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CUP ANEMOMETER

RAKIB HOSSAIN 11.02.08.047

MAHIUL ZAMIL SOON 11.02.08.052

KAZI AKRAMUL KARIM 11.02.08.003

Mechanical Engineering Program

Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering

Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology

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CUP ANEMOMETER

Approved by:

Name Signature

Abhishek Kumar Ghosh

Lecturer

Mechanical and Production Engineering Department, AUST

Md. Jubayer Hossain

Lecturer

Mechanical and Production Engineering Department, AUST

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

For the first time we have done this kind of project. We were confused and did not know where

to start or what to do. But our respected teachers showed us the way to do the project.

We want to thank those without whom the project was almost impossible to complete; Dr.

Shahnewaz Bhuiyan sir, Abhishek Kumar Ghosh sir, Md. Jubayer Hossain sir and all the

honorable teachers who helped us in our project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1) Introduction…………………………………………………………………………6-9

1.A) Anemometer……………………………………………………………………6

1.B) Types of anemometer…………………………………………………………..6

1.C) Why cup anemometer…………………………………………………………..8

1.D) Basic working methodology of cup anemometer………………………………8

2) Design…………………………………………………………………………………10-12

2.B) Part Design………………………………………………………………………10

2.C) Assembly………………………………………………………………………...12

3) Manufacturing………………………………………………………………………13-22

3.A) Material selection…………………………………………………………………13

3.B) Components………………………………………………………………………13

(a) Mechanical components………………………………………………………14

(b) Electrical components………………………………………………………...16

3.C) Circuit diagram…………………………………………………………………...20

3.D) Inner view of wooden box……………………………………………………….21

3.E) Full view of project……………………………………………………………….22

4) Working methodology………………………………………………………………….23

5) Calibration……………………………………………………………………………...23

6) Application……………………………………………………………………………..23

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7) Advantage……………………………………………………………………………..24

8) Limitations……………………………………………………………………………...24

9) Future expectations……………………………………………………………………..24

10) Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..24

11) Reference………………………………………………………………………………25

12) Appendix……………………………………………………………………………26-28

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1) INTRODUCTION

Now-a-days renewable energy is very much important because other energy is going

down day by day. Among renewable energy wind energy is one of the most preferable

energy. The energy in the moving wind can be used to generate electricity. But we have

to know how fast the wind is blowing before we can harness wind power. Anemometer is

that device which will give the information about how fast wind is moving.

As energy sector in Bangladesh is not very much developed, wind energy can be very

much effective for our country. For this reason anemometer can be very useful device for

us. It is also a mandatory device for weather station for weather report.

1.A ANEMOMETER

An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed, and is a common weather

station instrument. The term is derived from the Greek word anemos, meaning wind, and is used

to describe any air speed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics. As an

extension wind direction and pressure can also be measured by this device.

1.B TYPES OF ANEMOMETER

(a) Cup Anemometer: It consisted of three or four hemispherical cups each mounted on

one end of four horizontal arms, which in turn were mounted at equal angles to each other on a

vertical shaft

(b)Vane anemometer: The other forms of anemometer is the vane anemometer. It may be

described as a propeller anemometer. The axis on the vane anemometer must be parallel to the

direction of the wind and therefore horizontal.

(c)Hot-wire anemometer: Hot wire anemometers use a very fine wire (on the order of

several micrometers) electrically heated up to some temperature above the ambient. Air flowing

past the wire has a cooling effect on the wire. As the electrical resistance of most metals is

dependent upon the temperature of the metal, a relationship can be obtained between the

resistance of the wire and the flow speed.

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(d)LASERDOPPLER Anemometer: Laser Doppler anemometers use a beam of light from

laser that is divided into two beams, with one propagated out of the anemometer. Particulates (or

deliberately introduced seed material) flowing along with air molecules near where the beam

exits reflect, or backscatter, the light back into a detector, where it is measured relative to the

original laser beam. When the particles are in great motion, it produces Doppler shift for

measuring wind speed in the laser light, which is used to calculate the speed of the particles, and

therefore the air around the anemometer.

(e)Sonic Anemometer: Ultrasonic sound waves used to measure the wind velocity in sonic

anemometers. It measures wind speed based on the time of flight of sonic pulses between pairs

of transducers.

(f) Ping-Pong ball Anemometer: A common anemometer for basic use is constructed from

a ping pong ball attached to a string. When the wind blows horizontally, it presses on and moves

the ball; because ping-pong balls are very lightweight, they move easily in light winds.

Measuring the angle between the string-ball apparatus and the vertical gives an estimate of the

wind speed.

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1.C WHY CUP ANEMOMETER ?

There are different types of anemometers from rotating cup to ping pong ball anemometer.

But for our project we have chosen Cup anemometer, more specifically 3-cup anemometer.

It is accurate and low power consumption relative to its cost.

For most outdoor application where wind speed range from a breeze to hurricane ,

cup anemometers have become the most prevalent and work very well.

Parts which we need to make a cup anemometer is very easy to get.

1.D BASIC WORKING METHODOLGY OF CUP ANEMOMETER

Cup anemometer turns in the wind because the drag coefficient of the open cup face is

greater than the drag coefficient of the smooth, curved surface of the back of the cup (7-1).

Before the cup anemometer starts to turn, the effective wind speed is just Vi.

Then as the cup wheel rotates, the effective speed is the relative speed Vi-S for the cup (on the

left in Fig -1) and

Vi+S for the cup on the right.

But, the difference in drag coefficients dominates, so the cup continues to turn.

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WIND FORCES ACTING ON CUPS:

FIG: 01

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2) DESIGN

Design is a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function of the object to be made.

CAD design is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis or

optimization of a design. For CAD design we have used Solid works 2011 as software.

2.A PART DESIGN

FIG: PART CAD) DESIGN OF CUP AND ARM

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FIG: CAD DESIGN OF WOODEN BOX

FIG: CAD DESIGN OF VERTICAL SHAFT WITH CUPS AND ARMS

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2.B ASSEMBLY

FIG: ASSEMBLY OF CUP ANEMOMETER

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3) MANUFACTURING

3.A SELECTED MATERIAL

(a) BASE MATERIAL: The base is a box which is made of wood. Wood is chosen

because –

Cost is low.

Easy to make.

Weight is less.

Cutting and drilling is easy.

(b) CUP, ARMS AND SHAFT MATERIAL: Three cups which is mounted on one

end of three horizontal arms, which in turn were mounted at equal angles to each other on a

vertical shaft. Cup, arms and shaft are of aluminium. Aluminium are selected as material

because-

As it is mandatory to rotate the cup in air , so we need light material.

Aluminium is a light weight material.

Corrosion resistance is excellent.

Easy to give shape and finishing.

Outlook is attractive.

3.B COMPONENTS: Components we have used to construct the cup anemometer can be

divided into two sections.(a)Mechanical components (b) Electrical components.

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(a) MECHANICAL COMPONENTS:

(1) Wooden Box: A wooden box is used as a base part for the anemometer. Its mainly

used for –

To give support to the vertical shaft which contain the cups and arms in the upper end.

To keep the electrical component safe and fixed.

FIG: WOODEN BOX

(2) Vertical Shaft: Vertical shaft is fixed in one end in the wooden box, and in another

end there is a bearing attached on which arms are connected. The shaft is a hollow

shaft and of aluminium, its thickness is 1mm, diameter is 9mm and height is 25mm.

(3) Bearing: Bearing is mounted on the vertical shaft which rotates the arms along with

the cups. Its inner diameter is 9mm and outer diameter is 26mm. Shield type is double

Z. Both shields were removed to make the rotation smoother.

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FIG: CAD DESIGN OF BEARING

(4) Arms: Three horizontal arms are mounted on one end with bearing which in turn

were mounted at equal angles to each other on the vertical shaft. Arms are also

hollow and of aluminium. All three arms are 1mm in thickness, 10 mm in diameter

and 100mm in length.

(5) Cups: Three cups are attached symmetrically around a freewheeling vertical axis

known as arm. Cups are also of aluminium and 1mm in thickness. The diameter of

the open cup face is 40mm.

FIG: CUPS AND ARMS MOUNTED ON VERTICAL SHAFT

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(b) ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS:

(1) Arduino Uno: Arduino uno is a micro-controller board based on the ATmega328. It

has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB

connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

It is mainly used for taking the analog input and converting into digital

output.

As it has built in library function, it can easily convert the digital output

into a integer value.

FIG: ARDUINO UNO (FRONT VIEW)

(2) Reed switch: It’s an electrical switch operated by magnet. Takes the pulse from the

magnet and send it to arduino. It is bounded with the vertical shaft near the magnet.

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FIG: REED SWITCH AND HOW IT WORKS.

(3) Magnet: A powerful magnet is used to give pulse to reed switch. Magnet is attached

with one end of the arms near to the reed switch.

(4) LM-35: LM-35 is an integrated circuit sensor, used to measure the temperature. It

measures temperature using electrical output proportional to temperature.

FIG: LM-35

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(5) LCD Display: A 16*2 LCD display is used to show the output of wind speed and

temperature reading.

FIG : 16*2 LCD DISPLAY

The actual output on LCD display looks like below figure –

FIG: ACTUAL OUTPUT ON DISPLAY

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(6) Toggle switch: This kind of switch actuated by mechanical lever, handle or rocking

mechanism.

FIG: TOGGLE SWITCH

(7) Battery: A 9V alkaline battery has been used as a power source.

(8) 10-K POT: 10- K potentiometer has been used to control the contrast of the LCD

display.

(9) Male-Female Wire: Male-female wire has been used to construct the circuit.

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3.C CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

FIG: COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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3.D INNER VIEW OF WOODEN BOX:

FIG: VIEW OF CIRCUIT INSIDE THW WOODEN BOX

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3.E FULL VIEW OF PROJECT :

FIG: FULL VIEW OF PROJECT (ANEMOMETER)

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4) WORKING METHODOLOGY:

(a)FOR WIND SPEED MEASUREMENT: When the arms rotate along with the cups due to

wind force, magnet passes the reed switch. This pulse is being sent to the arduino analog pin.

This analog signal is converted into digital mode. Number of rotation in known time is being

counted. We know V= w×r , where V=velocity, w= angular velocity, r= radius. We also know

w=2×π×n, where n=number of rotation. So we get V=2×π×n×r. From this formula we get the

velocity. By the built in function in arduino the binary code is being converted to integer. And

finally we get the output in the display. The velocity is measured in MPH in our project.

(b) FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT: For temperature measurement we have used

LM-35 sensor. LM-35 sensor measures temperature with proportional to electrical output. LM-

35 has a output voltage proportional to the celsius temperature. The output voltage is converted

to temperature by a simple conversion factor. The analog voltage input is converted to digital and

shows it in LCD display.

5) CALIBRATION: After completing the construction we have calibrated it with the

help of standard anemometer. This type of calibration is called single point calibration. The wind

velocity we get in our anemometer for the same wind force is 1.8 times less than the standard

anemometer. So we multiplied the total value with 1.8 in programming.

6) APPLICATION:

For wind energy conversion we may need to know the velocity of wind in the particular

area. There it can be used. In weather station it has a vast use. In marine travel this device is most necessary device. In industrial worksite we may need the anemometer to know the wind velocity. For structural design for a particular area we may need to know the wind velocity, for

which anemometer is needed.

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7) ADVANTAGE:

It is cheaper than any anemometer which we get from the market. The price is reduced

into half of the market price.

It is easy to make and understand.

It’s portable.

8) LIMITATIONS:

It is not appropriate for very high wind speed. For calibration using wind tunnel would be better than a standard anemometer.

9) FUTURE EXPECTATION:

Wind pressure measuring function also can be added. Wind vane can be added to detect the wind direction. Using Hall effect sensor may give a better response than reed switch.

10) CONCLUSION:

For wind energy sector development anemometer is the most important device. This

device can reduce the cost of anemometer. The project helps a lot to enhance our concept about

many different types of things and apprehend that there is a lot of difference between theory and

in practice. By the help of our honorable teachers we have completed our project in time.

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11) REFERENCE:

www. Arduino.cc

www.quora.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.anemometry.com

www.instructables.com

www.otherpower.com

Theory and design for Mechanical measurement

By Rechard S. figliola , Donald E. Beasley.

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12) APPENDIX:

The code used in the project is given below-

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12);

#define uint unsigned int

#define ulong unsigned long

float tempC;

int tempPin=0;

#define PIN_ANEMOMETER 2 // Digital 2

#define MSECS_CALC_WIND_SPEED 5000

volatile int numRevsAnemometer = 0;

ulong nextCalcSpeed;

ulong time;

void setup()

{

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.clear();

Serial.begin(9600);

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pinMode(PIN_ANEMOMETER, INPUT);

digitalWrite(PIN_ANEMOMETER, HIGH);

attachInterrupt(0, countAnemometer, FALLING);

nextCalcSpeed = millis() + MSECS_CALC_WIND_SPEED;

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print ("speed: mph");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("temp: *c");

}

void loop() {

time = millis();

if (time >= nextCalcSpeed) {

calcWindSpeed();

nextCalcSpeed = time + MSECS_CALC_WIND_SPEED;

}

}

void countAnemometer() {

numRevsAnemometer++;

}

void calcWindSpeed() {

int x, iSpeed;

long speed = 12920;

speed *= numRevsAnemometer;

speed /= MSECS_CALC_WIND_SPEED;

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iSpeed = speed*1.8; // Need this for formatting below

tempC = analogRead(tempPin);

tempC = (5.0* tempC * 100.0)/1024;

lcd.setCursor (9,0);

x = iSpeed / 10;

lcd.print(x);

lcd.print('.');

x = iSpeed % 10;

lcd.print(x);

numRevsAnemometer = 0;

lcd.setCursor(6,1);

lcd.print(int(tempC));

// Reset counter

}

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