culture/religion: possible roles in black underdevelopment jonathan lawoyin d.d.s, m.div
TRANSCRIPT
Culture/Religion: Possible Roles in Black Underdevelopment
Jonathan Lawoyin D.D.S, M.Div
What is Religion
• a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs
RELIGIOUS QUESTIONS
• WHERE DID WE COME FROM?• WHY ARE WE HERE?• THE ANSWERS TO THESE MYSTERIES LED
TO THE FORMATION OF RELIGIONS WHICH PROVIDE A WAY OF LIVING AND DYING MEANINGFULLY
Primal religions originated first
They are generally the traditions of non-literate people-which means they do not depend on scriptures or written teachings as do most other religions.
Primal religions tend to be the traditions of tribal peoples, organized in small groups that dwell in villages as opposed to large cities - exceptions are the Yoruba of Africa and theAztecs of Mesoamerica.
Primal religion World View
• Nothing happens by accident• Everything is linked to everything
else• Everything is the work of some self-
aware being, human, animal, spirit, god, or spirit of a dead ancestor.
Four Examples of Primal religion
• The Aborigines of Australia
•The Yorubas of Africa• The Plain Indians of North America• The Aztecs of South America and
Mexico
PURPOSE OF YORUBA RELIGION
• MAINTAIN THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE HUMAN BEINGS OF EARTH AND THE GODS AND ANCESTORS OF HEAVEN, WHILE GUARDING AGAINST THE EVIL DEEDS OF THE SORCERERS AND WITCHES
THE ANCESTORS OF THE LIVING
• DECEASED HUMANS WHO ARE ACCORDED SUPERNATURAL STATUS
• CAN HELP OR HARM HUMANS• TWO TYPES OF ANCESTORS
• FAMILY ANCESTORS• DEIFIED ANCESTORS
• KNOWN THROUGHOUT YORUBA SOCIETY AND NOW WORSHIPED BY LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE
Ancestors• Most commonly recognized spiritual forces in Africa• Continue to live on in the spirit world and unlike the
High God take an active interest in the well-being of those who live in the world.
• Ancestors are consulted before the birth of a child, beginning of an agricultural season, prior to battle, or political conflicts.
• In some tribes, no one may eat the first fruit of the harvest until it has been offered to the ancestors.
Ancestors Continued• While in China and Japan ancestors are loved and
respected, in Africa they are feared. • They can be capricious (do whatever they want,
fickle) and unpredictable.• Ancestors can do whatever they want. • Despite many offerings, they can turn on you or the
community.• May cause sickness, death, childlessness (a major
curse)• Ancestors more than the gods are the enforcers of
the moral codes of the tribe.
Ancestors Continued
• Gifts and sacrifices offered to them• Belief that ancestors own the land and its
products• Portion of harvest must be offered to them• When animals are born, some must be
slaughtered and offered to ancestors to ensure their blessings.
• Modern Africans living in cities, return to their native villages to offer sacrifices
Communication with Ancestors• They can speak to you in dreams• They can send signs to you in nature that
can be interpreted with the help of diviners, spiritual specialists
• Signs are sometimes interpreted by looking at the organs of sacrificed animals
• Diviners can also contact ancestors for help with knowing the future.
ORISHAS
• SOURCES OF ALL SACRED POWER WHICH CAN HELP OR HARM HUMAN BEINGS, DEPENDING HOW WELL RITUALS, DESIGNED TO APPEASE THEM ARE CARRIED OUT
• HUNDREDS EXIST• SOME ARE WORSHIPPED BY ALL YORUBA• SOME WORSHIPPED ONLY BY ONE FAMILY
GROUP
OLORUN, THE HIGH GOD
• CHARACTERISTICS• ORIGINAL SOURCE OF POWER IN THE
UNIVERSE• DISTANT AND REMOTE• NOT INVOLVED IN HUMAN AFFAIRS• OTHER GODS, ORISHAS, FUNCTION AS
MEDIATORS BETWEEN OLORUN AND HUMAN BEINGS
Global spread of African religion (Santeria)
Yemoja worship (osun Oshogbo)
Yemanja (Yemoja) worship in Brazil
Santeria- Voodoo Haiti
Iemonja worship (Brazil) 2
Santeria (Babalawo) little Havana Miami
Superstructure: A culture’s worldview, including morals and values, oftentimes grounded in religion
Social structure: The rule-governed relationships—with all their rights and obligations—that hold members of a society together. This includes households, families, associations, and power relations, including politics.
Infrastructure: The economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living. The Barrel Model
of Culture
What is Culture?
What is Culture?
• The beliefs and behaviors of a society• Culture consists of abstract ideas, values, and
perceptions of the world that inform and are reflected in people’s behavior
• Culture is the lens through which we view our world, it “invents” our reality
• The man is his culture
Characteristics of Culture
• The Concept of Culture• Culture is Learned• Culture is Shared• Culture is Based on Symbols• Culture Gives Meaning to Reality• Functions of Culture• Culture and Change• Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Definitions
• Tribe- group of people that share language, customs, traditions, geographic location
• Clan- group of related families • Extended family- parents, children, aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents (common in Africa)
• Nuclear family- parents and children (not common in Africa )
TRIBE
CLAN A CLAN B CLAN C
FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily
Family Family
Family Family Family
Family Family
You!
You!
Family
You
Nuclear vs. extended
Clanyou
Family
Clan
Share common ancestor
Common property/land
Vary in size
Share customs & language
Know everyone
Has symbols
Age set
Support system/Work together
Communal living
Clanyou
Family
Clan
Tribe
Vary in size
Common customs &language
Thousands inAfrica
Share land
Live in 1 region
Little movement/Protect area
Won’t know everyone
Symbols to identify
Loyalty to tribeNOT country
Causing conflict in Modern dayAfrica
polygamous
animism
Hunter-gather
Negative effects of culture and religion on black society
• 1. Kills initiative• 2.Breeds lack of trust• 3. Breeds suspicion• 4. Throws up incompetence and,
substitutes excellence with mediocrity.
• Makes urbanization almost impossible
Problems of Tribalism Today
1. The tribe is more important than the nation.2. Communication problems.
3. Inter-tribal warfare --> civil wars.
4. Tribal favorites for government jobs:
Urbanization:
Breaks down tribal traditions.Tribal intermingling on the job.
Ethnocentrism
• The belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
• The tendency of most people to use their own way of life as a standard for judging others; now also indicates the belief, on the part of most individuals, that their race, culture, society, etc., are superior to all others
Info taken from: nku.edu website
THE WAY OUT OF THE PROBLEM OF BLACK UNDERDEVELOPMENT
• NOBODY KNOWS, but:
1. EDUCATION WILL GO A LONG WAY, Starting from different homes 2. THE PROBLEM OF SYNCRETICISM HAS TO BE TACKLED by religious bodies.3. POLITICAL WILL TO DO WHAT IS RIGHT: enlightened and selfless leadership
Ethnic Group or Culture Group
•The cultural heritage, or aspects of culture, that a group shares and attempts to hand down from one generation to the next through learning.
Info taken from: The Four Skills of Cultural Diversity Competence, by Mikel Hogan-Garcia
THANKS