culture theory
DESCRIPTION
Culture Theory. May 2008. Chapter 2. Culture Theory (CT) Chapter 2. Impact on Safety Risk View Interaction with other Groups World View. Cultural Theory. Mary Douglas Anthropologist Observation of Societies Threats Social Structures Ways of Life Attitudes. Culture. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Culture Theory
May 2008Chapter 2
![Page 2: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Culture Theory (CT)Chapter 2
• Impact on Safety
• Risk View
• Interaction with other Groups
• World View
![Page 3: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cultural Theory
• Mary Douglas
• Anthropologist
• Observation of Societies– Threats– Social Structures– Ways of Life– Attitudes
![Page 4: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Culture
• Studied Life and Cultural Biases– Functional Explanation– Social Biases– Argued two principle axes:
• Grid and Group
![Page 5: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Risk by Culture:
![Page 7: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Corporate Views
![Page 9: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Views
![Page 10: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cultural Theory
• Group: Degree of division between insiders and outsiders
• Grid: (Regulation) Rules that relate one individual to another
Group
Regulation
![Page 11: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Examples
• Strong Grid /Strong Group (High)– Individuals Regulated for the sake of the
group.
– Heirarchist
![Page 12: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Views of Nature
• Fragile
• Robust
• Capricious (Erratic, impulsive, unpredictable)
![Page 13: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Strong Grid, Strong Group
• Roles are subscribed – gender and birth
• Positional Rules
• Groups are within larger groups
Bernstein: Two family Examples:Modern JapaneseBritish Middle-class Family
![Page 14: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hierarchist• Social Sectors: Classes, castes, age groups• Specialized Roles• Larger and lasts longer• Less internal conflict• Well defined rules• Experts• Reliance on rules
Tolerant within limits
Regulation
Group
![Page 15: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Individuals
• Group (Low) Grid/Regulation (Low)– Individuals than group– Lack of group mentality– Social classes negotiable– Transaction and transfer freely– Political laws to regulate individuals– Trial and error
![Page 16: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Egalitarian• High Group, Low Grid
• Strong bond
• Voluntary Associations
• Good of Group before individual
• Sensitive to high consequence risk
• Nature Fragile
• Small change will bring crashing down
![Page 17: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Isolationist (fatalist)
• High Reg, Low group
• Feel isolated
• Nature as random
• Little they can do
• No respect for other groups
Random!
![Page 18: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hermit (Autonomous)
• Medium/Medium
• Withdraws from social interaction
• Autonomous
• Often ignored
![Page 19: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nature Views
Tolerant within limitsRandom!
FragileStable
![Page 20: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Risk
• Different Levels of Risk Views– Risk Adverse– Risk Procedures (Regulation)– Risk Takers– Risk Acceptors
![Page 21: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Risk• Culture Theory can be used to predict risk
responses
– Risk Issues– Grid Coordinates
![Page 22: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Risk
Risk Adverse
Risk Acceptances
Risk T
aker
Risk Proce
dures
![Page 23: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Nature
Nature Fragile
Nature Capricious
Robust
![Page 24: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
View points
Share Adverse
Fatalist
![Page 25: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Reg
ulat
ion
GroupLow
Low
High
High
Hier.
Egal.
ISO.
Indiv.
HermitNature
High bondRisk adverse
Risk Takers
Accept authority
Weak leadership
Robust
NatureFragile
Fatalist
No respect
Glorify risk/acceptance
Reject hier. knowledge
No respect fo
r other g
roups
Deride safety cultu
re
Trend setters
Nature Robust
Nature capricious
Risk Adversion
Risk
Competition
![Page 26: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Grid
• Coarse Grained
• Static
• Rests on hidden assumptions
• No Accounting for change
![Page 27: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
GRID EXERCISE
Mountain Utilities wants to construct a 300 Megawatt Reactor in GentleValley to supply the electrical needs of the community. This community of people has Grown to over 400,000 strong. Up to this point, the community has relied on other Power generating systems for their needs. If this was a hierarchal community, what would you expect would be their expectations? Concerns? Worries?
![Page 28: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
GRID EXERCISE #2
The thriving metropolis of Getter Done is made up mostly of EngineersAnd PhDs. They have worked together for near 20 years in all kinds of Endeavors. An overseas company in conjunction with the NASA want to Establish a new antimatter storage and transfer system to support a new space Craft. The facility will store 100 cubic meters (100 m3) of antimatter in pods Constructed of polyduranium. The leak rate of the tank is expected To be only <0.0002 kg/day.
How will the community respond?
![Page 29: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cultural Theory Grid
• Uses:– Predict Risk Behavior?– Individual Behavior?– How they are in cultural roles
![Page 30: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Our Organizations
• Location on the Grid
• Definitions – what does that mean?
• Discussion.
![Page 31: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Other Characteristics
• Individual Characteristics– Gender– Race– Political Ideology– Personality Type
![Page 32: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Biases
• Superiority of any Group?
• Limitations of the Groups
• Accuracy of the Group
• Each as a one view?
![Page 33: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
One View
Military
IndiaJapan
HH
Sect Leaders
CommunalU.S?
Servants
![Page 34: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Example:
![Page 35: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Canadian Website
• Safety Management Systems– Models– Related to Grid?– View on Risk?
![Page 37: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Risk Models
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
NuclearEnergyMarine
Transport
DNA ResearchTolerate
& Improve
Dams
Mining
ComplexityC
oupl
ing
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Space
Flying
AbandonRestrict
![Page 38: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Zero Risk Model
![Page 39: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Nanotechnology
• Carcinogenic Effects• Long Term effects – Unknown• Quantum Dots• Single-wall Nanotubes • MSDSs
– Focus on materials not product
![Page 40: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
From EPA White Paper on Nanotechnology
Safety & Health Aspects of Nanotechnology
![Page 41: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Safety & Health Aspects of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology 2nd Generation
ESH Coverage
2001 2003 2006
3rd Gen 4th Gen
2015
Where are We?
![Page 42: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Safety Culture Theories
![Page 43: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ISO 9001
![Page 44: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Risk Matrix
![Page 45: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Basic Hazard Management
![Page 46: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Relationships• Related to Grid
• Accountability: High /High
• Training: High
• Threat - View of nature and risk
![Page 47: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Bow-Tie
![Page 48: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
System Risk
![Page 49: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Thompson & Wildavsky Grid
![Page 50: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Culture and Socialization
![Page 51: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Risk Management Policy
![Page 52: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Risk…
Cyclone at Myanmar•100,000 Dead
![Page 53: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Risk…
Chilean Volcano
![Page 54: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Application of CT
What is the response of each Culture?
![Page 55: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Application of CT
![Page 56: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Application of CT
![Page 57: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Application of CT
![Page 58: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Understanding CT
• Management Policy
• Signage
• Training
• Communication
![Page 59: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Application
![Page 60: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Class Exercise, Grid
• Where is your organization?
![Page 61: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Break!
![Page 62: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Social Amplification of Risk
![Page 63: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Amplification
• Risk– Actual Risk– Perceived Risk– Residual Risk– Risk Abatement
![Page 64: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Amplification
![Page 65: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Risk Analysis
• Risk Linear?
![Page 66: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Social Amplification of Risk
• Transfer of Information
• Social Response Mechanism
![Page 67: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
SARF
• Risk – Benefit Analysis
![Page 68: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Bell-Wether Events
• Three Mile Island– Changed attitudes– Stricter Regulation– Public opposition (any technology)
![Page 69: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Effects…
• Move away (Globally) from Nuclear Power
• Increased public concern on complex systems.
• Public opposition to Nuclear power
![Page 70: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Amplification Results in:
• Economic - Move away from nuc power.
• Judicial (New laws, regulations)
• Social - Anti-nuclear groups
![Page 71: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Other Events?
bhopal
Piper Alpha
Columbia
![Page 72: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Other Effects:
• Attenuation of Risk– Radon– Smoking– Carcinogens
![Page 73: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Social Amplification of Risk
• Media?
• News/Books?
• Special Interest Groups?
![Page 74: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
SARF
Elements?
Chapter 2, section 2.3.2
Event
Risk
Filter 1
Increased Increased
Filter 2
DecreaseDecrease
![Page 75: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
SARF
Risk Risk
Event
Risk
Filter 1Politics
Increased Increased
Filter 2Media
Communication
![Page 76: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
SARF
• Transfer of information about Risk
• Social Response mechanism
COMMUNICATION!
![Page 77: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
SARF
• Ripple Effect– True Risk?– Media– Politics
![Page 78: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Four Risk Pathways
• Heuristics and Values - Simplify
• Group Relationships – influence responses
• Signal value – recognize high value
• Stigmatization – Create aversion
![Page 79: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
CT and Risk
InterpretFormulateValidate
Risk
![Page 80: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
High Signal Values
• Outcome of the risk activity/operation• Public Reaction – a measure of signal
![Page 81: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Signals
• Radiation
• Cancer
• Fire
![Page 82: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Debates
• Provides information
• Can cause Public Concern!
![Page 83: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Seven Categories
• Biocidal hazards
• Persistent delay hazards
• Rare Catastrophes
• Life-threatening Common
• Global Diffuse
• Rad hazards
![Page 84: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Basic Risk Perception Model
• BRPM, 2001
• Focuses on psychometric dimensions– Attitude, fear, worry, risk sensitivity, trust– Lifestyles, and world views.
![Page 85: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Illustrative Interventions
• Motorists and seat-belts– Likelihood of accidents– Consequence: killed or injured in crash
![Page 86: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Risk Takers
• Individual Differences
• Thrill seekers
• Sensation Seeking– (age, gender)
![Page 87: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Political Approach to Risk
• Social Life
• Conflicting Goals
• Values,
• Chronic fear
![Page 88: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Politics
• Policy: risks…
![Page 89: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Risk Resolution
• Risk Resolution versus Risk Management
• Regulation
• Restriction
• Control
• Government Program
![Page 90: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Regulation
European Commission Questionnaire on Directive 96/82/EC on the Control of Major Accident Hazards involving dangerous substances (SEVESO II) 2000 – 2002: United Kingdom Response
![Page 91: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
View of Risk
• Risk Management is about
• Power
• Conflicts of interest
• Political Influence
• Page 49, Text
![Page 92: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Social-Emotional Risk
• Risk = hazard + outrage
– Cognitive side of Fear!
![Page 93: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Risk and Technology
• Modern Technology - Ritual Sacrifice
![Page 94: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Three Acts
• 1. Sudden – Bhopal
• 2. Science response – Thalidomide
• 3. Political – Ozone depletion, global warming
![Page 95: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Adaptation and Risk Management
• Cost-Benefit analysis
• Behavior Adaption approach
• Risk Management Approach
![Page 96: Culture Theory](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56814aad550346895db7c0b6/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Rewarding/Incentives
• Management Vigor – Continuous reminders
• Reward the bottom line.
• Reward attractiveness
• Progress safety credits
• List on Page 56