© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

International Financial Management 10th Edition

by Jeff Madura

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© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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5Currency Derivatives

Chapter ObjectivesThis chapter will:A. Explain how forward contracts are used to hedge based on anticipated

exchange rate movementsB. Describe how currency futures contracts are used to speculate or

hedge based on anticipated exchange rate movementsC. Explain how currency option contracts are used to speculate or hedge

based on anticipated exchange rate movements

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What is a Currency Derivative?

1. A currency derivative is a contract whose price is derived from the value of an underlying currency.

2. Examples include forwards/futures contracts and options contracts.

3. Derivatives are used by MNCs to:a. Speculate on future exchange rate movements

b. Hedge exposure to exchange rate risk

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Forward Market

1. Agreement between a corporation and a financial institution

2. To exchange a specified amount of currency

3. At a specified exchange rate (called the forward rate)

4. On a specified date in the future

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How MNCs Use Forward Contracts

1. Hedge their imports by locking in the rate at which they can obtain the currency needed to purchase imports.

2. Bid/Ask Spread is wider for less liquid currencies.3. May negotiate an offsetting trade if an MNC enters

into a forward sale and a forward purchase with the same bank.

4. Non-deliverable forward contracts (NDF) can be used for emerging market currencies where no currency delivery takes place at settlement, instead one party makes a payment to the other party.

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Premium or Discount on the Forward Rate

F = S(1 + p)

where:F is the forward rate

S is the spot rate

p is the percentage by which the forward rate exceeds the spot rate.

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Currency Futures Market

1. Similar to forward contracts in terms of obligation to purchase or sell currency on a specific settlement date in the future.

2. Differ from forward contracts because futures have standard contract specifications:a. Standardized number of units per contractb. Offer greater liquidity than forward contractsc. Typically based on U.S. dollar, but may be offered on cross-

rates.d. Commonly traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange

(CME).

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Exhibit 5.3 Comparison of the Forward and Futures Market

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How Firms Use Currency Futures

1. Purchasing futures to hedge payables

2. Selling futures to hedge receivables

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Exhibit 5.5 Source of Gains from Buying Currency Futures

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Currency Options Markets

1. Options Exchanges

2. Over-the-counter market

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Currency Call Options

1. Grants the right to buy currency at a designated exercise (strike) price.

2. If the spot rate rises above the strike price, the owner of a call can exercise the right to buy currency at the strike price.

3. The buyer of the options pays a premium4. If the spot exchange rate is greater than the strike

price, the option is in the money. If the spot rate is equal to the strike price, the option is at the money. If the spot rate is lower than the strike price, the option is out of the money.

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Factors Affecting Currency Call Option Premiums

1. Spot price relative to the strike price

2. Length of time before expiration

3. Potential variability of currency

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How Firms Use Currency Call Options

1. Using call options to hedge payables

2. Using call options to hedge project bidding.

3. Using call options to hedge target bidding.

4. Speculating.

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Currency Put Options

1. Grants the right to sell currency at a designated exercise (strike) price.

2. If the spot rate falls below the strike price, the owner of a put can exercise the right to sell currency at the strike price.

3. The buyer of the options pays a premium. Maximum possible loss is the premium.

4. If the spot exchange rate is lower than the strike price, the option is in the money. If the spot rate is equal to the strike price, the option is at the money. If the spot rate is greater than the strike price, the option is out of the money.

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Factors Affecting Put Option Premiums

1. Spot rate of currency relative to the strike price.

2. Length of time until expiration.

3. Variability of the currency.

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Contingency Graphs For Currency Options

1. Contingency graph for a purchaser of a call option.

2. Contingency graph for a seller of a call option.

3. Contingency graph for a buyer of a put option.

4. Contingency graph for a seller of a put option.

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Exhibit 5.6 Contingency Graphs for Currency Options

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Conditional Currency Options

1. The premium is conditioned on the actual movement in the currency’s value over the period of concern.

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Exhibit 5.7 Comparison of Conditional and Basic Currency Options

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