National EnergyTechnology Laboratory

Susan M. MaleyTechnology Manager for Crosscutting ResearchU.S. Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory

Water Management for Fossil Energy Systems

Current Activities in Water Management Research and Development

NETL Mission: Advance energy options to fuel our economy, strengthen our security, and

improve our environment

DOE Mission: Ensure America’s security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental, and nuclear challenges

through transformative science and technology solutions

Department Of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory

Why and what we do...• Utilize domestic resources for

abundant, low cost power

• Design, develop, and demonstrate highly efficient and environmentally benign power and fuel systems.

• Perform and manage research, development, and demonstration projects in the areas of resource utilization, equipment for energy conversion, separation processes, and approaches to carbon capture & storage.

Overview• Water

– Essential, Ubiquitous, & Pervasive• Water, Food/Land, & Energy

are connected• Water Management for Fossil

Energy Based Systems

•Data and Information•Program Planning•Prioritization of Effort•Working Together

• Government• Industry•R&D Organizations

Water Withdrawals and Consumptive UseThermo-electric Power Large User of Water, Relatively Small Consumer

Irrigation134,000

Fossil FuelPlants97,500

Nuclear34,400

Fossil FuelPlants 2,500

Nuclear800

Withdrawals (Mgal/day) Consumptive Use (Mgal/day)

Source:“Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995,” USGS Circular 1200, 1998

Other15,400

Irrigation81,300

Other75,000

Sankey DiagramsUseful accounting for Water-Energy Efforts

• Develop State based Sankey Diagrams• Water Energy Nexus Team, NETL, and LLNL• Improve and update data/inputs• Address gaps in water and energy

6

Sankey Diagram: Contiguous U.S

Water Balances Associated with Deep Gas

7

Project SummaryState Level Assessment

Strategy• Initially focus on water usage for

Appalachian Basin unconventional shale gas/oil extraction

• Identify best sources of water supply and disposition data by state (OH, PA, WV)

• Gather data and develop rationale for quantifying data inputs required for Sankey diagrams by state

• Develop methodology for updating as new data becomes available

Objective• Develop Sankey diagrams to

illustrate water usage in shale gas/oil extraction by state

Water Balance for520 MW Bituminous Coal-Fired Power Plant

Reference: NETL Power Plant Water Usage and Loss Study, May 2007

3,804,950 lb/hr

Boiler Feedwater

Steam

Condensate

Warm Water

Cool Water Steam Condenser

Evaporation & Drift

Blowdown WaterMake-up Water5,188 gpm 1,297 gpm

25 ºF Rise

187,600 gpm

520 MW

3,891 gpm

7,645 gpm

Generator

Turbine

Cooling Tower

Boiler

Flue Gas Stack928 gpm

Sankey Diagram: Pulverized Coal Plant 500 MW

W/ Cooling Tower

90% Potential Increase in Withdrawal

with CO2 Capture

SOA Environmental ControlsWith No CO2 Capture

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

4519

6019

6219

6419

6619

6819

7019

7219

7419

7619

7819

8019

8219

8419

8619

8819

9019

9219

9419

9619

9820

0020

0220

0420

0620

0820

1020

1220

1420

1620

1820

2020

2220

2420

2620

2820

3020

3220

3420

3620

3820

40

Annu

al E

nerg

y O

utlo

ok 2

014e

r N

et S

umm

er C

apac

ity A

dditi

ons (

GW)

GasCoalNuclear

Projected Power Generation DeploymentsExample 1: Business as Usual Case - Based on AEO 2014 early release

Ventyx Velocity Suite, EIA AEO 2014 er

Is this 138 GW of new capacity in 27 years going to increase water problems?

Gas = gas fired combined cycle and steam units

ForecastHistoric

Does not take out retired units NGCC used ~ 1/3 less water per MW than coal and nuclear steam units

Current Water Demands Do Not Appear Sustainable in Many Parts of the U.S.

National Resources Defense Council: http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/watersustainability/

EIA’s AEO 2014 shows that the most water constrained areas, FL and TX will see significant population growth and power plant builds by 2040

State

Percent of Counties At-

Risk for Water Shortage

Value of Crops Produced in At-Risk Counties

($000s)

Florida 96% 4,803,297

Texas 98% 5,333,981

2040 Builds9GW NGCC,4GW Nuclear

2040 Builds15GW NGCC

Low Water Footprint TechnologiesDistributed Generation Fuel Cell Impacts on CO2 Emissions and Water Use

8.7

5.3

22.3

13.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

Texas Florida

milli

on to

nnes

CO2/y

r or b

illion

gal w

ater

/yr

CO2 Emission Reduction, milliontonnes/yr

Water Savings, billion gal/yr

Assumptions- GW NGCC additions from 2025-2040 replaced with SOFC DG- Reduction and savings are for year 2040 - 85% CF for NGCC and SOFC

If EIA’s 2040 projected NGCC builds were replaced with a more efficient DG SOFC system there could be significant water and CO2 savings in water constrained areas.

Changes in Capacity Imply Changes in Water UseLife Cycle Water Use for Power Generation

22,785 22,785 7,595 7,595 46,188

-22,774 -22,774 -7,591 -7,591 -46,188

10-55 -31 5

21

425 494

898

360440

823

118191

380

144213

406

648

-34 2

-2,000

-1,500

-1,000

-500

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

Fleet Coal Fleet Coal Fleet NG Fleet NG Existing Fleet Coal SCPC SCPCCCS

Fleet Coal SCPC SCPCCCS

Fleet NG NGCC NGCCCCS

Fleet NG NGCC NGCCCCS

Existing GTSC GTSC

SurfaceCoal

Under-ground

Coal

Conv NG

UnconvNG

Nuclear SurfaceCoal

UndergroundCoal

Conv NG Unconv NG Nuclear Conv NG UnconvNG

Once Through Cooling Tower No Water Cooling

Wat

er U

se (g

al/M

Wh)

Withdrawal RMA Discharge RMA Withdrawal ECF Discharge ECF Net Consumption

Once-through cooling generally requires higher water withdrawal than

cooling towers, but results in lower water consumption

• Collaboration with Sandia National Laboratory– Build from prior work at SNL on water for

water states– Eastern states data will be merged with

existing western states data into aggregate database including detailed supporting metadata

• Develop a Water Altas– Build from data collection and estimation

efforts– Build tools/model to support analysis,

planning, and prioritization• Collaborate with Other DOE Offices and

Agencies• ARPA-e, USGS, USDA, Other

Improving Data and ModelsAppropriated Water

Unappropriated Groundwater

NETL’s History in Water Management

Clean,Affordable

Water

• Sponsored workshops focused on power plants and water with SNL

• Long-standing R&D programs in water related to coal, oil & natural gas development and use

• NETL has sponsored over 60 projects focused on water in both the coal and oil & gas programs since 2000

• R&D has included:– Thermoelectric water use/management– Systems, trends, and life-cycle analyses– Advanced treatment/detection technology– Produced water treatment and reuse– Unconventional oil and shale gas-water

interface– Geological carbon storage

NETL’s 2003 Electric Utility & Water Workshop

Thank YouQuestions

Office of Fossil Energywww.fe.doe.gov

NETLwww.netl.doe.gov

@NETL_News

Susan M. Maley304-285-1321

Susan.maley@netl.doe.gov

National Energy Technology Laboratory

Water Reuse and Recovery• ~81% power plants have municipal

wastewater available within 10 miles• Advanced treatment necessary, costs

$0.91 - $1.32 (in 2009$/kgal) vs. $0.74 for river withdrawal and the city water costs of $2.95 (in 2009$/kgal)

• Economics and availability make this water source second to river withdrawal and widely used

~81% power plants have municipal wastewater available within 10 miles

Advanced treatment necessary, costs $0.91 - $1.32 (in 2009$/kgal) vs. $0.74 for river withdrawal and the city water costs of $2.95 (in 2009$/kgal)

Economics and availability make this water source second to river withdrawal and widely used

Pilot-scale cooling towersUse of Treated Municipal Wastewater as Power PlantCooling System Makeup Water Carnegie Mellon University

Advanced Cooling Technology

Condensing Heat Exchangers

Steam

ColdWater

ColdWaterCold,

Strong,Desiccant

Cold,Weak

Desiccant

Hot, WeakDesiccant

Hot,Strong,

Desiccant

WaterVapor

RecoveredWater

Cold, WeakDesiccant

HeatExchanger

HeatExchanger

HeatExchanger

FlashDrum

AbsorberTower

Condensing Heat

Exchangers

Absorption with a Desiccant

EERC/GEA hybrid cooling