rpq; fhutbNty;.

kfhftp ghujpahh; tpUJ F.uhk%h; j; jp

ghNte; jh; ghujpjhrd; tpUJ Kidth; Nrh. e. fe; jrhkp

jkpo; j; njd; wy; jpU.tp.f tpUJ

gpNukhee;jFkhh;

Kj; jkpo; f; fhtyh; fp.M.ng. tpRtehjk; tpUJ eh.uhrNfhghyd; (kiyakhd; )

,th; fSf; F Njdp khtl; lk; Nyhah; Nfk; g;gpy;ele; j tpohtpy; jkpof Kjy; th; tpUJfistoq; fpdhh;.

fhpfhy NrhoDf; F kzpkzlgk ;

Ky; iyg; nghpahW mizia tpl kpftk; goik tha; e;j miz nfhs; splk; Mw; wpd; kPJ fl; lg; gl; Ls; s fy; yiz. 2 Mapuk; Mz; LfSf; F Kd; G fhpfhy; Nrhodhy; fl; lg; gl; L ,d; wsTk; vz; zw; w kf; fSf; Fgadspj;J nfhz; bUf; Fk; ,e; j miz xUnghwpapay; mw;Gjk; MFk; . ,e;jpahtpy; jw;NghJ Gofj; jpy; ,Uf; Fk; mizfspy; fy; yizNa kpfTk; goik tha; e;jJ.,g; gbg; gl; l cWjpahd miziacUthf; fpf; nfhLj; j fhpfhy; Nrhodpd; Nritia epiwT $h; e;J Nghw;Wk;tifapYk; > xU kzpkz; lgk; mikf; fg; gLk; vd; W jkpof muR mwptpj; Js; sJ.

,ejpa fggy gilapd Gjpa jsgjp

[_d; 5> 2012 md; W Jiz ml; kpuy; NjNte; jpuf; Fkhh; N[h~pia (Devender KumarJoshi) ,e; jpa fg; gy; gilapd; Gjpa jsgjpahfepakdk; nra; ag; gl; lhh;. jw; Nghija fg; gy; gilj; jsgjp (Navy Cheif) eph;ky; th; kh tpd; gjtpf; fhyk; ; Mf]; l; 31> 2012y; Kbtile; jjhy; mjd; gpd; G N[h~p Gjpafg; gy; gilj; jsgjpahf gjtpNaw; whh;.

flwgil

Rje; jpuj; Jf; F Kd; G flw; gil gk; gha;kiud; > ,e; jpad; Netp> ,e; jpah khiud; vd; Dk; ngah; fspy; miof; fg; gl; lJ. 1934y; uhay; ,e; jpad; Netp cUthf; fg; gl; lJ.,e; jpah FbauR mwptpf; fg;gl; lijaLj; J>1950 [dthp 26 Kjy; uhay; vd;w nrhy;tpyf; fpf; nfhs; sg; gl; lJ.

,e; jpaf; flw; gilapd; Kjy; fkhz; lh; ,d; rP/g; ml; kpuy; vl; th; l; ghhp. ,e; jpatpd;

Kjy; rP/g; M/g; Nety; ]; lh/g; ml; kpuy; khh;f; ig]p. ,e; jpa eP h;%o;fpf; fg; gypy; gazk; nra; j Kjy; ,e; jpa FbauRj; jiyth; v.gp.N[. mg; Jy; fyhk; (2006>I.vd;.v]; rpe;J uf; ~f; ePh;%o;fpf; fg; gy; ).

,e; jpaf; flw; gilapd; Kjy; tpkhdj; jhq; fp Nghh;f;fg; gy; I.vd; .v]; . tpf; uhe;j; .,e; jpahtpd; Kjy; Nety; mfhlkp 1969[dthpapy; > Nfus khepyk; nfhr; rpapy; mikf; fg; gl; lJ.

flwgil fkhzLfs ;

fpof; F tprhfg; gl; bdk; Nkw;F Kk; ignjw;F nfhr; rp

kj; jpa ,uapyNt gln[l; 2012-13

kj; jpa ,uapy; Nt Jiw mikr; rh; jpU. jpNd~;jphpNtjp 2012 13 Mk; Mz; bw;fhd kj;jpa,uapy; gl; n[l; il 14> khh; r; 2012ghuhSkd; wj; jpy; mwpKfg;gLj; jpdhh; . jw; Nghija,uapy; Nt Jiw mikr; rh; gtd; Fkhh; gd; ry; .( Pawan Kumar Bansal )

SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLECoimbatore, Tirupur & Tirunelveli 99941 46662 99944 27714 95972 11166

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Kffpa mk; rqfs; :

xd; gJ Mz; Lfspy; Kjd; Kiwahfgazpfs; kw; Wk; ruf; F fl; lzk; cah; j; jg; gl; Ls; sJ. 2012 -13 f; fhd nkhj; j KjyPL&. 60100 Nfhb. (,J jhd; mjpfkhd

KjyP L MFk;). ruf; F Nghf; Ftuj; jpy; nkhj; j tUkhdk;

(vjph;ghh;g;G) &. 89339 Nfhb. gazpfs; Nghf;Ftuj; jy; nkhj; j tUkhdk; (vjph;ghh;g;G ) &. 36073 Nfhb.

nkhj; j tuT (vjph;ghh; g;G) &. 1.32 yl;rk; Nfhb.mLj; j gj;jhz;Lfspy; ,uapy; JiwiaetP dkakhf; f &. 14 yl; rk; NfhbNjitg; gLk; . 12tJ Ie; jhz; L ,uapy;NtJiwapd; jpl; lj; jpy; (2012-17)y; 7.35 yl; rk; Nfhb KjyP L nra; ag;gLk; .

75 Gjpa tpiuT ,uapy; fSk; (Express) 21Gjpa kpjNtf ,uapy; fSk; (PassengerTrains) ,af; fg; gLk; . FU ghpf; ukh (GuruParikrama) ,uapy; tz; bfs; mkph; jur]; >ghl; dh> ehd; nll; tiu ,af; fg; gLk; .

Gjpajhf 2500 gRik fopg; gfq; fs; ,uapy; ngl; bfspy; epWtg; gLk; . ghJfhg; gpw;FKf; fpaj; Jtk; mspf; Fk; tifapy; mjw; nfdjdpahd ,uapy; Nt ghJfhg;G ,af; fk; (Independent Railway Safety Authority) xd; Wmikf; fg; gLk; . gj; J Nfhb &ghapy; ,uapy; Nt tbtikg; Gg; gphpT (DedicatedRailway Design Wing) mikf; fg; gLk; .

Gjpa Nghplffhy kUeJfs

raidL KwpT kue; J cs;spl; l 16 GjpaNghplh;f; fhy Nkyhz; ik kUe; Jfis ,e; jpatpQ; Qhdpfs; fz; Lgpbj; Js; sdh; . b.Mh; .B.X

vdg; gLk; uhZt Muha; r;rp kw; Wk; tsh; r;rpmikg; gpd; mZrf; jp kue; jpay; kw; wk;mwptpay; epWtdj; ij (,d; kh]; ) Nrh; e;jtpQ; Qhdpfs; ,e; jpg; Gjpa kue; JfiscUthf; fp> mtw; wpd; jpwid Nrhjpj; Jg; ghh;j; Js; sdh; . 16 Gjpa kUe; JfSf; Fk; ,e; jpa kUe; Jf; fz; fhzpg; ghsh; xg; Gjy; mspj; Js; shh; . raidL KwpT kUe; J>tp~thAthy; Vw;gLk; fhaj; Jf; fhd kUe; Jcs; gl ,it midj; Jk; Nghplh;fhykUe; Jfshf mq; fPfhpf;fg;gl; Ls; sd. raidLKwpT kue; J cs; spl; l 16 Gjpa Nghplh; f; fhy Nkyhz; ik kUe; Jfis ,e; jpatpQ; Qhdpfs; fz; Lgpbj; Js; sdh; . b.Mh; .B.X

(DRDO) vdg; gLk; uhZt Muha; r;rp kw; Wk; tsh; r;rp mikg; gpd; mZrf; jp kue; jpay; kw;wk; mwptpay; epWtdj; ij (,d; kh];)Nrh;e;j tpQ; Qhdpfs; ,e; jpg; Gjpa kue;JfiscUthf; fp> mtw; wpd; jpwid Nrhjpj; Jg; ghh;j; Js; sdh; . 16 Gjpa kUe; JfSf;Fk;

,e; jpa kUe;Jf; fz; fhzpg; ghsh; xg; Gjy; mspj; Js; shh; . raidL KwpT kUe; J>tp~thAthy; Vw;gLk; fhaj; Jf; fhd kUe; Jcs; gl ,it midj; Jk; Nghplh; fhykUe; Jfshf mq; fPfhpf;fg;gl; Ls; sd.

kJiu kyypf; F Gtprhh FwpaL

kJiu ky; ypifg; g+tpw;F kj; jpa murpd; mwpTrhh; nrhj; Jhpikf; fofk; Gtprhh; FwpaPLmq; fPfhuj; ij toq; fpAs; sJ. Gtprhh; FwpaPL

jkpofj; jpy; kyUf; F vd Kjy; KiwahfkJiu ky; ypf;F jw; NghJ fpilj; jpUf; fpwJ.,e; j FwpaP l;bid 20 Mz;lfSf; F kJiuky; yp tptrhapfs; gad;gLj; jyhk; . kJiuky; yp tptrhapfs; rq; fj; jpdhplk; ngWk; ky; ypifia kl; LNk cyfstpy; kJiuky; yp vd; wiof; f Ntz; Lk;. Vw;Wkjpf; F,f; FwpaPL cjTk; . NkYk; ky;yptptrhapfSf; F $Ljy; tpiy cs; spl; lgyjug; gl; l gyd; fs; fpilf; Fk; .

,izajsr Nrit 30 MzLfs epiwT

,izajsr; Nrit njhlq; fg; gl; L> 30Mz; Lfshfptpl; ld. Gul;rpfukhd kw; Wk; Fiwe; j nrytpyhd jfty; njhlh;GKiwahd ,izajsr; Nrit fle; j 1983

Mk; Mz; L [dthp 1 Mk; Njjp njhlq; fpaJ.mnkhpf; f ghJfhg; G mikr; rfk; jhd; ,jw; fhd Kaw; rpfis vLj; J> fzpdpfis,izak; %yk; ,izf; Fk; Kiwiaf; nfhz; L te; jJ. Kd; djhf> mnkhpf; fhit

Nrh;e;j tpQ; Qhdp nlhdhyL Nltrpd ; tbtikg; Gfiy mbg; gilahff; nfhz;L>me;ehl; bd; nelnthh; f; 1960 Mk; Mz; Lfspd; ,Wjpapy; njhlq; fg; gl; lJ. ,J mnkhpf; fgy; fiyf; fofq; fspy; cUthf; fg; gl; lJ.gpd;dh; ,JNt ,izajskhf tbtk; ngw;wJ. gphpl; ld; fzpdp tpQ; Qhdpbk; nghdh]; yP ( Tim burners lee ) jdJfz; Lgpbg;Gfs; %yk; Nth; y;L itL ntg; vdg; gLk; ,izajsr; Nritf; F ,Wjptbtk; nfhLj; jhh;. ,g;NghJ> ,izajsk; %yk; cyfpd; ve;j %iyf; Fk; kpftpiuthfj; jfty; fisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs; sKbtJ Fwpg; gplj; jf; fJ.




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Gjpa jtis ,dqfs

,e; jpahtpy; ,Jtiu fz; lwpag;glhj mhpatif jtisapdq; fis tpQ; Qhdpfs; fz; lwpe;Js; sdh; . jtpu mope; Jtpl; ljhffUjg;gl; L te;j NtW jtisapdq; fisAk;

,th; fs; kWgbAk; fz; Lgpbj; Js; sdh; .njd; dpe;jpahtpy; cs; s Nkw; Fj; njhlh; r;rpkiyapy; fhLfspy; fz; Lgpbf; fg; gl; Ls;s,e; jg; Gjpa jtisapdq; fs; kpftk; mhpjhdit vd tpQ; Qhdpfs; njhptpj; Js; sdh; . G+id Nghy; kpNaht; vd; WxypnaOg; gf; $ba ,utpy; Ntl; ilahLk; jtisapdk; > xU fphpf;nfl; ge; J msTf; Ftsuf; $ba Nfusj; jpd; taehL gFjpapy; fhzg; gLk; ,utpy; Ntl;ilahLk; jtisapdk; cs; spl; lit Gjpjhf fz; Lgpbf; fg; gl; Ls; s

jtisapdq; fspy; mlq; Fk; .

cyfpd kpfgnghpa nly]; Nfhg

rpyp ehl; bd; mlfhkh ghiytdj;jpd; kiycr; rpapy; cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa nly]; Nfhg; mikf; fg; gl cs; sJ. fly; kl; lj; jpy;,Ue; J Rkhh; 3060 kP l; lh; cauj; jpy; &.5 Mapuk; Nfhb nrytpy; ,e; j nly]; Nfhg; mika ,Uf; fpwJ. ,e; j nly]; Nfhg; nghpaNfhs; fs; > rpwpa Nfhs; fs; > el; rj; jpuq;fs;

kw;Wk; el; rj; jpuq;fSf; F mg; ghy; eilngWk; mjpraq; fis cd;dpg; ghff; MuhAk; rf; jpnfhz; ljhf ,Uf; Fk; . ,ij mikf; Fk; gzp2018 Mk; Mz;lf; Fs; KbtilAk; vd; Wvjph; ghh; f; fg; gLfpwJ.

nghUshjhu fzffP L 2012

15 khh; r; 2012y; nghUshjhu fzf; fPL Kd; dhs; kj;jpa epjp mikr; rh; jpU. gpudhg; Kfh; [pahy; ghuhSkd; wj; jpy; mwpKfg; gLj; jg; gl; lJ. ,jd;

Kf; fpa mk; rq; fs; : ,e; jpa nghUshjhuj; jpd; tsh; r;rp 2011 2012 Mk; epjpahz; by; 6.9% ,Uf; Fk; . ,e; jpa njhopw; rhiyapd; tsh; r;rp 4.5% Fiwe; j ehl; bd; nghUshjhu tsh; r;rpiaFiwf;Fk; vd vjph; ghh;f;fg; gLfpwJ. ,Ug; gpDk; ,e; jpah cyufpy; Ntfkhf tsh;r; rpAWk; ehLfs; gl; baypy; epiyj; jpUf; Fk; .

njhopw;rhiyfs; ,e; jpa nkhj; j cs; ehl; Lcw;gj;jpapd; tsh; r;rpf;F (Gross DomesticProduct GDP) 27% gq; fspf; fpwJ. Nrit

gphpTfs; (Service Sector) 59% GDP apy; gq;fspf; fpwJ. GDP apy; tptrhaj; Jiwapy; gq;F 16%

2011 12y; ,e; jpa ehzaj; jpd; kjpg;GlhyUf; F vjpuhf tpo; r;rpfz; lJ.(Depreciation of Indian Rupee vis a vis UsDollar ) [_iy 27, 2011 y; mJ cr; rkhfp43.94 &gha; MfTk; > 15 brk; gh; 2011 y; 51.34 &ghAkhf kpfTk; tP o;r;rpaile;jJ.

,e; jpahtpd; ntspehl; L fld; (IndiasExternal debt) 6.6 rjtP jkhf cah; e;Jnkhj; jk; 326.6 kpy;ypad; mnkhpf; f lhyuhfcs; sJ. Tzpf fld; fs; kw; Wk; (Commercial borrowings), FWfpa fhyfld; fs; (Short term Debt) Mfpatw; why; jhd; ntspehl; L fld; ,e;j msTf; Fcah; e;Js; sJ. ,e; jpahtpy; ntspehl; Lth;j; jfj; jpy; nray; ghL jhd; 2012-13Mk; epjpahz;bd; nghUshjhu tsh; r;rpis

eph;zapf; Fk; . 2011 12 Mk; epjpahz; by;,e; jpahtpd; Vw;Wkjp 40.5% ,wf; Fkjp30.4% (2011 12)

,e; jpa md; dpa nryhtdp ifapUg;G(Foreign Exchange Reserve) khh;r; 2011 y; Us $ 305 gpy;ypadhf ,Ue; jJ. Ntiytha; g;Gfspy; jfty; Jiwapy; (IT / BPO)jhd; 7.96 yl; rk; Ntiy tha; g;G cs; sJ.

cs; ehl; L cw; gj; jp tsh; r;rp (Gross

Domestic Product) 2012 13 y; 7.6% khfTk; >8.6% khfTk; ,Uf; Fk; . czTtpiyNaw; wk; gpg;uthp 2010 y; 20.2%,Ue; jJ ,J [dthp 2012 y; 1.6% MfFiwe; Js; sJ.

epiyahd tsh; r;rpAk; (SustainableDevelopment) gUt fhy khw;wq; fSk; (Climate Change) Kf; fpakhf murhy; ftdpf; fg;gl Ntz; bait. r%f gphptpw; Fj; jhd; (Social Sector) 18.5% mjpfkhf epjp

xJf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ.

Nfhyld; FNshg tpUJfs;

Nfhy; ld; FNshg; tpUJfs; cs; @h; kw; Wk; rh;tNjr jpiug; glq; fs; > rpwe;j njhiyf; fhl; rpepfo; r;rpfSf; fhf Mz; LNjhWk; toq; fg; gl; LtUk; tpUjhFk; . ,J `hypTl; ntspehl; Lnra; jp epWtdj; jhy; toq; fg; gl;L tUfpwJ.KjyhtJ Nfhy; ld; FNshg; tpUJfs; 1944

Mk; Mz; L [dthp khjk; mnkhpf; fhtpd;

yh]; VQ; ry; ]; efhpy; toq;fg; gl; lJ.,e; epiyapy; 70 tJ Nfhy; ld; FNshg; tpUJfs; mwptpf; fg; gl; ld.




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,jpy; GJr; Nrhpapy; jahuhd iyg Mg ig vd; w Mq; fpy glj; Jf; F rpwe; j gpd; dzp,ir; rfhf Nfhy; ld; FNshg; tpUJfpilj; js; sJ. ,e; j glk; M]; fhh; tpUJf;FVw;fdNt ghpe; Jiuf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ vd; gJFwpg;gplj; jf; fJ. rpwe; j jpiug; glk; -

mh;Nfh> rpwe;j ,af;Fdh; - ngd; m/g; nyf; (glk; mh; Nfh)> rpwe;j jpiug; gl ebfh; -Nldpay; Nl Y}apy; (glk; - ypq; fd; )> rpwe;jebif n[dP gh; yhud;]; (glk; - rpy; th;iydpq; ]; ) rpwe; j jpiug; glk; ghlfh; -mnly;(glk; ]; if/ghy; ). N`hk; yz; l; njhiyf; fhl; rp njhlhpy; ebj; j Nlkpad; Y}ap]; rpwe; j njhiyf; fhl; rp ebfuhfTk; >mNj njhlhpy; ebj; j fpNsh; Nld; ]; rpwe; jnjhiyf; fhl; rp ebiff; fhd tpUijAk; ngw;wdh;.

gpgh tpUJ

rh;tNjr fhy; ge;J rq; fq; fspd; $l; likg; Ggpgh rh;gpy; Mz; LNjhWk; toq; fg; gl; L tUk; rpwe;j tP uUf; fhd tpUij mh; n[d; bdh tPuh;yady; nk]; ]p njhlh; e;J 4 tJKiwahf ntd; W rhjid gilj; js; shh; .mh;n[d; bdh Njrpa mzp kw; Wk; ghh; rpNyhdhfpsg; mzpf;fhf tpisahb tUk; nk]; ]p2012 ,y; mjpfgl; rkhf 91 Nfhy; Nghl; L>1972 ,y; n[h; kdpapy; n[l; Ky; yh; (85Nfhy; ) gilj; j rhjidia Kwpabj; jJFwpg;gplj; jf; fJ. gpuhd; rpd; [pdbd; [pNld; >gpNurpy; tPuh; nuhdhy; Nlh ,UtUk; jyh 3Kiw rpwe; j tP uh; tpUij ngw; Ws;sepiyapy; > 4 Kiw ntd; w xNu tPuh; vd; wngUik nk]; ]pf; F fpilj; Js; sJ. 2012 d; rpwe;j tP uhq;fidahf mnkhpf; fhtpd; mg; gpthk; ghf; Njh; e;njLf; g;gl; lhh;.

HDFC-apd Kjy ntsp ehl; L fpis epWtdk.

,e; jpahtpd; vr; .b.vg; .rp (HDFC) vr; .b.vg; .rpiyg; (Housing Development FinanceCorporation Life) vd; Dk; jd; Kjy; ntspehl; L epWtdj; ij Jghapy; (Dubai)njhlq; fpaJ.

vr; .b.vg; .rp iyg; vd; gJ> vr; .b.vg; .rpAk; ,q; fpyhe; jpd; ]; lhd; lhl; iyg; (StandardLife) k; ,ize; J njhlq; fpAs; s epWtdk; .

Jghapy; thOk; 1.75 kpy; ypad; ntspehLtho; ,e; jpah; fSf; F ,J Nrit nra; Ak;.

Gjpa ,uhZtj jsgjp

,e; jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; 25tJ jsgjpahf(25 th Cheif of Indian Army) n[duy; gpf;uhk; rpq; (Bikram Singh) [_d; 1> 2012 md; WnghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhz; lhh;. ,jw; F Kd;

,uhZt jsgjpahf ,Ue; j tp.Nf. rpq; fpd;gjtpf; fhyk; Nk 31> 2012k; NjjpAld;Kbtile; jJ. gpf; uk;rpq; ,e; jpa ,uhZtj; jsgjpahf nghWg; Ngw;Fk; ,uz; lhtJ rP f;fpah; Mthh;. ,tUf; F Kd; n[duy; J.J. rpq; ,g; nghWg;G tfpj; jhh;.

jiuggil

Kjy; jsgjp (n[duy; ) uhN[e; jpu rpd; `[p1955 (Vg;uy; - Nk) jiug;gil fkhz; Lfs;

fpof; F nfhy; fj; jh

Nkw;F rz; bfh;

njw; F G+Nd

tlf; F cjk; G+h;

my; rkh; Nehaffhd kugZ fzLgpbg; G

my; rPkh; vdg; gLk; %is Kjph; TNeha;f;fhd kugDf; fs; Ie; jpid gphpl; ld; kw;Wk; mnkhpf; fh tpQ; Qhdpfs;

fz; lwpe;jdh; . ,t; ite; Jld; Nrh; e;Jnkhj; jk; gj; J kugDf;fs; fhuzk; vd; Wfz; L gpbf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. bkd; rpah(Dementia) vd;w %is tpahjp my; rPkh; tpahjpahy; tUfpwJ. my;rP kh; Neha; (Alzheimers Desease). bkd; rpahtpd; Kf; fpafhuzk; . ,e; j Neha; mWgJ tajpw; F Nky; cs; sth;fSf; F tUk; .Kwjp> KbntLg; gjpy; rpf;fy; fs; > Nahrpg;gjpy; > rpf; fy; fs; > NgRk; nkhopapy; gpur;rid> cUthf; fj; jpy; jpzwy;> MSik gpur; ridfs; (PersonalityDisorder) Nghd;w ghjpg; Gfis Vw; g;gLj; Jk; .

,ejpa flNyhug ghJfhg; G kpjitg glF

(Hovercraft H - 187)

,e; jpaf; flNyhug; ghJfhg; gpw;F gad; glk; kpjitg; glF gp 187 (Indian Coast GuradHovercraft H - 187) ,e; jpa flw; gilapd; iluf;lh; n[duy; (The Director GeneralIndian Coast Guard) Jiz ml; kpuy; tp.wp

Kuspjudhy; F[uhj; khwpyj; jpy; cs; xfh(Okha) vd; w ,lj; jpy; [_d; 11> 2012 md; Wehl; Lf;F mh;g; gzpf; fg; gl; lJ.




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,e; j kpjitg; glF cj; ufz; l; khepyj; jy; mike; Js; s [p/ghd; N`hth; nthh; f; ypkpnll; (Gifon Hoverwork Limited (GHL)tbtikj; j 12 fhw; W kpjit thfdq; fs; (Air Xushion Vehicles) thpirapy; KjyhtjhFk; .

21 kPl; lh; ePsk; nfhz; l ,e; j fhw; W kpjitthfdk; 31 ld; vilia Rke; J nry; yf; $ba jpwd; nfhz; lJ. ,J 45 fp.kPNtfj;jpy; nry;yf; $baJ. 1.8fpNyhkPl; lUf; F ,izahd fg; gypd; NtfmstP l;L MFk;. ,e; j fhw; W kpjitthfdk; ePhpYk;> epyj; jpYk; nry; yf; $baJ.

rpqfgg+h; rghehafuhf ,ejpagngz

rpq;fg; g+h; ghuhSkd; w rghehafuhf ,Ue; jikf; Nfy; ghy; kh; gjtp tpyfpaij njhlh; e;J>fhypahf ,Ue; j gjtpf; F mikr; ruhd `hkhN[hf;fg; vd; gtiu rghehafuhf gpujkh; yPrpd; epakpj; jhh;. ,e; jpa tk; rhtspiar;Nrh;e;j ,th; MSk; kf; fs; nray; fl;rpapd; vk;.gp. Mthh; . ,th; fle; j khjk; Gjparghehafuhf gjtp Vw; whh;.

,ejpahtpd Kjy Njrpa Efh; Nthh; tpiyFwpaL ntspaL

21 gpg;uthp 2012y; ,e; jpahtpd; Kjy; NjrpaEfh; Nthh; tpiy FwpaP L ( CPI)ntspaplg; gl; lJ. ,jid kj; jpaGs;spapay; kw; Wk; jpl;l mkyhf; fmikr; rfj; jhy; (Ministry of Statistics andProgram Implementation) ntspapLfpwJ.

,J khjnkhU Kiw ntspaplg; gLk; .nkhj; j nfhs;Kjy; tpiy FwpaPl; il(Wholesale Price Index) murpd; nfhs; ifKbtpypUe; J (CPI) khw;wk; nra; Ak;.

rpwpJ vd; gJ gy ruf; Ffs; kw; Wk; Nritfs; nfhz; l njhFg; gpypUe;J (Basketof Goods and Services) vLf; fg; gLk; .

,e; j GJ myF (Inflation) tpiyAah; itrhpahf fzf; fpl cjTk; KbAk; . ,JtiuCPI apy; tptrha njhopyhsh; fs; (Agricultural labourers) fpuhkGwnjhopyhsh; fs; (Rural labourers) kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiy njhopyhsh; fs; (Industrialworkers) vd; w %d; W gphptpdUf; fhfntspaplg; gl; L te; Js; sJ.

kfsph ,lxJffP L

gQ;rhaj; J uh[; [pa KiwahdJ khepyg; gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s xh; ,dkhFk; .,J murpayikg; gpd; 7 MtJml; ltizapy; > ,uz; lhk; gl;baypy; (khepy

gl;baypy; ) 5

MtJ ,dkhf ,lk; ngw;Ws; sJ.

murpayikg; Gr; rl; lk tpjp 243 d - ,d; gbcs; shl; rp mikg; Gfspd; %d; wpy; xUgq;Ff; F (1 /3) Fiwahj ,lq; fs; (33 %)kfspUf; fhf xJf; fg; gl Ntz; Lk;.

,e; j ,l xJf; fPl;il 50% cah; j; Jtjw; fhd rl; ljpUj; jj; jpw;F kj;jpafhgpndl; Mf]; l; 27> 2009 - ,y; xg; Gjy; mspj; Js;sJ. ,e; epiyapy; rpy khepyq; fs; 50 rjtP j ,l xJf; fPl;il Vw; fdNtmky; gLj; j Jtq; fptpl; ld.

,e; jpahtpy; cs; shl; rp mikg; Gfspy; kfspUf; F 50% ,l xJf; fPL toq; fpa Kjy;khepyk; gPfhh; MFk; . ,J 2005 ,y; ,e;j,l xJf; fPl;il toq; fpaJ.

jw;NghJ gP fhh;> cj; jpufhz; lk; > ,khr; rygpuNjrk; > kj; jpag; gpuNjrk; > rl; B]; fh;>uh[];jhd; > Nfush Nghd;wit 50 rjtP j,l xJf; fPl;il toq; fp tUfpd; wd.

,ejpahtpy; khepyk thhpahf csshlrpmikgGfspy kfsph; ,l xJffP L tpguk

khepyq;fs; ,l xJf; fPLcj; jpufhz; l; 55% gPfhh; (2005) 50%,khr; ryg; 50%kj; jpag; 50%rl; B]; fh; (2008) 50%uh[]; jhd; 50%Nfush (2010) 50%rpf;fpk; (2007) 40%jkpo; ehL (1994) 33%

M]jpNuypah-,ejpah ,ilNa kugZ njhlhG

M]; jpNuypahtpd; g+h; tf; Fb kf; fspd; kugZ$Wfis Muha; e;j tpQ; Qhdpfs; ,e; jpahtpy; ,Ue; J M]; jpNuypa fz; lj; Jf; F 4000Mz; Lfs; Kd; dNu FbNaw; wk; ele; Js; sJvd; gjw; fhd mwpFwpfs; njd; gLtjhfnjhptpj; Js; sdh;




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NkYk; bq; Nfh vd; w fhl; L eha;fisM];jpNuypahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj; jpath; fs; ,e; jpahtpypUe; J ,q; F te; JFbNawpath; fshf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;Wk; Muha; r;rpahsh; fs; ek; Gfpd;wdh;. M]; jpNuypag+h;tFbfspd; kugZ njhFjpapy; ,e; jpa

kugZf; fs; fye; J fhyfl; lKk; >mfo; thuha;r; rpapy; fz; nlLf; fg; gl; l/gh];]py; gbkq; fspd; mbg; gilapy; bq; Nfhfhl; L eha;fs; M]; jpNuypahtpy; njd;glMuk;gpj;j fhy fl;lKk; xd; whd cs; sJ vdMuha; r;rpahsh; fs; $Wfpd; wdh;.,th; fSila Ma; tpd; KbTfs; Ne~dy; mfhlkp Mg; rapd; r]; vd; w mwptpay; kd; wj; jpd; gjpTfspy; Nrh; f;fg;gl; Ls; sd.ikf; Nuhj; vd; W Mq; fpyj; jpy; nrhy; yg; gLk; fw;fUtpfis M]; jpNuypahtpy; mwpKfg; gLj; jpath; fSk; ,e; jpahtpypUe; J te; jFbNawpfshf ,Uf; fyhk; vd; W tpQ; Qhdpfs; njhptpj; Js; sdh; .

rp.V. Njh; tpy; jkpo ngz Kjyplk

Kk;ig kyhl; gFjpapy; trpj; J tUk; n[af; Fkhh; ngUkhs; vd; gth; Kk; igapy; Ml; Nlh hpf;~h Xl; b tUfpwhh; . ,tuJ kfs; gpNukh rhh;l; lh;l; mf; fTz;ld;l; (rp.V) Njh; tpy; 800 f;F 607 kjpg; ngz; fis ngw; W,e; jpahtpNyNa Kjyplj; jpy; te; J rhjidgilj; Js; shh; . rp.V. gbg;gpy; Kjyplk; ngw; wgpNukhtpw;F jkpof muR rhh;gpy; &. 10 yl; rk; Cf; fj; njhifia Kjyikr; rh; toq; fpdhh;.

epyhit Muharrp nraa u~ah tpzfyk

epytpy; jz; zP h; cs; sjh> mq;Fs; srPNjh~; z epiy vd; d> kdpjd; mq; F caph; tho KbAkh vd; w Muha; r;rp gy Mz; lfshfele; J tUfpwJ. ,e; epiyapy; > tUk; 2015

Mk; Mz; L Mspy; yh tpz; fyj; ij mDg; gpepyit Muha;r; rp nra;a u~; a tpz; ntspMa; T epWtdk; jpl; lkpl; Ls; sJ. ,e; jtpz; fyj; Jf; F Y}dh FNshg; vd; W ngahplg;gl; Ls; sJ. tpz;ntspf; F uhf;nfl; mDg; Gk; mKh; gFjpapy; Gjpa VTjsj; ij u~; ah fl; btUfpwJ. me; j ,lj; jpy; ,Ue; J uhf; nfl; %yk; Y}dh FNshg; epyTf; F mDg; gpitf;fg; gLfpwJ. epytpy; jiuapwq; fp ,e; jtpz; fyk; Ma; T nra;Ak;. mq; F tpz; fyk; Nrfhpf; Fk; Nrk; gps;fspd; urhad jd; ikFwpj;J jiu fl; Lg;ghl; L ikaj; Jf; FclDf; Fld; jfty; mDg; gp itf; Fk; vd; Wtpz; ntsp Ma; T ikak; $wpAs; sJ.

kj; jpa gln[l; 2012 2013

kj; jpa epjp ke; jphp jpU. gpuzhg; Kfh;[p 16> khh; r; 2012y; kj; jpa gl;n[l; il (2012-13)ghuhSkd; wj; jpy; mwpKfg; gLj; jpdhh; . ,J ,th; jhf;fy; nra; Ak; ehd; fhtJ kj; jpa gl; n[l;

MFk; .Kffpa mk; rqfs; :

1. ,e; jpa nghUshjhuk; 2012-13 y; 7.6% MftsUk; vd vjph; ghh;f; fg; gLfpwJ. nkhj; jnrytP dk; 2012 13 y; &.14.9 bhpy; ypad; MFk; . ,J nrd; w tUlj; ij tpl 29%mjpfk; .

2. nkhj; j jpl; l nryT xJf; fPL (PlanExpenditure Budgeted) &. 521.25 gpy; ypad; .,J nrd; w Mz; il tpl 18% mjpfk; .tUkhd thp tpyf;F &. 180000 apypUe;J 2yl; rk; &ghahf cah; j; jg; gl; Ls; sJ.

3. gw;whf;Fiw (Fiscal Deficit) 2012 13 y; GDPy; 5.1% Mf ,Uf; Fk; . Nrit thpia 10%y; ,Ue; J 12% Mf cah; j; jjpl; lkpl; Ls; sJ. 17 ,dq; fis ( 17 Items)jtpu midj; J NritfspYk; thp tpjpf; fjpl; lkplg; gl; Ls; sJ.

4. njhopy; thpay; (Corporate Tax) khw;wk; ,y; iy. ntspehl; bypUe;J thq; Fk; th; j; jffld; fis (External Commercial Borrowing)kpd; cw; gj; jpf; F (Power Projects) gad; gLj; jyhk; . 2012 13 y; 8800 fp.kP rhiyfs; cUthf; fg;gLk; .

5. ghJfhg; G Jiwf; F (Defence Sector) 2012 13y; & 1.94 bhpy; ypad; xJf; fPL nra; ag; gl;Ls; sJ. (2011 12y; & 1.64 bhpy; ypad; )Njrpa czT ghpfhpg; G jpl; lk; (National

Food Processiong scheme) vy; yhkhwpyq;fspYk; mwpKfk; nra; ag; gLk; .

6. Njrpa efh; Gw Rfhjhuj; jpl; lk; (NationalUrban Health Mission) njhlq; fg; gLk; .Tpjitfs; Xa; t+jpaKk; (Widow Pension)khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs; xa; T+jpaKk; ; &. 200ypUe;J &. 300 mfcah; j; jg; gLfpwJ.gq; Ffis tpw; Fk; tpfpjk; (Disinvestment Target) 2012 13 y; 300gpy;ypad; &gha; .

7. Ie; J tUlq; fspy; a+hpah cw; gj; jpapy; ,e; jpah jd; dpiwT milAk; . 2012 13 y;




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8/30



fpof; Ff; flw; fiu Md; kPf ghuk; ghpaRw;Wyh> njw; F Md; kPf Rw; Wr;#oy; Rw;Wyh Nghd; witfis Cf; Ftpf; f Mrpatsh; r;rp tq; fp (Asian Development Bank)cjtpAld; xUq; fpize; j Rw; Wyhfl; likg;Gj; jpl; lk; nray; gLj; jg; gLk; .

ngUe; jkpo; mwpQh;fSf; F fgpyh; tpUJ>c.Nt.rh tpUJ vd; w ,uz;L GjpatpUJfs; mwpKfk; . jkpo; nkhoptsh; r;rpf;fhf ekJ ehl; by;mUe; njhz; lhw;Wk; jkpo; mikg; GfSf; F jkpo; jha; tpUJ mwpKfk; .

lhf; lh; Kj; Jyl; Rkp nul; b epidT kfg; NgWcjtpj; jpl;lj; jpd; fP o; ehl; bNyNa cah;e; jmstpy; 12>000 &ghahf epjpAjtp

cah; j; jg; gl; Ls;sJ.

nrdid cahejp kdwk;

,e; jpar; rl; lj; Jiwf; F gy Kf; fpagq; fspg; Gfs; ey;fpa nrd; id cah; ePjp kd; wk; cUthf; fg; gl; L 150 tUlq; fs; epiwtile; Jtpl; ld. ,ijf; nfhz;lhLtjw; fhf> 2012nrg; lk; gh; 8,y; nrd; idapy; elj; jg; gl; lgpukhz; l tpohtpy; ,e; jpa FbauRj; jiyth;jpU. gpuzhg; Kfh; [p fye;Jnfhz; L rpwg; gpj;jhh;.

,e; jpah Rje; jpuk; miltw; F 85 tUlq; fSf; FKd; Ng nrd; id cah; ePjp kd; wk; cUthf; fg; gl; Ltpl; lJ. eP jpkd; wj;jpd; ]; jhgfjpdkhd Mf]; l; 15 Mk; Njjp md; Nw ehl; bw;FRje; jpuk; fpilj; jJ xU mg+h; t xj; jpizT.

thzpgj; Jf; fhf ,e; jpah te; j Mq; fpyfpof; fpe;jpaf; fk; ngdp> Kjyhk; vyprngj; kfhuhzpapd; uhay; rhh; l; lh; cj; jutpd; gb>31.12.1600 md; W Gdpj [hh; [; Nfhl; ilapy; xU eP jpkd; wj; ij Jtf; fpaJ. ,e; j

ePjpkd; wj;ij cWjp nra; J Kjyhk; N[k; ];kd; dh; 31.05.1609 md; W cj;juT gpwg; gpj;jhh;.

,e; j eP jpkd; wk; cs; @h; ehaf; f kd; dh;fspd; mDkjpAld; 1640 ,y; rTy; l; hp Nfhh;l; vdg; ngah; khw; wg;gl; lJ.

1688 ,y; Nkah; Nfhh; l; cUthf; fg; gl; lJ.,q; Nf rptpy; kw; Wk; fphpkpdy; tof;Ffistprhhpf; f mjpfhuk; toq; fg;gl; lJ. ,Jgpw;ghL 1798 ,y; nkl; uh]; gl; bdk; Nfhh; l; M/g; nuf; fhh;L vdg; ngah; khw; wk; nra; ag; gl; lJ. ,J 1800 tiu njhlh; e;jJ.

,ijaLj; J kd; dh; %d; whk; [hh;[pd; cj; jutpd; gb 1801> nrg; lk; gh; ehd; fhk; Njjpnkl; uh]; cr; rePjpkd; wk; cUthf; fg; gl; lJ.,jd; Kjy; jiyik eP jpgjp rh; jhk]; ]; l;Nud;[;. ,J 1862 tiu nray; gl;lJ.

1861> Mf]; l; Mwhk; Njjp gphpl; B~; muR ,e;jpa cah; ePjpkd; wr; rl; lk; xd; iwepiwNtw; wpaJ. ,jd; gb nkl; uh]; >fy; fj; jh> gk; gha; vd; Dk; %d; W uh[jhdpefuq; fspy; gazpf; Fk; fg; gy; fspd; kPJk; mjpfhuk; nrYj; Jk; cah; ePjpkd;wq;fiscUthf; f tpf; Nlhhpah kfhuhzpf;F mDkjptoq; fg; gl; lJ. ,ijaLj; J kfhuhzpntspapl; l fhg; Ghpik fbjj; jpd; mbg; gilapy; 1862> [_d; 26 Mk; Njjp>gue;Jgl; l mjpfhuq; fSldhd nkl; uh];

cah; ePjpkd; wj; ij cUthf; fp kfhuhzpapd; gpufldk; ntspahdJ. (,j; Jld; 1800>brk;gh; 26 gpufldj; jpd; gb kd; dh; %d; whk; [hh; [; cUthf; fpa cr; r eP jpkd; wj;jpd; nray; ghLfs; KbTf; F te; jd)

1862> Mf]; l; 15 Mk; Njjp nkl; uh]; cah; ePjpkd; wk; mjpfhug+h; tkhf Jtq; fpitf; fg; gl; lJ. gP r; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpd; Kd; gf; fkpUe; j fl;blj; jpy; jhd; 1862 Kjy; 1892 tiu ,e; j cah; ePjpkd; wk; ; ,aq; fpaJ.(,e; jf; fl; blk; gpw;ghL nkl; uh]; Ml; rpah; mYutyfkhapw; W)

1888 ,y; Jtq; fpa Gjpa fl; bl fl; Lkhdk; 1892 ,y; epiwtile; jJ. fl; Lkhdr; nryT& 12>98>163. ,yz; ld; ePjpkd; wq;fSf;FmLj; J cyfpd; kpfg; nghp ,uz; lhtJePjpkd;w tshfk; nkl; uh]; cah; ePjpkd; wNk.1892 [_iy 12 Mk; Njjp Gjpa fl; blj; jpd; rhtpia toq; fp nfsutpj; jth; md; iwankl; uh]; MSeh; ngy; gp ghud;ntd; Nyhf; .Rhtpiag; ngw; Wf;nfhz;lth; md; iwajiyik ePjpgjp rh; . Mh; jh; fhypd; ]; .

nkl; uh]; cah; ePjpkd; wj; jpd; Kjy; ,e; jpaj; jiyik ePjpgjp lhf; lh; gp.tp. uh[ kd; dhh;.nkl; uh]; cah; ePjpkd;wj; jpd; Kjy; ,e;jpaePjpgjp Kj; JRthkp ma; ah;. Kd; dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; Mh; .ntq; fl; uhkd; > Me; jpuNfrhp b.gpufhrk; > my; yhb fpU~; zrhkpma; ah;> rp.Mh; gl; lhgpuhkd; > Nkhfd; Fkhukq; fyk; > g.Nf. guuhrd; > [p. uhkrhpNghd;w gy gpugyq; fs; nkl; uh]; cah; ePjpkd;wj; jpy; tof; fwpQh;fshfg; gzpahw; wpath; fs; .




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2004 [_iy 24 ,y; 12 eP jpgjpfs; ,lq; fpaxU epue; ju cah; ePjpkd; w ngQ;r; kJiuapy; cUthf; fg; gl; lJ. 2005 ,y; cah; ePjpkd; wmUq; fhl;rpafk; jpwe; J itf; fg; gl; lJ.

,e; jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjyhf rkurg; Ngr; R

thh; j; ijfs; %yk; tof; Ffis igry;nra; Ak; ikak; ,q; Fjhd; Jtq; fg; gl; lJ.mJ NghyNt khiyNeu eP jpkd;wq; fs; >tpLKiw jpd ePjpkd; wq;fs; Nghd; witAk; ,q; NfNa Jtf; fkpl; ld. Kjd; KjyhfjkJ nrhj; J tpguq; fis jhq; fNsKd; te; J ntspapl; lth; fSk; nkl; uh]; cah; ePjpkd; w ePjpgjpfNs.

cyfg ghuk; ghpar rpddqfs(UNESCO World Heritage)

xU eh; bd; milahsj; ij ntspf; fhl; Lk; fz; zhbfs; me; ehl; bd; fyhr; rhuk; kw; Wk; gz; ghL I.eh.tpd; And];Nfh mikg; G.1972 ,y; cyf ghuk; ghpar; rpd; dq; fisg; ghJfhg; gJ Fwpj; J xU rh; tNjrkfhehl; il (World Heritage Convention)$l; baJ. ,ijj; njhlh; e;J cUthdJjhd; cyf ghuk; ghpar; rpd; dq;fs; (WorldHeritage Sites) Fwpj;j gl; bay;.

2012 fzf; Fg; gb 157 ehLfisr; Nrh; e;j 962ikaq; fs; cyf ghuk; ghpar; rpd; dq; fspd; gl; baypy; ,lk; ngw; Ws; sd. (,g; gl; bay; khw;wj; jpw;Fl; gl; lJ). vy; yh tUlKk; Vg; uy; 18 Mk; Njjp cyf ghuk; ghpar; rpd; djpdkhf (World Heritage Day)filgpbf; fg; gLfpwJ.

ghukghpar rpddqfs

1. fyhr;rhu ikaq; fs; (Cultural Sites)

2. ,aw; if ikaq; fs; (Natural Sites)

3. ,it ,uz; Lk; fye; jikaq; fs; (MixedSites) vd %d;W epiyfspy; gphpf;fg; gLfpd; wd. (,e; jpahtpy; nkhj; jKs;s 29 ghuk; ghpar; rpd; dikaq; fspy; 23 fyhr; rhu ikaq; fs; 6,aw; if ikaq; fs; ).

fyhrrhu ikaqfsMf; uh Nfhl; il> m[e; jh Fiffs; >vy; Nyhuh> jh[; kfhy; > nfhdhh; f; #hpaf; Nfhtpy; > kfhgypGuk; rpw;gq; fs; >/gNjGh; rpf; hp> `k; gp rpjpyq; fs; > f[_uhN`hNfhtpy; fs; > Nfhth Njthyaq; fs; >

vyp/ngd; lh Fiffs; > Nrhoh; Nfhtpy; fs; >gl;lilf; fy; rpd; dq; fs; > rhQ; rp> `_khA+d; fy; yiw> FJg; kpdhh;> kiy ,uapy; fs; >Gj;jfah kfhNghjp Miyak; > gpk;Ngj; fhh;>rk;ghdph; - ghtfhl;> rj; ugjp rpth[pnlh; kpd];> nrq;Nfhl; il> [e; jh; ke; jph;.

,awif ikaqfs

fhrpuq; fh Njrpa g+q; fh> fpNahyhbNaht; Njrpag; g+q;fh> kdh]; Njrpag; g+q;fh>Re;jutdk; > ee; jhNjtp Njrpag; g+q;fh>Nkw;Fj; njhlh; r;rp kiy.

NkwFj njhlhrrp kiyfs;

Mhpa tif caphpdq; fs; > jhtuq; fs; Mfpatw; wpd; nghf; fp~khf tpsq; Fk; Nkw;Fj; njhlh; r;rp kiyg; gFjp 2012 - ,y; cyf ghuk; ghpar; rpd; dq; fspd; gl; baypy; ,lk; ngw;wJ. F[uhj; vy; iyapy; Jtq; fpkfhuh~; buk;> Nfhth> fh; ehlfk; > jkpo; ehL>Nfusk; vd; W gy; NtW khepyq; fspyhfePz;L fplf; Fk; Nkw;Fj; njhlh; r;rp kiyg; gFjpfs; > jkpo; ehl; bd; fd;dpahFkhpkhtl; lj; jpy; KbtilfpwJ. gy; Yaph;g; ngUf; fj; Jf; F ngah; ngw; w cyfpd; gj;J,lq; fspy; xd; whd Nkw; Fj; njhlh; r;rp

kiyg;gFjp 1>600 fp.kP ePsKk; > F[uhj; -kfhuh~; bu vy; iyapy; XLk; jg; jp ejpapd; njw; fpypUe;J fd; dpahFkhp tiu eP z; Lfplf; Fk; 1>60>000 r.fp.kP gug; Gk; nfhz; lJ.,e; jpahtpd; gUt kioia jP h;khdpf; Fk; Mju RUjpahd Nkw; Fj; njhlh; r;rp kiyj; njhlhpy; Rkhh; 5>000 tif jhtuq; fSk;>139 tif caphpfSk;> 508 tifgwitfSk; cs; sjhf $wg; gLfpwJ.Nkw;Fj; njhlh; r;rp kiy ghJfhg; G Fwpj;JMa; T nra; a mikf; fg; gl; l fkpl; b khjt

fhl;fpy fkplb.

khepyk thhpahf Kffpakhd fyhrrhuikaqfs kwWk ,awif ikaqfs.

mNrhk

khd] td tpyqFfs ruzhyak

khdr Njtpapd; ngauhy; miof; fg; gLfpwJ.gpugy Gypfs; fhg;gfk; kw; Wk; ,lk; ngah;tpyq; Ffspd; tho; tplk; . gug; G 2>840 r.fp.kP Nfhy; ld; yq; $h;> fhl; nlUikMfpatw; iwAk; ,q; Nf fhzyhk;.




10/30



fh]puqfh Njrpag g+qfh

kpfph; kiy mbthuj; jpy; gpuk;kGj; jpuhejpapd; njd; fiuapy; mike; Js; sJ.cyfpy; xw; iwf; nfhk; G fhz;lhkpUfk; mjpfkhf thOk; gFjp. 430 r.fp.kP gug; G

nfhz; l ,g; g+q;fhtpy; rhkgh; khd; fs; >`pNyhf; fpg; gd; vDk; xUtif Fuq; Ffs; Mfpatw; iwf; fhzyhk; .

cjjhfhzl;

eejhNjtp g+f;fspd; rkntsp Njrpagg+qfhffs

,e; jpahtpd; ,uz; lhtJ nghpa kiyahdee;jhNjtp kiyapy; mike; Js; s Njrpag; g+q;fh. Nkw; F ,khyaj; jpy; mike; js; sg+f;fspd; rkntsp mg+h; tkhd g+f; fs; >Mh;f; fpl; kyh;fs; epiwe; jJ.

cjjpug gpuNjrk

Mfuh Nfhl; il

Mf; uh efhpy; aKid ejpapd; tyf; fiuapy; 1573 ,y; khkd; dh; mf; guhy; cUthf; fg; gl; lJ. 2.5 fp.kP Rw;wsTnfhz; l ,f; Nfhl; ilf;Fs; [`hq; fPh; khfy; >

fh]; khfy; > jpthdp - , - fh]; kw; Wk; ,uz; L k#jpfs; mike; Js; sd. jpy;ypNfl; > mkh; rpq; Nfl; vd; Dk; ,uz; L Eiothapy; fs; nfhz; lJ.

jh[kfhy

Nkhfyha fiyg; ghzpapd; kFlkhff; fUjg; gLk; jh[; kfhy; > aKid ejpapd; tyf; fiuapy; 0.17 rJu fp.kP gue; Js; snkhfy; Njhl; lj; jpy; mike; Js; sJ.KOtJk; nts; is ryitf; fy; yhy; 1631 1648 fhyfl; lj; jpy; kd; dh; ~h[`hdhy; fl; lg; gl; l jh[; kfhy; > ngh;~pa> kj; jpaMrpa> ,]; yhk; fl; blf; fiyEZf; fq; fisj; jd; dfj; Nj nfhz; lJ.

/gNjGh rpfhp

ntWk; gjpehd; F Mz; Lk; nkhfyhahpd; jiyefukhf ,Ue; j /gNjGh; rpf; hp>khkd; dh; mf; guhy; 16 Mk; E}w;whz; by; fl; lg; gl; lJ. Gye; j; jh; th]h> [hkk]; [pj; > `th k`hy; Nghd; witfz; izf; fth; fpd; wd.

xhp~h

nfhdhh; f; #hpaf; Nfhtpy;

fp.gp 1250 ,y; #hpa Njtdpd; Njh; tbtpy;mikf; fg; gl; l Nfhtpy; . ,q; Fs; s 24 fy; rf; fuq; fs; gUtq; fisAk; > khjq; fisAk; Fwpg;gjhf mikfpwJ. VO Fjpiufshy; ,Of; fg; gLk; (jw; NghJ MW FjpiufNscs; sd) ,f; fw; Nfhtpy; xU rpw; gf; fiymw;Gjk; . fWg;G gNfhlh vdTk; toq; fg; gLk; ,f; Nfhtpy; > kd; dh; Mwhk; eurpk;kNjtdhy; fl; lg; gl;lJ.

fh;ehlfk

gllilffy; epidTr rpddqfs

gp[g;g+h; khtl; lk; > tl kw; Wk; njd; dpe;jpafl; blf; fiyapd; vLj; Jf; fhl; lhf jpfOk; ,e; epidTr; rpd; dq; fs; Ie; J kw; Wk; Mwhk; E}w;whz;L rhSf; fpa tk; rj; jpd; fiyntspg; ghLfs; . xd; gJ ,e; Jf; Nfhtpy; fs; >i[d tpUgh$~h; Nfhtpy; > ky; ypfh;[_dNfhtpy; > rq; fNk]; tuh; Miyak; MfpaitFwpg;gplj; jf; fit.

`k;gp rpjpyqfs

tp[aefug; Nguurpd; gok; ngUikiag; giwrhw; Wk; `k; gp efuk; > 1565 jf;fhzK];yP k; gilnaLg; GfisaLj; JrpijTz; lJ. Kj; jpa fhy cyfpd; moFjJk; Gk; efuq; fspy; xd; whd `k; gpapd; uhkr;re; jpuh Nfhtpy; > `]huh uhkh; Nfhtpy; >G~; fuzp Fsk; > jhkiu kfhy; > re; ijNghd;wit Fwpg; gplj; jf; fit.

kj; jpag gpuNjrk

f[_uhN`h Nfhtpyfs;

rj; uhg+h; khtl; lk; > re;jyh rhk; uh[; afhyfl; lj; jpy; (fp.gp 950 1050) cUthf; fg; gl;lit. ,q; Fs; s fz; lhhpah Nfhtpy; rpw;gq;fs; ,e; jpa fl; blf; fiyapd; ntspg; ghL. nkhj; jKs; s 85 Nfhtpy; fspy; jw;NghJ ntWk; 20 Nfhtpy; fNsvQ;rpAs; sd. Nkw; Fg; gphptpy; ny~; kzd; >n[fjk; ghNjtp> rpj;jpuFg; jd; > fz; lhPakfhNjth; Myaq; fSk; > tlfpof; F gphptpy;

gpuk;kh> thkdd; > rhe; jpehjd; > ghh;Rtehjd; Miyaq; fSk; > njd; gphptpy; JyhNjtd; >rJh; G[d; Miyaq; fSk; mike; Js; sd.




11/30



rhQrp Gjj epidTr rpddqfs

jiyefh; Nghghypy; ,Ue; J 40 fp.kP njhitpy; mike; Js; s rhQ; rp Gj; jepidTr; rpd; dq; fs; > xw;iwf; fy; J}z; fs; >muz; kidfs; > Nfhtpy; fs; > Gj; j tpfhufs;

epiwe; jJ. ,it 1881 ,y; fz; Lgpbf;fg; gl; ld. fp.K ,uz; L kw; Wk; xd; whk; E}w;whz;bd; fhyfl; lj; jpy; cUthf; fg; gl; lit. rhQ; rpapy; ,Uf; Fk; Kf; fpa epidTr; rpd; dkhd ]; J}gp 1.Xw;iwf;fy; ypy; nrJf; fg; gl;l mNrhf]; jkgk; Mfpait Fwpg; gplj; jFe;jit.

gpkNgj;fh fwFiffs

tpe; jpa kiy mbthuj; jpy; mike; Js; s,f; Fifapd; fhzg; gLk; RtNuhtpaq; fs; nkN]hypj; jpf; fhyfl; lj; jijNrh;e;jitahf ,Uf;fhyk; vd; Wek;gg;gLfpwJ.

F[uhj

rkgheph - ghtfl; mfohaT g+qfh

,e; J kw; Wk; ,]; yhkpa fl; blf; fiyapd; ,izT ntspg; gLk; ,g; gFjp nkhfyhah; fhyj;jpw; F Ke; ija ,]; yhk; efuj; jpd;

J}a rhl; rpahf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,q; Fs; s[hkp k]; [pj; > fhspfhkhj Nfhtpy; Mfpait Fwpg; gplj; jf; fit. ,g; gFjp 17Mk; E}w;whz; L F[uhj; jiyefuhkff; fUjg; gLfpwJ.

Nfhth

Nfhth Njthyaqfs - klq; fs

Nghh;j;Jf; fPrpahpd; ,e;jpaj; jiyefukhftpsq; fpa Nfhth Rkhh; 450 tUl fhyk; Nghh;j;Jf; fPrpahpd; MSiff; Fcl; gl;bUe; jJ. mth; fshy; cUthf; fg; gl; lGdpj gpuhd; rp]; Nrtpah; fy; yiwmike; Js; s. Nghk; [P ]]; g]ypf; fh cyfg; gpurpj; jkhdJ.

jkpoehL

kfhgypGuk; rpwgqfs

fy; ypy; fiytz; zj; ij ntspf; fhl; b

epw;Fk; ujq; fs; > kz; lgq; fs;> flw; fiuNfhtpy; fs; ahTk; gy; yt rhk; uh[; a fhyfl; lj; jpy; cUthf; fg; gl; lit.

Nrhoh Nfhtpy; fs

Nrho rhk; uh[; ak; kw; Wk; jkpoh; fyhr; rhuk; Mfpatw; wpd; kpfr; rpwe; j vLj; Jf; fhl; L.Khkd; dh; uh[uh[Nrhodhy; fl; lg; gl; ljQ; ir nghpa Nfhtpy; (1003 1010)>

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e; jpuNrhod; fl; ba fq; ifnfhz; l NrhoGuk; (1035)> ,uz; lhk; uh[ uh[Nrhod; fl; ba IuhtNj]; tuk; (jhuhRuk; ).

gPfhh

kfhNghjp Myak

gfthd; Gj; jhpd; tho; NthLk; > Kf; jpepiyNahLk; njhlh; Gila ehd; F Gdpjikaq; fspy; Gj; j fah Nfhtpy; tshfKk; xd; W. jw; Nghija Nfhtpy; fp.gp. Mwhk; E}w;whz;by; fl;lg; gl; lJ. Gj; jh; Qhdk; ngw;w Gfo; ngw;w Nghjpkuk; (Ficus Religiosa),q; NfNa cs; sJ.

kfhuh~buk;

m[ejh Fiffs

xsuq; fghj; khtl; lj; jpy; cs; sJ. Gj; jrkaf; fiyia ntspg; gLj;Jk; mw; GjkhdFifr; rpw;gq; fs; . ,uz;lhapuk; tUl

goik nfhz; lit.

vy; Nyhuh Fiffs

xsuq; fhghj; khtl; lj; jpy; mike; Js; s,f; Fiffs; Gj; jh;> gpuhkzpak; > i[dk; vDk; %d;W rkaq; fspd; rhl; rpakhfj; jpfo; fpwJ. Rkhh; ,uz; L fp.kP njhiyTf; Fgue;Js; s vy; Nyhuhtpy; Kg; gj; jp ehd; F Gj; jtpfhiufs; > Kjyhk; fpU~; zd; fhyj; jpy; fl; lg; gl; ljhff; fUjg; gLk; ifyhr ehjh; Nfhtpy; Nghd; wit mike;Js; sd.

vyp/ngdlh Fiffs

mugpf; flypy; vyp/ngd; lh jP tpy; fhzg;gLk; ,f; Fiffs; > Filtiuf; fiyapd; rpd;dkhfj; jpfo; fpwJ. fp.gp Ie; J Kjy; vl; lhk; E}w;whz; L fhyfl; lj; jpy;cUthf; fg;gl; ljhf fUjg; gLk; ,f; Fiffs; Kk; igapd; Nfl; Nt M/g; ,e; jpa tpypUe; J gj; J fp.kP njhiytpy; cs; sJ.jPtpd; Kfj; Jthuj; jpy; fhzg; gLk; ahidr; rpw;gj; ij ghh; j; j Nghh; j; Jf; fPrpaNu ,jw; Fvyp/ngd;lh Fiffs; vd;W ngahpl; ldh; .




12/30



rjugjp rpth[p nlhkpd]

Kk; ig ,uapy; epiyak; . ,jd; gioangah; tpf; Nlhhpah nlh; kpd];> tpf; Nlhhpad; Nfhjpf; fl; blf; fiyapd; rpwe;jvLj; Jf; fhl; L.

NkwF tqfhsk

Rejutd Njrpag g+qfh

fq; if nly; lh gFjpapy; 10>000 r.fp.kPl; lh; gug;gpy; mike; Js; sJ. ,jd; ngUk; gFjpAk; ,e; jpahtpYk; > vQ; rpagFjpfs; tq; fhsNjrj; jpYk; mike; Js; sd.moptpd; tpspk; gpypUf;Fk; gy; NtW tifahdcaphpdq; fspd; ,Ug; gplk;. ,q; Nf 400 w; Fk; Nkw;gl;l tq; fhsg; Gypfs; ,Ug;gjhffzf; fplg; gl; Ls; sJ. Re;jhp vd; Dk; khq;f; Nuht; kuq; fs; nrwpj; jJ.

uh[]jhd;

fpNahyhbNaht Njrpag g+qfh

kd; dh;fspd; gwit Ntl; ilf; Fg; ngah; ngw;w ,g;gFjp> guj; g+h; gwitfs; ruzhyak; vdTk; miof; fg; gLfpwJ. ,q; Fte; J nry; Yk; ,lk; ngah; gwitfspy;

irgP hpa nfhf; Ffs; Fwpg;gplj; jf; fit.

Iejh kejph;

n[a; g+hpy; mike; Js;s ,e; jpahtpd; Gfo; ngw;w Nfhsuq; fs;. fp.gp 18k; E}w;whz; by; kfhuh[h [thy; n[a; rpq;fhy; fl; lg; gl; lJ.

jpyyp

FJgkpdhh - epidTr rpddqfs

jpy; ypapd; Kjy; K]; yPk; Ml; rpahsuhdFj; GjPd; Igf; vd; gtuhy; 1202 ,y; Jtq; fg; gl;lJ. jw; Nghija cauk; 72.5 kP .,jw; Fs; nkhj; jk; 399 gbf; fl; Lfs; cs; sd.k#jp tshfj; jpy; mike; Js; s ,Uk; Gj;J}z; 7.02 kP caukhdJ (,jd; 0.93 kPG+kpf;fbapy; cs; sJ).

nrqNfhl; il

nkhfyha rf; futh; j; jp ~h[`hdhy; 1648,y; fl; lg;gl; l ,f; Nfhl; il> nkhfyhafiyj; jpwdpd; rhd; whf kpsph; fpwJ. ,e; jpaRje; jpug; gpufldk; ,f; Nfhl; ilapypUe; Jjhd; mwptpf; fg; gl; lJ.

`_khA+d fyyiw

1570 ,y; `_khA+dpd; tpjit kidtpahy; xd; wiu Nfhb &gha; nrytpy; cUthf; fg;gl; l ,f; fy; yiwNaG+e;Njhl; lj; NjhL Nrh; e;J fl; lg; gl; l

,e; jpahtpd; Kjy; fy; yiwahffUjg; gLfpwJ. gpw; fhyj; jpy; ,J murFLk; gj; jpdhpd; fy; yiwj; Njhl; lkhfg; gad; gLj;jg; gl; lJ.

o kiy ,uapy ghijfs - %dW

lhh;[pypq ,uapy: rpypFhp Kjy; lhh;[pypq; tiuapyhd ,uapy; Nghf; Ftuj; J> 1881 ,y; Jtq;fg; gl; lJ. ,J ,khyag; gwitmy; yJ tpisahl; L ,uapy; vdTk; miof;fg; gLfpwJ.

eyfphpkiy ,uapy: Nkl; Lg;ghisaj; ijAk; >kiyfspd; murpahd Cl; biaAk; ,izf; Fk; 46 fp.kP . ,uapy; ghij 1891 ,y; Jtq;fg; gl; lL 1908 Kbtile; jJ. ,J326 kP 2203 kP tiuapyhd cauk; nfhz; lJ.

fy;fh rpkyh ,uapy: 96 fp.kP . ePsKila,t; ,uapy; ghij 19 Mk; E}w;whz; by; cUthf; fg;gl; lJ.

Gjpa cyfqfs fzLgpbg; G

ehrhtpd; nfg; yh; njhiyNehf; fp tpz; fyk; NkYk; 461 Nfhs; fisf; fz; Lgpbj; Js; sjhfthdpayhsh; fs; mwptpj; Js; sdh; . ,tw; wpy; ngUk; ghyhdit ekJ G+kpapd; gUkidxj; jitahfNth my; yJ xU rpy klq; FnghpjhditahfNth cs; sd.

nfg; gy; tpz; fyk; ,Jtiuapy; nkhj; jk; 2>740

Gjpa cyfq; fisf; fz; Lgpbj; Js; sJ.,tw; wpy; 105 Nfhs; fs; ,Ug; gJ cWjpg; gLj; jg; gl;Ls; sJ. MW tpz; kPd; fspy; xd; WFiwe; jJ MW g+kpapd; gUkidf; nfhz; lNfhs; fisj; jd; dfj; Nj nfhz; Ls; sd.,jd; %yk; tpz; kPd; jpuspy; ,t; thwhdVwj;jho 17 gpy; ypad; Nfhs; fs; ,Ug; gjhy; kjpg;gplg;gl; Ls; sJ.

fypNghh;dpahtpy; eilngWk; mnkhpf; fthdpay; fofj; jpd; 221 tJ

$l; lj; njhlhpNyNa ,e; j Ma; T KbTfs; ntspaplg; gl; Ls; sd.




13/30



2009 Mk; Mz; by; tpz; Zf; F Vtg; gl; lnfg; yh; njhiyNehf; fp thdpy; xU Fwpg;gpl,lj; jpy; epiy nfhz; L Vwj; jho 150>000tpz; kPd; fisj; jdJ fhl; rpg; Gyj; jpy;fz; fhzpj; J tUfpwJ. tpz; kPd; xd; wpy; ,Ue;J tUk; xsp mt; tpz; kPidr; Rw;wp

tUk; Nfhs; xd; wpdhy; kiwf; fg; gLk; epfo; it mJ fz;fhzpf; fpwJ.

E}hp : xU FNshdpq Mrrhpak

=efhpYs; s n~h;-,-fh~;kPh; gy; fiyf; fofMuha; r;rpahsh; fs; 2012> khh; r; 9 Mk; NjjpFNshdpq; %yk; cUthf; fpa Ml; Lf; Fl; bNa E}hp ,khyag; gFjpfspy; fhzg; gLk; g~; kpdh vDk; xU tifMl; bdj; jpypUe;Nj E}hp

cUthf; fg; gl; bUf; fpwJ.

,e; jpa kz; zpy; gpwe;j Kjy; FNshdpq;rpU~; b rk; &gh vDk; vUikf; fd; W.mLj; J te; jit fhpkh 1> fhpkh 2kw;Wk; rpNu~; lh fh; dhypYs; s Ne~dy; lahp hprh; r; ,d; ]; bl; a+l; tpQ;Qhdpfshy; cUthf; fg; gl; lit. ,e; jf; FNshdpq; Kiwf; F ,th;fs; gad; gLj; jpa njhopy; El; gk; Hand Guided Cloning Technique vdg; gLk; . cs;ehl; bNyNa cUthf; fpa

xUtif njhopy; El; gk;. ,JNt E}hpcUthf; fj; jpYk; gad; gLj; jg;gl; lJ.

jdpahh; tpzntsp xlk

tpz; ntspg; gazk; kw; Wk; Muha; r;rp tuyhw; wpy; kpfg;nghpa iky; fy; 2012 Nk 23 Mk; Njjpepfo; j; jg;gl; lJ. md; Wjhd; tpz; ntspvy; iyfisf; fle; J cyfpd; Kjy; jdpahh; uhf;nfl; tpz; zpy; rPwpg;gha; e;jJ. tpz; ntspapYk; jdpahh; kakhf; fk; vd; gjd; Kjy;

Kaw; rp jhd;

]; Ng]; vf; ];

vd; Dk;fk; ngdpapd; /ghy; fd; uhf; nfl; bd; fd; dpg; gazk; . buhfd; vd; Dk; tpz; ngl; lfj; ijrh;tNjr tpz; ntsp Ma; T ikaj; Jf; F(International Space Station) vLj; Jr; nrytNj,e; j gazj; jpd; yl;rpak; .

2012> Nk 25 Mk; Njjp ,e; j ,yl; rpak; epiwNtw; wg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; cyfpd; Kjy; jdpahh; tpz; ntsp epWtdkhdJ ]; Ng]; vf; ]; .Mnkhpf; f tpz; zha; T ikakhd eh]hTf; fhd

,e; j gaz xg; ge;j nryT Rkhh; 55 kpy; ypad; lhyh; fs; ,e; j tpz; gazj; jpd; gazpfs; vtuk; nry; ytpy; iy.

]; Ng]; vf; ]d; jiyikafk; fyp/Nghh; dpahtpd; `ht; j; Nuhd; gFjpapy; mike; Js; sJ. ,Nyhd; k]; f; vd; Dk; njhopyjpguhy; 2002 ,y; Jtq;fg; gl; lJ]; Ng]; vf; ];.

]; Ng]; vf; ]; eh]h ,ilNaahd xg; ge;jk; Commercial Orbital Transportation Servicevdg; gLfpwJ.

rdhtpd rejpuggazk

mZrf; jpapy; ,aq; Fk; tpz; ntsp Ma; Tthfdj; Jld; rPdh Gjpa re; jpug; gazj; Jf; F jahuhfp tUfpwJ. Re; jpug; gug;gpy; ,wq; fp Ma; Tfs; nra; Ak;> rhq; - 3vdg; ngahplg; gl; Ls; s ,e; j Ngio> gfy;Neuq;fspy; #hpa rf; jpapd; %yKk; > ,utpy; mZ rf; jp %yKk; ,aq; Fk; jpwd; ngw; wJ.2013 ,y; jdJ gazj; ij Jtf; fTs; s,e; j Ngiof; Fs; Rkhh; 30 tUl MAs; nfhz; l GNshl; Nlhdpak; - 238 ghl; lhpfs; nghUj;jg; gLfpd; wd. ,e; j gazj; jpy; %yk; mnkhpf; fh> u~; ahTf; F mLj; jgbahf,j; Jiwapy; mZrf; jpiag; gad; gLj;Jk; %d; whtJ ehL vd; Dk; rpwg;ig rP dhngWfpwJ.

,]Nuhtpd 100 MtJ kp~d,]; Nuh (ISRO) vd; W RUf; fkhf miof; fg; gLk; ,e; jpa tpz; ntsp Ma; T mikg; G 2012nrg; lk; ghpy; jdJ 100 MtJ kp~idntw; wpfukhf g+h; j; jp nra; jJ( gp.v]; .vy; .tp rp 21 ).jw;Nghija ,]; Nuh

fle; j gy Mz;Lfspy; ,];Nuh nkr; rj; jf; fgy ntw; wpfisg; ngw; Ws; sJ. ,e;jpahjhNd nrhe; jkhf cUthf; fpa Kjy; nraw; iff; Nfshd Mh;agl; lh 1975 Mk; Mz; L u~; ahtpypUe; J> uh~; a uhf; nfl; %yk; caNu nrYj; jg; gl; lJ. mjd; vil360 fpNyh.

,ijaLj; J 1980 ,y; ,]; Nuh Nuhfpzp vd; Dk; nraw; iff; Nfhis caNunrYj; jpaJ. mJTk; ,e; jpa jahhpg; G.Mdhy; mjd; vil ntWk; 35 fpNyhkl; LNk. ,e; j ,U nraw; iff; Nfhs; fspd; vil NtWghL> ,e; jpa tpz; ntsp mikg;gpd; rhjidiaAk; > mj; Jld; NtjidAk; vLj; Jf; fhl; Ltjhfr; nrhy; yyhk; .




14/30



jpwd; nfhz; l kpf El;gkhd> mj; Jld; gy; NtW gzpfSf; fhd nraw;iff; Nfhs; fisj; jahhpg; gjpy; ehk; mnkhpf; fhTf; F mLj; j ,lj; ij tfpg; gjhfr; nrhy; yyhk;. Mdhy; vil kpf; f nraw; irf; Nfhs; fis caNu nrYj; Jtjw; fhd

uhf;nfl; Lfisg; nghWj; j tiu ehk; u~; ah>mnkhpf; fh> INuhg; gpa a+dpad; > rPdh> [g;ghd; Mfpatw; Wf;F mLj; jgbahf VohtJ,lj; jpy; jhd; ,Uf; fpNwhk;. mjhtJ>uhf;nfl; njhopy; El; g tp~aj; jy; ehk; vjph; ghh;j; j Kd; Ndw;wj; ij vl; ltpy; iy.

,jw; F tuyhw;Wg; gpd; ddp cz; L. 1950fspd; gpw;ghjpapy; Nrhtpaj; a+dpaDk;>mnkhpf; fhTk; mZ Fz; Lfis Rke; JePz; l J}uk; nry; yf; $ba rf; jpkpf;f

VTfizfisj; jahhpg; gjpy; jhd; jPtpuftdk; nrYj; jpd. gpd; dh; xU fl; lj; jpy; mit ,e; j VTfizfis uhf; nfl; Lfshfkhw;wp Mf; fg; gzpfSf; fhd nraw; iff; nfhs;fisr; nrYj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj; jKw;gl; ld. MfNt uhf; nfl; Jiwapy; mid vLj; j vLg; gpy; Kd; Ndwpa epiyiag; ngw;wd rPdhTk; ,Nj ghijapy; jhd; gaph; epiyikfisftdpj; jy; > Gtp ,ay; > fly; fspy; cs; skPd; tsj; ij mwpjy; > vy; iyfisf; fz; fhzpj;jy; Kjypatw; Wld; njhlh; Gcs; sit.

GtpRwW nrawiffNfhsfs

,uz; lhtJ tif nraw; iff; Nfhs; fs; g+kpapypUe;J Rkhh; 36 Mapuk; fpNyh kPl; lhcauj; jpy; mike; jit. ,it g+kpiaNkw;fpypUe;J fpof; fhfr; Rw;Wgit.,t; tif nraw; iff; Nfhs; fs; g+kpiaRw;Wtjw; F vLj; Jf; nfhs; fpd; w NeuKk; > G+kpjdJ mr; rpy; Rw;Wtjw; F vLj; Jf; nfhs; fpd; w NeuKk; rhprkkhf ,ug; gjd; fhuzkhf fP opUe;J ghh; jhy; ,it vg;NghJk; ,e; jpahitg; ghh; j; j gb ,Ug;git.Mq; fpyj; jpy; ,e; j tifr; nraw; iff; Nfhs; fis Geostationary Satellites vd; W $Wth;. G+kpia ,it Rw; Wk; ghij

Geo-stationary Orbit vdg; gLk; .

,t; tif nraw; iff; Nfhs; fs; btp xspgug; G>jfty; njhlh; G> thdpiyj; jfty; cl; glgy gzpfSf; fhdit. ,it nghJtpy;mjpf vil nfhz; lit. Cjhuzkhfnrg; lk; ghpy; nrYj; jg; gl; l [prhl; - 10nraw; ifr; Nfhspd; vil 3400 fpNyh.,e; jpahitg; ghh; j; j gb ,g;NghJ gynraw; iff; Nfhs; fs; mike;Js; sd.

Kjy; tif nraw; iff; Nfhs; fs; nghJthfnjhiyAzh; T nraw; iff; Nfhs; vd; Wmiof;fg; gLfpd;wd. 1988 Mk; Mz; bypUe;J 2012 nrg; lk; gh; tiu 20njhiyAzh; T nraw; iff; Nfhs;fs; nrYj; jg; gl; Ls; sd. ,tw; wpy; vl; Lnraw; iff; Nfhs; fs; gadspf; fhyk; Kbe; Jnrayw; Wg; Ngha; tpl; ld. kP jp 12nraw; iff; Nfhs; fs; nray; ghl; by; cs; sd.,g; NghJs; s mstpy; cyfpy; kpf mjpfvz; zpf; ifapyhd njhiyAzh; T

nraw; iff; Nfhs; fs; thdpy; me; jcauj; jpypUe;J kpfj; Jy; ypakhd glq; fisvLf; fty; yit.




15/30



,it vLf; fpd;w glq; fspd; njspTj; jpwid(High Resolution) nghWj; jtiuapy; xU kPl; lh; ePsKs; s ve; jg; nghUisAk; glk; vLj; Jtplf; $bait. ,e; j tp~aj; jpy; ,e; jpahtpd; ,e;j nraw; iff;Nfhs; fs; cyfpy; mnkhpf; fhTf; F mLj; j ,lj; ij

tfpf; fpd; wd. njhiyAzh; T nraw;iff; Nfhs; fs; midj; Jk; ,]; Nuh jahhpg; git.

uhfnfl; Lfs

nraw;iff; Nfhs; vd; why; mijr; nrYj; juhf;nfl; Njit. Kjy; tifnraw;iff; Nfhs; fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy;mtw; iw caNu nrYj; Jtjpy; ekf; Fgpur;rid ,y; iy. 1994 Mk; Mz; bypUe;Jmidj;J njhiyAzh; T

nraw;irf; Nfhs; fSk; ,e; jpa uhf; nfl; %yNk thdpy; nrYj; jg; gl; L tUfpd; wd.,g; gzpf; F ,e; jpah cUthf; fpa PSLV uhf;nfl; gad; gLj; jg; gl;L tUfpwJ. 1993nrg; lk; ghpy; Kjy; jlitahfnrYj; jg; gl; lNghJ ,e; j uhf; nfl; Njhy; tpfz; lJ vd;whYk; mjd; gpwF 2012nrg; lk; gh; tiu njhlh; e;J 21 jlit ntw;wpfz; L te; Js; sJ.

,]; Nuhtpd; 100 MtJ kp~dpd; NghJ

mjhtJ 2012 nrg; lk; gh; 9 Mk; Njjpad; Wgpuhd;]; ehl; bd; SPOT 6nraw;iff; NfhSk; > [g; ghdpd; rpwpJnraw;iff; NfhSk; PSLV uhf; nfl; %yk; nrYj; jg; gl; lJ. ,e; jpah 2012 nrg; lk; gh; tiuapyhd fhyj; jpy; ntspehLfspd; 27nraw;iff; Nfhs; fis thdpy; nrYj; jpAs; sJ.

PSLV- d; rhjidfs

2008 Vg;uypy; PSLV uhf;nfl; xNu rkaj; jpy; gj; J nraw; iff; Nfhs; fis Rke; J nrd; Wmit midj; ijAk; ntw; wpfukhf thdpy; nrYj; jpaJ. ,J xU cyf rhjidahFk; .mNj Mz; L Mf; Nlhghpy; ,e; j uhf; nfl; >re; jpuid Nehf; fp re;jpuahd; tpz; fyj; ijr; nrYj; jp rhjid Ghpe; jJ.

Rkhh; ,uz; liu ld; vil nfhz; lnraw;iff; Nfhs; fis 36 Mapuk; fp.kP cauj; Jf; Fr; nrYj; Jk; Nehf; fpy; ,]; ;Nuh

GSLV Mark 2 vd; w uhf; nfl; ilcUthf; fpaJ.

,e; j uhf;nfl; bd; %d; whtJ mLf; fpy; fpiuNahn[dpf; vQ; rpd; gad; gLj; jg; gLfpwJ.,e; j tif uhf; nfl; il 2001 Mk; Mz; bypUe;J ,Jtiu VO jiltnrYj; jpajpy; ,uz; L jlitjhd; ntw; wpfpilj;jJ.

,e; j uhf;nfl; by; cs; s gpur; ridia(Fwpg;ghf fpiuNahn[dpf; vQ; rpd; tp~aj; jpy; c; s gpur; rid) jP h;g;gjpy; ,]; Nuh jPtpukhf 000fp.kP. cauj; Jf; Ff; nfhz; L nry; Yk; jpwd; nfhz; l uhf; nfl; jhd; ekf; F ,g; Nghijf; FKf; fpa Njit. ,e;j Nehf; fpy;jhd; GSLV

Mark 3 uhf;nfl; cUthf; fg; gl; L tUfpwJ.,J ehd; F Kjy; Ie; J ld; vil nfhz; lnraw; irf; Nfhis 36>000 fpNyh kP l; lhcauj; Jf; Ff; nfhz; L nry; Yk; jpwd; gilj; jJ. ,e; j uhf; nfl; ,d; dKk; mNdfkhf 2013 ,y; jhd; ,J rhj; jpakhFk; vd; W Njhd; WfpwJ.

,t; tpjkhf vil kpf;f nraw; iff; Nfhs; fis nrYj; j ek; kplk; rf; jpkpf;fuhf;nfl; ,y; yhj fhuzj; jhy; jhd; .,e; jpah jdJ 100 MtJ kp~id gpnuQ; Rnraw; iff; Nfhis caNu nrYj; jpf; nfhz; lhbf; nfhz; bUe; j mNjfhyfl; lj; jpy; > ,e; jpah cUthf; fpa 3.4 ld; vil nfhz; l [prhl; - 10 nraw; iff; Nfhs; gpnuQ;R fahdhtpy; cs; s uhf; nfl; jsj; jpypUe;J Vhpahd; - 5 uhf; nfl; %yk;caNu nrYj; jg;gl; lJ. md; WMh;agl; lhit u~; ahTf;F J}f; fpr; nrd; Nwhk;. ,d; W [prhl; - 10nraw; iff; Nfhis gpnuQ; R fahdhTf; Fj; J}f; fpr; nrd; Nwhk;. ,e; j epiyikf; FGSLV Mark 3 uhf;nfl; Kw; Wg;Gs;spitf; Fkh vd; gJjhd; midthpd; vjph; ghh;g;G.

hprhl; - 1 (RISAT 1) rhjid

,e;jpa tpz; ntsp Ma;Tj; jpwidcyFf; F vLj; Jiuf; Fk; Kf; fpa epfo; Thprhl; - 1 ,d; ntw; wpg; gazk; . Me; jpukhepyk; =`hpNfhl; lh VTjsj; jpypUe;J2012 Vg;uy; 26 mjpfhiy 5.47 kzpastpy; tpz; zpy; gha; e;jNghJ ,e; jpah; midtUk; kfpo;r; rpapy; jpisj; jdh; .




16/30



1>858 fpNyh vil nfhz; l ,e; j Nulhh; ,Nk [pq; rhl;biyl; (RISAT 1) nrYj; jg; gl; l gjpNdO epkplj; jpy;ntw; wpf;Nfhl; ilj; jhz;baJ vdtpQ;Qhdpfs; $wpdh; .

,Jtiu ,e; jpah mDg; gpa nraw; iff; Nfhs; fspy; vil mjpfk; nfhz; lnraw; iff; Nfhs; ,Jjhd; . KOtJk; ,e; jpaj; njhopy; El;gj; jpy;>,e; jpahtpNyNa jahuhdJ. gj; jhz; Lciog; G> &gha; 500 Nfhb nryT. ,e;jr; nraw; iff; Nfhs; ,utpYk; glk; vLf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz; lJ.

,e; jpah ,Jtiu mDg;gpAs; s nraw; iff; Nfhs; fs; Optical Remote Sensing Satellite

vd;Dk; tifiar; Nrh; e;jit. Mit#hpa xsp g+kpapd; kPj tpOe; Jgpujpgypg;gijf; nfhz; L glq; fs; vLj; JmDg; Gk;. mjdhy; ,utpy; mtw; wphy; glk; vLf; f KbahJ. mNjNghy #hpaxsp gpujpgypf;Fk; NghJ Nkff; $l; lq; fs; FWf; fpl; lhYk; njspthfg; glk; vLf; fKbahJ.

Mdhy; hprhl; - 1 Nulhh; nraw; iff; Nfhs; tifiar; Nrh; e;jJ. ,it NubNah

miyfis g+kpf; F mDg; gp> mit g+kpapd; kPJ gl; L vjpnehypg; gjd; topahfg; glk; vLf; Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz; lit> mjhtJglnkLf; f #hpa xspia ek; gpapUf;fNtz; bajpy;iy. vdNt> ,utpYk; glk; vLf; fyhk;. ve; j thdpiyapYk; glk;vLf; fyhk;.

,e; jr; nraw; iff; Nfhspd; May; Ie; JMz; Lfs; > tptrhak; kw; wk; Nghplh; Ntyhz; ikNa ,jd; Kf; fpa Nehf; fk;

vd;W nrhy; yg; gLfpwJ. ,e; jgpuk;khz; lkhd nraw; iff;Nfhspd; jpl; l,af;Fdh; jkpofj; ijr; Nrh; e;j ngz; tpQ;Qhdp vd; . tsh;kjp.

,ejpahtpd nrttha fpuf Muharrp

re; jpuahd; ntw; wpiaj; njhlh; e;J 2013 ,y; ,e; jpahtpd; nrt; tha; gazk; epfotpUf; fpwJ. Gpujkh; jiyikapyhdkj; jpa mikr; ruit 2012> [_iyapy;

ehl; bd; tpz;ntsp Ma; tpd; Kf; fpa iky; fy; yhff; fUjg; gLk; ,e; j nrt; tha; gazj; Jf; F mDkjp toq; fpaJ. 2013

etk; ghpy; ,jw; fhd nraw; iff; Nfhs; Vtg;glcs; sJ. gp.v]; .vy;.tp uhf; nfl; ilg; gad; gLj;Jk; ,g; gazk; >=`hpNfhl; lhtpypUe;J Jtq; Fk;. ,jd; %yk; mnkhpf; fh> u~; ah> INuhg; gh> [g;ghd; >rPdh Nghd; w ehLfspd; gl; baypy;

,e; jpahTk; ,lk; ngWk; . Rkhh; 450 Nfhb&gha; nryT kjpg; gPl;byhd ,e; jjpl; lj; jpw;F 2011> brk; ghpNyNa tpz; ntspMa; T epWtdk; mDkjp toq; fp tpl; lJ.mbg; gil gzpfSf; fhf 2012 gl; n[l; by; 125 Nfhb &gha; xJf; fPL nra; ag; gl; lJ.

mf; dp 5 VTfiz Nrhjid

Vg;uy; 19> 2012y; 5000 fpNyh kP l; lUf; Fk; mjpfkhd J}uj; jpy; cs; s ,yf; if jhf; f

ty; y ,e; jpahtpd; Kjy; fz; lk; tpl; Lfz; lk; jhtk; mf; dp 5 VTfiz Nrhjidxhprh khepyj;jpy; cs; s tP yh; jP tpy; ntw; wpfukhf elj; jp Kbf; fg; gl; lJ.

1.5 ld; vilAs; s mZ MAjq; fisjhq; fpr; nry; Yk; ty; yik ngw; w 50 ld; vilAk; 17.5 kPl; lh; ePsKk; (cauk;)nfhz; l ,e; j mf; dp 5 VTfiz Kw; wpYk; ,e; jpahtpy; jahhpf; fg; gl; lJ vd; gJFwpg;gplj; jf; fJ.

5000 fpNyh kP l; lUf; Fk; mjpfkhd J}uj; jpy; cs; s ,yf; if jhf;Fk; ty; yikngw;Ws; sjhy; ,e; j mf; dp 5 VTfizfz; lk; tpl; L fz; lk; jhTk; VTfiz(Inter Continental Ballistic Missie (ICBM)vd; W miof; fg; gLfpwJ.

,r; Nrhjid %yk; fz; lk; tpl; L fz; lk; jhz; Lk; VTfizia itj; Js; s cyfpd; 6tJ ehL vd; w ngUikia ,e; jpah

ngw;Ws; sJ.

,e; j ICBM VTfizia itj; Js; s kw; wehLfs; 1. mnkhpf; fh> 2. ,q; fpyhe; J> 3.u~; ah> 4. rP dh> 5. gpuhd; ]; ,JtiuNrhjid nra; ag; gl; Ls; s mf; dpVTfizfspd; ,yf;F jhf; Fk; jpwd;.

mf; dp 1 700 fp.kP 1200 fp.kP tiu mf; dp 2 2000 fp.kP 3500 fp.kP tiu mf; dp 3 3000 Kjy; 5000 fp.kP tiu mf; dp 4 4000 fp.kP tiu mf; dp 5 5000 fp.kP Nky; (5000 8000)




17/30



mzlhh; bfhtpy; ghujp

mz; lhh;bfhtpy; ,e; jpahtpy; %d; whtJMa;Tf; $lkhd ghujp mjpfhu g+h; tkhfnray; glj; Jtq; fpaJ. 2012 khh; r; 18 Mk; Njjp ghujp tpQ; Qhdpfs; Ma; Tr;

nray; ghlfSf; F Jtf; fk; Fwpj; jh;. 2010etk; ghpy; ghujpapd; fl; Lkhdg; gzpfs;Jtq; fg; gl;ld. ,J jw; NghJ nray; gl; LtUk; ,e; jpahtpy; ikj; jp Ma; Tf;$lj; jpypUe;J 3000 fp.kP . njhiytpYs; sJ.fly; kl; lj; jpypUe;J 90 kP l; lh; cauj;jpy; mike; Js; s ghujpapd; Kf; fpa Nehf; fk; Gtpkw;Wk; fly; Ma; TfNs.

1984 ,y; Jtq;fg;gl; l njd; fq;Nfhj; jpNa,e; jpahtpd; Kjy; mz; lhh;bfh Ma; T

ikak; . ,k; ikaj; jpw;nfd nrhe; jkhf xUjghy; epiyak; ,Ue; jJ Fwpg; gplj; jf; fJ.gdh[p gpd; NfhNl ,jw; Fk; gad; gLj; jg; gl; lJ. 403001. gdpg; nghopTfhuzkhf ,t; Ma; T ikak; jdJnray; ghlfis epWj;jptpl; lJ vd; whYk; xUrg; is ]; Nl~d; vd; Dk; epiyapy; ,j,g; NghJk; njhlh; fpwJ.

mz; lhh;bfhtpy; ,e; jpahtpd; ,uz; lhtJMa;T epiyakhd ikj; hp 1988-89 fhy

fl; lj; jpy; cUthf; fg; gl; lJ. ,e; jpahtpd; Kjy; mz;lhh; bfh Ma; Tg; gazk; 1971 73 fhyfl; lj; jpy; Nrhtpaj; $l; LwTld; epfo; e;jJ. mz; lhh;bf; gazq; fisxUq; fpizg; gJ Nfhthit jiyikaplkhff; nfhz; l National Centre for Antarctic andOcean Research.

%dwhtJ Kiwahf ,]; Nuy gpujkh

,]; Nuypd; gpujkuhf %d; whtJ Kiwahf

ngQ; rkpd; nejd; ahF Njh; e;njLf; fg; gl; Ls; shh; . 120 cWg; gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l,]; Nuy; ehlhSkd; wj;Jf; F Njh; jy; eilngw; wJ. ,jpy; ngQ; rkpd; nejd; ahfpd; fl; rp Kg; gj; jpNahW ,lq; fspy; ntw; wp ngw;WMl; rpia gpbj; jJ. ,th; rh; tNjrmstpy; nghUshjhu epiy rhpT fz; Ls; sepiyapy; ,]; Nuy; nghUshjhuj; ij ];jpukhf

itj; jpUe; jJ ntw; wpf;F Kf; fpa fhuzkhffUjg;gLfpwJ.

nrawifj; Njhy

,aw; ifg; nghUl; fshy; cUthf; fg; gl; lNjhypd; midj; J ,aw; if Fzq; fisAk; nfhz; l nraw; ifj; Njhiy cUthf; Fk; Kaw; rpapy; nlhuhd; Nlh gy; fiyf; fof

tpQ; Qhdpfs; ntw; wp ngw;Ws; sdh; .nrawiff fzglyk

epa+ahh;f; tP ]; fhh;zy; kUj; Jtf; fy; Y}hpapd; lhf; lh; ~P yh epuy; ngh;f; jiyikapyhd Ma; Tf; FO> juk; kpFe; jnraw; if fz; glyj; ij cUthf; fpAs; sJ.cynfq;Fk; fz;glyf; FiwghL %yk; ghh;itf; NfhshW nfhz; l 2.5 Nfhb kf; fs; cs; sdh; .

b.vd; .V `hh; L b]f;

cly; nry; fspd; b.vd; .V %yf; $wpy; xUnghpa Gj; jfj; jpd; midj; Jjjfty; fisAk; ghJfhj; J itg; gjpy; >`hh; thh; L gy; fiyf; fof tpQ; Qhdpfs; ntw; wp ngw;Ws; sjhf> n[dpbf; vd; [pdpahpq; if gw; wp ntspahftpUf;Fk; xUGj;jfk; njhptpf; fpwJ. [hh; [; rh; r; vd; Dk; tpQ; Qhdp jiyikapyhf FO> jfty; fisb[pl; ly; nkhopapy; khw; wp b.vd; .V Tf; Fs;ghJfhj; J itj; jJ.

,e; j cyfpy; cUthf; Fk; midj; Jjfty; fisAk; ghJfhj; J itf; f ntWk; ehd;F fpuhk; b.vd; .V NghJkhdJ vd; Wrapd; ]; [h; dypy; ntspahd xU Ma; Tchpik nfhz; lhLfpwJ.

2011 12 rhtNjr ntsthy tUlk

If; fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ,lg; ngah; T

caphpdq; fSf; fhd mikg; G (Convention ofMigratory Species CMS) 2011 12 Mk; Mz; Lfis rh; tNjr ntsthy; fs; Mz; lhfmwptpj; jJ. ntsthy; kpfg; goikahd xUcaphpdk; . ghY}l; b tifiar; Nrh; e;jJvd; whYk; gwf; Fk; jpwd; ngw; wJ.ntsthy; fspy; Rkhh; ,uz; lhapuki; tiffs; ,Uf; fpd; wd. ,tw;wpy; 73tiffs; ,e; jpahtpy; cs; sd. ,uT Neug+r;rpfisf; fl; Lg;gLj; JtJ. rpy tifj; jhtuq; fspy; kfue;jr; Nrh; f; ir Vw; glcjTjy; > tpijg; guty; Nghd; wtw; wpw;Fntsthy; fs; Mw; Wk; gq; F msg; ghpaJ.




18/30



cyfpNyNa mjpf mstpyhd ntsthy; fs; Nghh;dpNahtpy; cs; s nfhke; Njhq; Fiffspy; tho; fpd; wd. ,e; j xU Fifapy; kl; Lk; Rkhh; 20 ,yl; rk; ntsthy; fs; trpf; fpd; w vdtk; > khiy Neuj; jpy; xUfUk; Gif> ehlhitg; Nghy; ,e; j

ntsthy; fs; Fifapype; J ntspNawpthdpy; guTtJ mtrpak; fhz Ntz; baxU gutrf; fhl;rp.

X-51 A ,uhZt n[l Nrhjid

xypiatpl MW klq; F Ntfj;jpy; gazpf; Fk; tpjj; jpy; tbtikf;fg; gl; lmnkhpf; f ,uhZt n[l; tpkhdk; Nrhjidxl; lj; jpy; Njhy; tpaile; jJ. ,yz; ld; -epa+ahh;f; ,ilapyhd 5>570 fp.kP J}uj; ij

ntWk; 45 epkplq; fspy; flf; Fk; jpwd; ngw; wX-51 A vdg; ngahplg; gl; l ,e; j tpkhdk;>Nrhjid xl; lj; jpd; 16 MtJ tpdhbapy; jfh; e;J tpOe; jJ.

2012 fhzlhkpUfqfspd tUlk

ngUk; tk; r ehrj; ij vjph; nfhz; L tUk;fhz; lhkpUfj; ijg; ghJfhg; gjw; fhf 2012Mk; tUlk; International Year of the Rhino thf mwptpf; fg;gl; lJ. cyfr; Rw;Wr;#oy;

mikg; Gf;fhd IUCN- WWFNghd;wtw; wpd; gykhd tw; GWj;jiyaLj; J,e; NjhNd~pa mjpgh; RrpNyh ghk; gq; vjph; Nehf; fpAs; s fhz; lhkpUf ,dq; fspy; ,uz; L ,dq; fs; ,e; NjhNd~ahtpypUe; JFwpg;gplj; jf; fJ.

,e; jpaf; fhz; lhkpUfq; fs; xw; iwf; nfhk; Gilait. ,it mrhkpd; fhrpuq;fhruzhyaj; jpy; ghJfhf; fg; gLfpwd;wJ.

kpfr; rpwpa fhz; lhkpUfk; Rkj; uhfhz; lhkpUfq; fs; . mstpy; nghpaitMg;gphpf;fd; fhz; lhkpUfq; fs; . ,it,uz; L nfhk; G nfhz; lit.

fhz; lhkpUfq; fis fhl; bd; /gah; Nkd; vdTk; miof; fpwhh;fs; (fhl; by; vq; fhtJjPiag; ghh; j; Jtpl; lhy; fhz; lhkpUfq; fs; xbte; J mij mizj; JtpLk; vd; gJek;gpf;if) fhz; lhkpUfj; jpd; nfhk; Gk;>,uj; jKk; jhJ G~;bia mjpfhpf; Fk; vd;wek;gpf;ifNa mit ngUkstpy; Ntl; ilahlg; glf; fhuzk;.

illlhdpf

ill; lhdpf; fg; gypd; fd; dpg;gazk; Jtq;fp100 tUlq; fs; epiwtile; Jtpl; ld.gphpl;ldpd; nrsj; `hk; ldpypUe; Jmnkhpf; fhtpd; epa+ahh; f; efuj; Jf; Fg;

Gwg;gl; l fg;gy; 1912> Vg;uy; 14 Mk; Njjp,uT 11.40 f; F gdpg; ghiwapd; kPJ NkhjpFsph; flypy; %o; fpaJ. nkhj;jf; fg; gYk; %o;f Rkhh; %d; Wkzp Neuk; gpbj; jJ.Vg;uy; 15 ,y; nghOJ tpbe; jNghJml; yhz; bf; flypy; mg; gb xU fg; gy; gazk; nra; jjw; fhd milahsNkfhzg; gltpy; iy. ,e; jf; fg; gy; tpgj; jpy; gypahdth; fspd; vz; zpf; if 1>514. ,e; jf; fg; giy cUthf; fpa xapl; ]; lhh; iyd; epWtdk; ,J xUNghJNk %o; fhj fg; gy;

vd; W ngUikg; gl; bUe; jJ Fwpg; gplj; jf; fJ.

fg; gypy; gazk; nra; j nkhj; jg; gazpfs; 1317 Ngh;. ,jpy; Mz; fs; 869 Ngh; >ngz;fs; 447 Ngh; > Foe; ijfs; 107 Ngh; .fg; gy; gzpahsh; fs; 892 Ngh; > VOmjpfhpfs; (Nfg; ld; jtph; j; J)

1985 ,y; Kjd; Kjyhf %o; fpaill; lhdpf; fpypUe;J rpy nghUl; fs; kPl; nlLf; fg; gl; ld. ,tw; wpy; gyTk;

mUq; fhl; rpaq; fspy; fhl; rpg;gLj; jg;gl; ld.rpy Vyk; tplg;gl; ld.

illlhdpf II

ill; lhdpf; fg; gy; %o; fpajd; 100 Mk; tUlepidT jpdj; jpy; > M]; jpNuypa NfhB]; tuh; fpist; ghy; kh;> jhd; ill; lhdpf; II vd; Dk; gjpafg; giy cUthf;fg; Nghtjhf mwptpj; jhh;.,jw; fhf rPd muR fg; gy; fl; Lk; epWtdkhdrp.v]; .rp [P d; ypq; cld; xU Ghpe; Jzh; T xg; ge;jk;

Nghl;Ls; shh; . Gioa ill; lhdpf; fpd; midj; Jmk; rq; fSld; > 21 Mk; E}w;whz; bd; Gjpanjhopy; El; gj; ijAk; ,izj; J mjp etPdnrhFRf; fg; gyhf ill;lhdpf; IIcUthf; fg; gltpUg; gjhf ghy; kh; mwptpj; Js; shh; .

epa+lhpNdh MaTffs;

epa+l;hpNdhf;fs; vijAk; Jisj;Jr; nry;git. mZf; fspy; cs; s,ilntspfspd; topNa gha; e;J nry; Yk; jpwd; nfhz; lit. jpdKk; gy Nfhbepa+l;hpNdhf;fs; kdpjh; fisAk; >nghUl; fisAk; Jisj; Jf; nfhz; Lnry;fpd; wd.




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mit g+kpiaAk; Jisj; Jr; nry; fpd; wd.mLj; jLj; J gy g+kpfis itj; jhYk; mitmidj;ijAk; epa+l; hpNdhf;fs; Jisj; Jf; nfhz; L tpz; ntspia Nehf; fpr; nrd; W nfhz; bUf; fk;. epa+l; hpNdhf;fs; ,t; tpjk; Jisj; Jr; nry; tjhy;

kdpjh; fSf; Nfh> tpyq; FfSf; Nfh ve; jtpjghjpg;Gk; Vw;gLtjpy; iy.

Njdpapy epa+lhpNdh MaTf; $lk

jkpofj; jpy; Njdp khtl;lj; jpy; epa+l; hpNdhMa;Tf; $lk; mikf; fg; gLfpwJ. ,jw; fhdg+h;thq; f Ntiyfs; 2012 Mk; Mz; LVg;uypy; njhlq; fpd. ,g; gzpf; F 2017 Mk; Mz; L thf; fpy; KbAk; vd; Wvjph;ghh;f;fg; gLfpwJ. ,q; fs; s xU Fd; wpd;

cr; rpf;F Neh; fP No epa+l; hpndhMa;Tf; $lj; ij miltjw; F ,J topahfmikAk; .

epA+l;hpNdh Ma;Tf; $lj; ij mikf; f xNughiwahy; Md Fd; Wjhd; Vw;wJ. Kjypy;ePyfphpapy; xh; ,lk; Njh; e;njlf;fg; gl; lJ.Mdhy; mJ tdtpyq; Ffs; elkhl; lk; kpFe;j ,lk; . kl; Lky; y Rw; Wr; #oYk; ghjpf; fg; glyhk; . vdNt me; j ,lk; iftplg; gl; L Njdp khtl; lk;

Njh;e;njlf; fg; gl; lJ.

tpz; ntspapypUe; J tUk; epa+l; hpndhJfs; fs; g+kp cl; gl vijAk Jisj; jr;nry; git. MfNt mit Fd;iw CLUtpMa;Tf; $l fUtpfis vspjpy; te; jilAk; .gpw fjph; fs; Ma; Tf; $lf; fUtpfiste; jilahky; Fd; wpd; ghiwfs; tbfl; b tpLk; . mjw; fhfj; jhd; Fd; wpd; mbapy; epa+l;hpNdh Ma; Tf; $lk; mikf;fg; gLfpwJ.,Nj Nehf; fpy; jhd; cyfpy; gy ,lq; fspy;

iftplg; gl; l Mokhd Ruq; fq; fspd; mbapy; epa+l;hpNdh Ma; Tf; $lq; fs; epWtg;gl; Ls; sd.

cyfpy epa+lhpNdh Muharrpf; $lqfs

cyfpy; [g;ghd;> mnkhpf; fh> ,j; jhyp> u~; ahvd gy ehlfspYk; epa+l; hpNdh Muha; r;rpf; $lq; fs; cs; sd. ,it xt; nthd; Wk; xt; nthU tpjkhdit. mz; lhh;bfhfz; lj; jpYk; epA+l;hpNdh Muha; r;rpf;$lk;

cUthf; fg; gl; ls; sJ. xU fpNyh kP l; lh; ePsk; > mfyk; > cauk; nfhz;l gdpf; fl;bg; ghsk; ,e;j Ma; Tf; $lj; jpd; Kf; fpa

mk; rkhFk; . ,e; j gdpf;fl; bg; ghsj; jpy; Vuhskhd Jisapl; L gy Mapuk; czh; fUtpfs; nghUj; jg; gl; Ls; sd. ,J IceCube Neutrino Observatory vd; Wmiof;fg; gLfpwj. flYf; F mbapYk; epa+l;hpNdh Muha; r;rpf; $lq; fs; cs; sd.

Mrpa tshrrp tqfpapd ( ADB )

Mrpa tsh; r;rp tq;fpd; 46tJ Mz; Lf; $l; lk; (46 th Annual Meeting of AOB) 2013Mk; Mz;L ,e; jpahtpy; epa+nly; ypapy; eilngWfpwJ. ADB 1966 Mk; Mz; Lnjhlq; fg; gl; lJ.

,e; jpah ,jd; epWtpa cWg; gpdh; (FoundingMember). ,jd; jiyefh; kdpyhtpy; cs; sJ. ,J nkhj; jk; 67 cWg; G ehLfisnfhz; lJ. ,jpy; 48 ehLfs; Mrpafz; lj; jpy; mike; Js; sJ.

Mrpa tsh; r;rp tq; fp 1974 [_iy Mrpatsh; r;rp epjp epWtdj; ij njhlq; fpaJ .

cyf tqfpapd; Gjpa jiyth;

Vg;uy; 16> 2012y; cyf tq; fpapd; Gjpajiytuhf (World Bank) nfhhpa ehl; by; gpwe;j mnkhpf; fhitr; Nrh; e;j (Health Expert)

[pk; aq; fpk; (Jim Yound Kim)Njh;e;njLf; fg; gl; ; lhh;. ,th; tUk; [_iy 1>2012y; cyf tq; fpapd; jiytuhfgjtpNaw; Wf; nfhz; lhh;. ,jw; F Kd; cyftq; fpapd; jiytuhf gzpGhpe; jth; uhgh;l;; N[hypf; ( Ropbert Zoellick)

fpA+hpahrpb tpzfyk

nrt; tha; Ma; Tf; fhf mnkhpf;fhtpd; eh]hmDg; gpa fpa+hpahrpb (Curiosity) vd; Dk;

elkhLk; Muha; r;rpf;$lk;

(Mars ScienceLaboratory) 2012, Mf]; L Mwhk; Njjpnrt; tha; fpufj; jpy; ntw; wpfukhfj; jiu,wq; fp tphpthd Muha; r;rpfis elj; jptUfpwJ.

jiu ,wq; fpa gFjpapy; vg; NghNjh MWngUfp xbajw; fhd jlaq; fis fpa+hpahrpbglk; gpbj;J mDg; gpAs;sJ. mg;glq; fs; tpaf;fj; jf; f tifapy; njspthf cs; sd.,jd; %yk; nrt; tha; gw; wpa gy kh; k

Kbr; RfSf; F tpil fpilf; Fk; vdvjph;ghh;f; fg; gLfpwJ.




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nrt; tha; Ma; Tf; fykhd fpa+hpahrpb iajhq; fpa uhf; nfl; 2011 etk; gh; 26Mk; Njjptpz; zpy; nrYj; jg; gl; lJ. nry;Yk; topapy; ghjpg;G Vw;glf; $lhJ vd; gjw;fhf fpa+hpahrpbKj; Jr; rpg; gp Nghd; w xU nghpa Ngioxd; wpDs; itf; fg; gl; bUe; jJ. Rkhh; vl; L

khjfhy gazj; Jf; Fg; gpwF nrt; thapy; ,wq; fpa fpa+hpahrpb Rkhh; 23 khj fhyk; nray; glf; $baJ. mjw; fhd tifapy; mJ tbtikf; fg; gl; ls;sJ.

ntt; ntW tifahd Muha; r;rpfisNkw;nfhs; Sk; tifapy; fpa+hpahrpbapy; tpjtpjkhd fUtpfs; nghuj; jg; gl; Ls; sd. ve; jghpNjhjidAk; mJ jhdhf Nkw; nfhs; sg; Nghtjpy; iy. mJ rhj; jpaKk; fpilahJ.mnkhpf; fhtpy; jiyikf; Nfe; jpuj; jpy;

cs; s tpQ; Qhdpfs; fpa+hpahrpbiajpl; lkpl; l tifapd; ,af; fp tUth; .

fpa+hpahrpb Ma; Tf; fyj; Jf; F rf; fu tbtpy; MW fhy;fs; cz; L. fz; fs; vd; Wnrhy; yj; jf; f 17 fhkpuhf; fs; cz; L.NfhGuk; Nghd; w gFjpapy; mike; j fz; Kf; fpakhdJ. mJ Nyrh; fw; iwianrYj; jp ghiwia Rl; nlhpf; Fk; jpwd; nfhz; lJ. ve; jg; gf; fKk; jpUg; gj; jf; f>mj; Jld; klf; fj; jf; f 2.1 kPl; lh; ePsKs; sfuk; cz; L. me; jf; ifiag; gad; gLj; jpjiuapy; fplf;fpd; w fw; fis vLf; f KbAk; .glk; gpbf; f Kbak;. mf; fw;fisg; nghbnra; J mij [Puzpg; gjw; fhd tapWk; cz; L.

mjhtJ fpa+hpahrpb Ma; Tf; fyj; jpy; ,t; tpjk; nghb nra; ag;gl; l fw; fis kpFe; jmsTf; F #Nlw; wp mtw; wpypUe;J ntspg; gLk; thAf; fis Muha;e; J vt; tpjkhd nghUl; fs; me; j Mtpapy; mlq; fpAs; sd vd; gJfz; lwpag; gLk; . $lk; fpA+hpahrpbapd; tapw; Wg; gFjpapy; cs; sJ.

fpa+hpahrpbapy; cs; s Nyrh; fUtpfs; my; yJ ghiw kP J Nyrh; fw; iwiaf; gha; r;rk; . mg; NghJ Vw; gLk; kpFe; j ntg; gk;fhuzkhf mf; fy; jP g;gw;wp vhpAk;.fpa+hpahrpbapd; Ma; Tf; fUtpahdJ me; j[_thiyiaAk; MtpiaAk; vl; l ,Ue; jgbMuha; e;J mf; fy; ypy; ve;jtpjkhdfdpkq; fs; ,Ue; jd vd; gijf; fz; lwpe;JtpLk; . fpa+hpahrpbapy; ,t; tpjkhfgj; J fUtpfs; ,lk; ngw; Ws; sd.

nrttha fpufjjpy MaT :

fpa+hpahrpbia ,af;Fk; tpQ; Qhdpfs; nrt; tha; f;Fg; NghfhkNyNa cl; fhh;e;j,lj;jpy; ,Ue; jgb nrt; thapy; Muha; r;rpfis elj; Jtjhfr; nrhy; yyhk; .

nrt; tha; fpufj; Jf; F mnkhpf; fh fle; j gyMz; Lfspy; MW Ma; Tf;fyq; fismDg; gpAs;sJ. xt; nthd; Wk; xt; nthUtpjkhd Muha; r;rpia elj; jpj; jfty; fismDg; gpd. Mdhy; ,it vy; yhNk tbtpy; rpwpait. vil Fiwe; jit. ,tw;Wld; xg;gpl;lhy; fpa+hpahrpb vil kpf; fJ. mjd; vil 899 fpNyh. ,jd; ePsk; %d; W kPl; lh;>mfyk; 2.8 kP l; lh;. Nyrh; fz; mike;jNfhGuj; ijr; Nrh; f; fhky; cauk; 2.1 kP l; lh; .

fpa+hpahrpb xNu ,lj; jpy; epiyahf ,Uf; fg; Nghtjpy; iy. Njitg; gl; l rkaq; fspy; mJnkJthf kzpf; F 30 kPl; lh; Ntfj; jpy; efUk; . xU fl; lj; jpy; mJ mUNf cs; skiy kP Jk; VWk; .

fpa+hpahrpb nrt; thapy; cs; s fhw; iwMuhAk; . tpz; ntspapypUe;J tUk; fjph; tPr;ir msf; Fk;. ,d;Dk; gytiffspYk; Muha; e;J jfty; fis

Nrfhpj; J mDg; Gk;. ,it midj; jpy; Nehf; fk; . fle;j fhyj; jpy; nrt; tha; fpufj; jpy; VjhtJ xU fhy fl; lj; jpd; caphpd tho; f; iff; F cfe;j #o; epiyfs; ,Ue; jpUf; Fkh vd;W fz; lwptNj MFk; .

fle; j fhyj; jpy; nghpa ejpfs; xbajw; fhdjlaq; fs; nrt; thapd; epyg; gug;gpy; fhzg; gLfpd; wd. ejpahf xLfpd; w msTf;FKd; G jz; zP h; ,Ue;jpuf; Fkhdhy; mj; jz; zP h; vy; yhk; vq; Nf Nghapw; W vd; gJ

kh;kkhf cs; sJ.

nrt; thapy; Ez; zpa ghf; Bhpah tbtpyhtJcaphpdk; cs; sjh vd; W fz; lwpa eh]h 30Mz; LfSf; F Kd; dNu Kaw; rpNkw;nfhz; lJ. 1976Mk; Mz; by; nrt; tha;fpufj; jpy; Ngha; ,wq;fpa itfpq; - 1>itfpq; - 2> Mfpa Mspy; yh tpz; fyq; fs; mq; F kz; izr; Nrfhpj; J me; jtpz; fyq; fspy; mike; j rpW Ma; Tf; $lj; jpy; Nrhjidfis elj; jpd. Mdhy;

mr; Nrhjidfspy; jpl; ltl; lkhd KbTvJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. fpa+hpahrpb,f; Nfs; tpf;F tpil mspf; fyhk; .




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vg;NghJk; xU fpufj; jpy; jiu ,wq;Ftjhy;nghpa gpur; rid. me;j mstpy; fpa+hpahrpbgj; jpukhfj; jiu ,wq; Fkh vd; W eh]htpQ; Qhdpfs; kpfTk; ftiyg; gl; ldh;. mjd; viljhd; ,e; jf; ftiyf; F Kf; fpa fhuzk; .

,jw; F Kd; dh; eh]htpdhy; nrt; tha; f;FmDg; gg;gl; l itf; fpq; - 1> itf; fpq; - 2(1976)> ghj; igz;lh; (1997)> ];gphpl; (2004)>Mg;gh;#dpb (2004)> gP dpf; ]; (2008) MfpaMa;Tf; fyq; fspy; rpy ghu#l; %yk; jiu,wq; fpd> rpy tpz; fyq; fs; fhw; Wmilf; fg; gl; l gY}d; fSf; F eLNtitf; fg; gl; L ghu#l; %yk; fPNo ,wq; Fk; gbnra; ag; gl; ld.

Mdhy; fpa+hpahrpb nrt; thapy; jiu

,wq; Fk; gb nra; ghuh#l; kl; Lk; NghjhJ>Vnddpy; nrt; thapy; fhw; W kz; lyk; cz; L. vd; whYk; nrt; thapd; fhw; Wkz; ly mlh; j; jp g+kpapy; cs; sijf; fhl; bYk; kpftk; FiwT. MfNtfpa+hpahrpb ghu#l; %yk; ,wq; Ftjhdhy; mjd; mjpf vil fhuzkhf Ntfkhff; fPNo ,Of; fg; gLk; . MfNt Ntfj; ijf; Fiwf; fr; nra; a eh]h tpQ; Qhdpfs; Kjy; jlitahf Gjpa Xh; Vw;ghl; ilg; gpd; gw;wpdh;.mJjhd; ]; iffpNud; .

fpa+hpahrpb mlq; fpa Ngio nrt; thapd; fhw;W kz; lyj; jpy; Eioe;jjpypUe; J mJjiuapy; ,wq; Ftjw; F Mff; $ba Neuk; VOepkplk;. ,J VO epkpl gaq; fuk; vdtUzpf; fg; gl; lJ.

nrt; thia neUq; fpaNghJ fpa+hpahrpbtpz; fyj; jpd; Ntfk; kzpf; F Rkhh; 21Mapuk; fpNyhkP l; lh;> mg;Ngioghuh#l; bd; cjtpAld; fP o; Nehf;fp Ntfkhf ,wq; f

Muk;gpj;jJ. mg;NghJ NkYk; NkYk; fhw;iw mOj; jpa NghJ Ngioapd;ntspg; Gwk; 2000 bfphp nry;~pa]; msTf; F#Nlwp neg; Gg; gpok;gha; khwpaJ.Ngioapd; ntspg; Gwk; ntg; gf; fhg; G G+r;Rnfhz; lJ vd;gjhy; me; j ntg; gk; cs; Nsmike; j fpa+hpahrpbiaj; jhf; ftpy; iy.gpwF Ngioapd; fhg; Gg; gFjpfs; mfd; wd.ghu#l; Lk; fod;wJ. ehd; F fhy; fisf; nfhz; l ]; ifjpNudpypUe; J fpa+hpahrpbnjhq; f> me; j fpNudpd; fhy; fspy; neUg; igg; gPr;rpd. ,jd; vjph; tpisthf fpa+hpahrpb,wq; Fk; Ntfk; NkYk; NkYk; Fiwe;jJ.,t; thwhf fpa+hpahrpb nky;yj; jiu

,wq; fpaJ. fpa+hpahrpb njhiyf; fhl; rpfspy; xspgug; gg;gl; lJ. gy Nfhb kf; fs; fpa+hpahrpb gj; jpukhfj; jiu ,wq; fpaJfz; L epk; kjpg; ngU%r; rptpl; ldh; . eh]htpQ; QhdpfSk; jhd; .

jiu ,wq; fpa rpy thuq; fspy; fpa+hpahrpbnky; y efu Muk; gpj;jJ. mUNf cs;sIe; J fpNyh kPl; lh; cau kiyia Nehf; fpmJ nrd; W nfhz; bUf; fpwJ. eh]htpQ; Qhdpf; vg; NghJk; ,k; khjphpahdtpz; fyq; fSf; F vd; d ngah; itf; fyhk; vd; gJ Fwpj; Jg; Nghl; b elj; JtJ tof; fk; .xU gs;sp khztp $wpa ngaiu eh]htpQ; Qhdpfs; Vw;Wf;nfhz; L fpa+hpahrpbvd; W ,jw; F ngah; #l; bdh; .

jkpofr rllgNguit

itu tpoh

1952 Mk; Mz; L cUthf; fg; gl; l jkpofr; rl; lg; Nghiuia 2012 ,y; jdJ 60 Mz; LepiwT tpohitf; nfhz; lhbaJ.

,e; jpa Rje; jpuj; jpw;Fg; gpd; 1952 Mk; Mz; L> [dthp khjk; ele; j nghJj; Njh;jiyj; njhlh; e;J> khh; r; 1 Mk; Njjp>nrd; id khepy rl; lg; NgiuitcUthf; fg;gl; lJ. 375 Ngh; > rl; lrig

cWg; gpdh;fshf Njh;T nra; ag; gl; ldh; .1953 ,y; njYq; F NgRk; kf; fs; tho; e;jgFjpfs; > Me; jpuhTlDk; fd; dlk; NgRk; kf; fs; tho; e;j ngy; yhhp khtl; lk; ik#h; khepyj; JlDk; ,izf;fg; gl; lJ. ,ijaLj; Jjkpof rl; lrig njhFjpfspd; vz; zpf; if231 Mff; Fiwe; jJ.

mjd; gpd; Nfusj; Jld; kyghh; khtl; lq; fs; ,izf; fg; gl; ljhy; ,e; j vz; zpf; if NkYk; Fiwe; J 190 MdJ. Nfusj; Jld; ,ize; jpUe; j> fd; dpahFkhp khtl;lk; jkpofj; Jld; ,ize; jjhy; > rl; lrignjhFjpfs; vz; zpf; if 205 Mf cah; e;jJ.

njhlh; e;J 1962 Mk; Mz;L> gpg; guthp khjk; ele; j Njh; jiyj; njhlh; e;J> %d; whtJrl; lrig> me;j Mz; L khh; r; khjk; $baJ.1965 ,y; rl; lrig kw; Wk; Nyhf; rghnjhFjpfs; rPuikf; fg; gl; L> 234 njhFjpfs; cUthf; fg;gl; ld. Mq; fpNyh ,e; jpad; cWg; gpdh; xUtUf; F jdpahf ,lk; xJf; fg; gl; lJ.




22/30



Mq; fpNyah; Ml; rpf; fhyj; jpy; jkpofr; rl; lNguitf; F 1935 Mk; Mz; L ele; jKjy; Njh;jypy; nkhj; jk; 215 ,lq; fspy;fhq; fpu]; fl; rp 159 ,lq; fisg; ngw; WngUk; ghd; ik ngw; wJ.

murpyikg; G rl; lk; mky; : ,e; jpah Rje; jpuk; mile; j gpd; dh; 1950 Mk; Mz; L ,e; jpamurpayikg; Gr; rl; lk; mkYf; F te;jJ.,e; jr; rl; lk; mkYf; F te; JNghJ ,Ue; jrl; lg; Nguit 1952 tiu eP bj; jJ.

ngddpFapf kzpkzlgk

Ky; iy nghpahW miziaf; fl; banghwpahsh; fh; dy; ngd; dpFapf; Ff; F &.1Nfhbapy; kzpkz; lgk; fl; lg;gLk; vd; W[dthp 8> 2012 y; Kjy; th; n[ayypjhmwptpj; jhh;. ngd;dpFapf;fpd; jpUTUtr;rpiyAld; $ba ,e; j kzpkz; lgk; Ky; iynghpahh; mizapd; Nyhah; Nfk; gpy; cs; jkpo; ehL kpd; rhu thhpa tshfj;jpy; Rkhh; 2>500 rJubapy; fl; lg; gLfpwJ.

Kyiyg nghpahW miz

1886 Mk; tUlk; mf; Nlhgh; 29k; NjjpjpUthq; $h; kfhuh[h tprhfk; jpUehs; uhkth; khtpw;Fk; nrd; id khfhzj; jpw;Fk; ,ilNa 999 Mz; LfSf; fhd nghpahWFj; jif cld;gbf; if nra; Jnfhs;sg; gl; lJ. xU Vf; fh; epyj; jpw;F 5&gha; thlif vd; w mbg; gilapy; 8000Vf;fh; epyk; Fj; jijf; F tplg; gl; lJ. (Nk29> 1970 y; ) jkpo; ehl; bw;Fk; Nfushtpw;Fk; ,ilNa Vw; gl; l Jiz xg; ge;jq; fspd; mbg; gilapy; ,e; j Fj; jijf; njhif &. 30Mf cah; j; jg; gl; lJ.

1887 Nk khjk; mg; Nghija nrd; idkhfhz MSeh; yhh; L fd; dpkhuhthy; Ky; iy nghpahW mizfl; Lk; gzpJtq; fg; gl;lJ. 1895 k; Mz; L mf; Nlhgh; 10k; Njjp khiy 6 kzpf; F mg;Nghijanrd; id MSeh; yhh; L ntz; yhf; mth; fshy; ,e; j miz jpwe; Jitf; fg; gl; lJ.

,e; j mizia fl; b Kbg; gjw;F nkhj; jk; 80 yl; rj; J 30 Mapuk; &gha; nrythdJ.,e; j miz Ky; iyahW kw; Wk; nghpahW,izAk; ,lj; jpy; fl; lg; gl; Ls; sJ.

Rz; zhk;G fhh; f;fp fyitahy; fl; lg; gl; l,e; j Ky; iyg; nghpahW miz GtpaPh;g;Gtpirapd; mbg; gilapy; fl; lg; gl; lmizahFk; . GtpaP h;g;G tpirapd; mbg; gilapy; fl; lg;gl; l mizfs; epymjph;Tfshy; Vw;gLk; tpir> eP h; mOj; jk; >

miyfshy; Vw;gLk; mOj; jk; Nghd; wtw;iwjdJ gStpdhy; jhq; fp nfhs; Sk; .,jdhy; ,t; tif mizfs; kpfTk; cWjptha; e;jitahf ,Uf; fpd; wd.

,e; j Ky; iyg; nghpahh; miz %yk; jkpo; ehl; by; Njdp> jpz; Lf; fy; > kJiu>rptfq; if> uhkehjGuk; khtl; lq; fspy; cs; s2.23 Vf; fh; epyq; fs ghrd trjpngWfpd; wd. ,e; j Ky; iy nghpahh; mizapd; nkhj; j nfhs; ssT 152 mb.

cr; r eP jpkd; wk; 2006 gpg; uthp 27k; Njjpmspj; j jP h;g;gpy; Ky; iyg; nghpahWmizapd; ePh;kl; lj; ij 142 mbahfcah; j; jpf; nfhs; s jkpof murpw; F mDkjptoq; fpaJ. cr; r eP jpkd; wk; 2012> gpg;uthp18k; Njjp Ky; iyg; nghpahh; miz Fwpj; JMa; T Nkw; nfhs; tjw; fhf Kd;dhs; cr; rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp V.V]; . Mde; jjiyikapy; 5 Ngh; nfhz; l Xh; mjpfhuf; FOit epakpj; jJ. ,e; j FO rkpgj; jpy; jdJ mwpf; ifia cr; rePjpkd; wj; jpy; jhf; fy; nra; jJ. ,e; j mwpf; ifapy; nghpahW miz ghJfhg; ghf cs; sjhfTk; .xU rpy FiwghLfis ePf; fpagpd; mizapd; ePh;j; Njf; f msit 136mbapypUe;J 142 mbahf cah; j; jpf; nfhs; syhk; vd; Wk; njhptpj; jpUe; jJ.

brk;gh; 15> 2011 y; jkpof rl; lg; Nguitapy; Ky; iyg; nghpahW miziaghJfhg; gjw; fhf kj; jpa njhopw; rhiyghJfhg; G gilia (General Industrial Force) mizg; gFjpapy; epWj; jp itf; f kj; jpamuir typAWj; jpAk;> Nfush muircr; rePjpkd; wj; jpd; 2006 Mk; Mz; L jP h;g;igVw;Wf; nfhs; s typAWj; jpAk; jP h;khdk; epiwNtw; wg;gl;lJ.

rh;tNjr ejpkdwj; jpy ejpgjpahf ,ejpah; NjhT

,e; jpa cr; rePjpkd; wj; jpd; (Supreme Court)ePjpgjp jy; tPh; gz;lhhp (Dalveer bhandari) rh;tNjr eP jpgjpahf Vg;uy; 27> 2012y; mnkhpf; fhtpd; epa+ahh; f; efhpy; eilngw; wNjh;jypd; %yk; Njh; e;njLf; fg; gl; lhh;.




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N[hh;lhd; ehl;ilr; Nrh; e;j Awn Shawdat Al -khasawneh jdJ gjtpia mf; Nlhgh; 2011y; uh[pdhkh nra; jij njhlh; e;J Vw;gl; lfhypaplj; ij epug; Gtjw; fhf ,j; Njh;jy; eilngw; wJ.

ePjpgjp jy; tPh; gz; lhhp 6 Mz; L fhyk; tiu,e; j gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh;. rh; tNjr eP jpkw;wcWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf; fhyk; 9 Mz; Lfs; .Mdhy; xU cWg; gpdh; gjtp tpyfpaijnjhlh;e; J me; j gjtpf; F Njh; Tnra; ag; gl; bUg; gjhy; uh[pdhkh nra; jcWg;gpdhpd; kPjKs; s gjtpfhy msNt,th; gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh;.

jy; tPh; gz; lhhp rh; tNjr eP jpkd; wj; jpw;FNjh;T nra;ag; gl; Ls; s Mrpahit Nrh; e;j

%d;whtJ egh; ,tUf; F Kd; [g; ghd; ehl; ilr; Nrh; e;j Hisashi Owasda rPdhitr; Nrh; e;j Xue Hanqin MfpNahh; rh;tNjr eP jpkd; wj;jpw;F Njh; Tnra; ag; gl; Ls; sdh; .

rh;tNjr ejpkdwk

,jd; jiyikafk; nejh; yhe; J ehl; by; mike; Js; sJ. mYtyf nkhopfs; Mq; fpyk; kw;Wk; gpnuQ; r;. vy; yh I.eh. cWg;G

ehLfSk; ,e;j eP jpkd; w mjpfhuj; jpw;Fcl; gl;lit.

,J 15 cWg; gpdh;fis (ePjpgjpfis)nfhz; lJ. cWg; gpdh;fspd; gjtpf; fhyk; 9Mz; Lfs; .xU ehl; bypUe; J xU ePjpgjpkl; LNk epakpf;fg; gl KbAk; .

nts; sp hpaf flgG (The Solar Transit of Venus)

tpz; zpy; mhpjhf elf; Fk; epfo;Tfspy; xd; whd vth; #hpaDf;F ,uz; lhtJ

neUf;fkhf cs; s nts; sp Nfhs; #hpaidflf; Fk; epfo;T [_d; 5> 2012 md; Wepfo; e;jJ. nts; sp fpufk; #hpaDf;Fk; g+kpf;Fk; eLNt tUk; NghJ ,e; epfo; Telf; fpwJ.

,e; j epfo; T 243 Mz; Lfspy; 4 Kiwkl; LNk epfOk; Vnddpy; g+kpiaf; fhl; bYk; (nts; sp Ntfkhf #hpaid Rw; wp te; JtpLfpwJ. nts; sp #hpais Rw; wp tu MFk; fhy msT 224.7 ehl; fs; > g+kp #hpaidr;Rw;wp tu MFk; fhy msT 365.25 ehl; fs;).

,jw; FKd; ,e; j nts; sp #hpa flg; G epfo; T(njhiyNehf; fp fz; Lgpbf; fg; gl; l gpd; G) 1872kw;Wk; 1882 Mk; Mz; Lfspy; epfo;e; Js;sJ.121 Mz; Lfs; 6 khjj; jpw;F gpwF fle; j2004> [_d; khjk; ,e; j epfo; T eilngw; wJ.gpd;dh; 8 Mz; LfSf; Fg; gpwF fle; j [_d;

6> 2012y; ,e; epfo;T ele; jJ. Mf ,e;jE}w;whz;by; ,uz; LKiw kl; LNk ,e; jepfo; T eilngw; Ws; sJ.

mLj; j nts; sp #hpa flg; G epfo;TeilngWk; ehl; fs; (2117 brk; gh; 11k; Njjp).,e; j epfo; T ,e; jpahtpy; njhpahJ Vnddpy; #hpaid Rw; wptUk; ghijapy; nts; spNfhspd; Nfhzk; khWgLk; .

2125brk;gh; 8k; Njjp

2247 [_d; 11k; Njjp 2255 [_d; 9k; Njjp 2360 brk; gh; 10k; Njjp 2490 [_d; 12k; Njjp 2498 [_d; 10k; Njjp

tpz; ntspapy; mLj; j mhpanjhU epfo; thf2016Mk; Mz; L #hpaDf; Fk; g+kpf;Fk; FWf; Nf Gjd; Nfhs; flf; Fk; epfo; Teilngw cs; sJ. Gjd; Nfhspd; #hpaf;

flg; G xU E}w; whz; by; 13 Kiw elf; Fk; .

nts; sp Nfhs ( Venus Planet)

nts; sp Nfhs; #hpa FLk; gj; jpy; cs; scl; Nfhs; fspy; (Inner Planets) xd; W.cl; Nfhs; fs; ,Uk; G kw;Wk; ghiwfshy; Mdit.

nts; sp G+kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs; s Nfhs; .nts; sp kpfTk; xspkpf; f Nfhs; (BrighterPlanet) #hpa FLk; gj; jpy; kpfTk; ntg; gkhdNfhs; (Hottest Planet) nts; sp MFk; .Vndd; why; ,jd; tspkz; lyj; jpd; 9095 % fhh;gd; il Mf; irL epuk; gp cs; sJ.,jdhy; mq; F epfOk; gRik ,y; ytpisT (Green house effect) fhuzkhfnts; sp Nfhs; mjpf ntg; gKs;s Nfhshfjpfo; fpwJ. nts; spf; Nfhspy; gfy; kw; Wk; ,uT Neu ntg; gepiy ngUk; ghYk; rkkhfNt,Uf; Fk; (ntg; gepiy 480 0C)

nts; spapd; NtWngah; fs; : fhiy el; rj; jpuk; (Morning Star), khiy el; rj; jpuk; (EveningStar), Ml; L ,iladpd; tpsf; F (ShepherdsLamp)




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cl; Nfhs; fspd; NtWngah; ghiwf; Nfhs; fs; (Terrestrial Planets) cl; Nfhs; fs; : Gjd; (Mercury) nts;sp (Venus) G+kp (Earth) nrt; tha; (Mars) nts; sp g+kpapd; rNfhjhp : (Earths Twin) vd; W miof; fg; gLfpwJ.

nts; sp g+kpiatpl rw; Nw rpwpa misitf;nfhz; lJ. (500Km less in diameter tpl; lj; jp500 FiwT) mjhtJ g+kpapd; tpl; lj; jpy; 94.9% cilaJ.

#hpa FLk;gj; jpy; fpof; fpypUe;J Nkw; fhf(East - West) R+oYk; xNu Nfhs; nts; spMFk; . #hpa FLk; gj; jpy; Jizf; Nfhs;fs;,y; yhj ,uz; L Nfhs; fspy; nts;spAk; xd; W. kw; nwhd; W Gjd; (Mercury)

kpfTk; nkJthf R+oYk; Nfhs; nts;sp(Slowest Rotating Planet) 243 ehl; fs; . nts; sp#hpais tyk; tu (Revolution) 224.7 ehl; fs;vLj; Jf; nfhs; fpwJ. Mdhy; jdJ mr; rpy;R+oy; (For Rotation) 243 ehl; fs; kl; LNkvLj; Jf; nfhs; fpwJ. mjhtJ nts; spapy; xUehs; vd; gJ xUtUlj; ijtpl mjpfk; .

nts; sp fpufj; ij Muhatjw; fhfmDg; gg;gl; l tpz; fyd; fs; mnkhpf; fhtpd; tpz; ntsp Muha; r;rp ikak; ehrh (NASA)

Mariner 2, Mariners kw;Wk; Magellan Nghd;wtpz; fyd; fis mDg; gpAs;sJ. u~; ahVenera 2 to 5 kw;Wk; Vega 1 Nghd;wtpz; fyd; fis mDg; gpAs;sJ.

18 tJ jiyik Njh; jy Mizah

(18 th Chief Election Commissioner)

,e; jpahtpd; 18tJ jiyikj; Njh; jy; Mizauhf jkpo; ehl; ilr; Nrh; e;j tp.v]; .rk; gj; mth; fs; 2012 [_d; 11 md; W

nly;ypapy; cs; s Njh; jy; MizamYtyfj; jpy; nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh; .,tUf; F Kd; ,g; gjtpapy; ,Ue; jth; v]; .xa; .FNu~p (S.Y. Quraishi) tp.v]; .rk; gj; jkpofj; ijr; Nrh;e; j 6tJ ,e; jpa jiyikj; Njh;jy; Mizah; Mthh; . ,tUf; F Kd; ,g; gjtp tfpj; j jkpofj; ij Nrh; e;jth; gw;wpa tptuk; .

1. fy; ahz Re; juk; (1958 1967)2. b. Rthkp ehjd; (1973 1977)3. b. vd; . Nr~d; (1990 1996)4. b. v];. fpU~; z%h; j; jp (2004 2005)5. vd; . Nfhghy; rhkp (2006 2009)

tp.v]. rkgj; (tutssp Rejuk rk;gj)

nrhe; j Ch; NtY}h; khtl;lk; > thyh[htl; lj; jpy; cs; s nrq; fhL vd; w fpuhkk; .1973 Mk; Mz; L ,e; jpa Ml; rpg; gzpapy; Njh;r;rp ngw; w ,th; Me; jpu khepyk; rpj; J}h;

khtl; lk; Ml; rpauhf 1979

89 tiugzpahw; wpAs;shh; . 2009 k; Mz; L ,e;jpaNjh;jy; Mizauhf epakpf; fg; gl; lhh;.

18tJ ,e; jpaj; jiyikj; Njh; jy; Mizauhf nghWg; Ngw;Ws; s ,thpd; gjtpf; fhyk; tUk; 2015Mk; Mz; L [dthp16k; NjjpAld; KbtilfpwJ.

Njhjy Mizak

,e; jpa murpayikg; Gr; rl; lj; jpd; gFjpXV(Part XV) Njh; jy; Fwpj; J $WfpwJ.Njh; jy; Mizak; xU jd; dhl; rp mjpfhuk; nfhz; lmikg; ghFk; .

(Independent body) ,e; jpa murpayikg; Gr; rl; lj; jpd; gphpT 324 (Article 324) d; gbNjh;jy; Mizak; xU jiyikj; Njh;jy; Mizah; > (Chief Election Commissioner) kw;Wk; FbauRj; jiytuhy; mt; tg; NghJjPh;khdpf; fg; gLk; vz; zpf; ifapyhd gpwNjh;jy; Mizah; fisAk; (ElectionCommissioner) cs;slf; fpajhf ,Uf; Fk; .

jiyik Njh; jy; Mizah; kw; Wk; gpwNjh;jy; Mizah; fs; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf; fg; gLfpwhh;fs; .

FbauRj; jiyth; Njitnadf; fUJk; NghJ> Njh; jy; Mizaj; ijfye; jhNyhrpj; J> Njh; jy; Mizaj; jpw;FcjtpGhptjw; fhf xU kz; ly Mizaiu (Reginoal Commissioner) epakpf; fyhk; (Article

324(4))

,e; jpa Njh; jy; Mizak; ghuhSkd; wk;>rl; lkw;wk;> FbauRj; jiyth; kw; Wk; JizFbauRj; jiyth; Njh; jy; fis elj;jTk;>fz; fhzpf; fTk; > Nkw;ghh;it nra; aTk; mjpfhuk; ngw; Ws; sJ.

Njh;jy; Mizah; fs; (Election Commissioners) kw;Wk; kz; ly Mizah; fspd; (RegionalCommissioners) gjtpf; fhyk; (Tenure of

Office) kw;Wk; gzp (Service) Fwpj;J FbauRj; jiyth; KbT nra; thh; .




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gjtp ef; fk

jiyikj; Njh; jy; Mizaiu cr;rePjpkd; w ePjpgjpfis gjtp eP f;fk; nra; Ak; Kiwapy; kl; LNk gjtpeP f; fk; nra; a KbAk; .NtWtpjkhf $WNthNkahdhy; jFjpapd; ik

(Incapacity) kw; Wk; ep&gpf; fg;gl; l xOq; fw;weltbf; iffspd; (Proved misbehaviours) mbg; gilapy; jiyikj; Njh; jy; Mizah; >FbauRj; jiytuhy; gjtp eP f;fk; nra; ag; gLfpwhh;. ,jw; F ghuhSkd; wj; jpd;,U mikfspYk; rpwg;G ngUk; ghd; ikapy; (Special Majority) jPh;khdk; epiwNtw; wg;glNtz; Lk;.

kw;w Njh; jy; Mizah; fs; kw; Wk; kz; lyMizah; fis (Regionla Commisioner)

jiyikj; Njh; jy; Mizahpd; MNyhridapd; mbg; gilapy; kl; ;LNkFbauRj; jiytuhy; gjptp ePf; fk; nra;aKbAk; . Njh; jy; Mizahpd; rk; gsk; kw; Wk;gbfs; ,e; jpa jpus; (Consolidated Fund ofIndia) epjpapypUe; J ngwg; gLfpwJ.

Nj

current affairs 2012-13 shunmugam ias study circle head3

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