BACHELOR IN SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2

(ARC 60203)

PROJECT 2 : ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE BUILDING ANALYSIS REPORT

BUILDING : DEWAN TUNKU CANSELOR, UNIVERSITY MALAYA

NAME ID NO.

DARSHIINI VIG 0319359

JANICE LEE JUEN YUNG 0318695

ICHE DUSTAN OMARI 0323347

CLEMENT CHEN KIT SEONG 0319574

FATEMEHALSADAT FATTAH HOSSEINI 0318452

2

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENT PG NO.

1.0

INTRODUCTION

Fast facts of the building

History of the building

The Architect

3 - 7

2.0 Site context analysis 8 - 14

3.0 Architectural layout of building 15 - 20

4.0 Architecture style analysis 21 - 24

5.0 Building construction, structure & materials analysis 25 - 32

6.0 Architectural elements / components analysis 33 - 38

7.0 Conclusion 39

7.0 References 40 - 41

3

1.0 Introduction

Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Gambar_Dewan_Tunku_Cans

elor,_Universiti_Malaya.jpg

Built in 1965, Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is a landmark for University Malaya. This

piece of Brutalist Enthused Architecture was officially opened by Malaysia’s First Prime

Minister, Al Marhum Tunku Abdul Rahman Al-Haj, who was the university’s chancellor at

the time, on 25th June 1966. The building was to serve as a place to hold the University’s

convocation ceremonies for graduating students, semester examinations, studio classes, theatre

performances, seminars and conferences.

4

1.1 Fast Facts of the building

Name : Dewan Tunku Canselor

Year Constructed : 1965

Architect : Dato’ Kington Loo

Architecture Style : Brutalist Movement

Location : Dewan Tunku Canselor, University of Malaya

50603 Kuala Lumpur, Selangor Malaysia

Function : Assembly and Event hall

Capacity : 6, 000 pax

5

Location of Dewan Tunku Canselor:

Location Plan

Key Plan

6

1.2 History of Dewan Tunku Canselor

DTC is the convention center of university Malaya which built in 1965 by Datuk Kungton Loo

of BEP architect .It was known as landmark of university which influenced of Brutalism and

modernism architecture .DTC was declared in 25th Jun 1966 by first prime minister AL

MARHUM TUNKU ABDUL RAHMMAN AL-HAJ who was the chancellor of university

during that period.

DTC first vernissage of ceremony was managed in 1966 to contribute the credential letter of

graduated students in different gradation of diploma , degree , master and PHD. Since that

time students annually assembly in this place for their examination and graduation . In addition,

90% internal of building catch a fire on Jun 29th 2001 and was retrieved by faculty of

environment and begin over one year later by Datuk Seri Abduallah Ahmad

7

1.3 The Architect

Datuk Kington Loo, is the architect of Dewan Tunku

Canselor. He was born on 17th October 1930. Datuk Kington Loo

finished his studies at Victoria Institution at the age of 17, and

continued at several other institutions before his great grandmother

agreed to finance his architectural studies at Melbourne University.

He became the best design student and even won a competition to

design the Dean of architecture’s holiday house. After graduation,

Datuk Kington Loo joined Booty, Edwards & Partners (BEP) where

he became a partner in the firm and formed BEP Arkitek Sdn. Bhd..

Datuk Kington Loo is one of the first generation of architects after the country

independence. He is most well known for his Daya Bumi Complex and Dewan Tunku

Canselor. His other design works are, Subang International Airport, Standard Chartered

Building in Kuala Lumpur and more. In addition to his activity as an architect, Loo was also

active as an advocate for the profession of architecture and became the chairman of Malaysia

Institute of Architect Advisory Committee. Datuk Kington Loo also became the president of

the Selangor Club. He used to be the chairman for Bukit Bintang MCA too.

Picture on left to right: Dayabumi Complex; Standard Chartered building in Kuala Lumpur

8

2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS

PREPARED BY:

NAME: ICHE DUSTAN OMARI

ID: 0323347

9

2.0 Site Context Analysis

Accessibility

The Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is a theatre complex that was formerly open to the

public until the pre-dawn fire gutted the building in 2001. Since then entrance to the building

has been restricted to the public. The main entrance is found adjacent to the Lingkugan Budi

road which is one of the main roads that circulate the University Malaya Campus. The approach

to the entrance of the building is placed in such a way that it enhances the perspective of the

front façade and form of the building. The projected entrance creates a transitional space and

provides overhead shelter.

DTC Front Facade

Source:http://media.themalaymailonline.com/images/sized/ez/Dewan_Tuanku_Canselor_Uni

versiti_Malaya_in_Kuala_Lumpur2710_620_407_100.jpg

After entering the building you enter the foyer area which acts as the entrance to the

great hall. A stage is located inside the great hall, all these are found in the ground floor. There

is also mezzanine floor which is actually a viewing gallery that forms a U-shape. There are

three projector rooms which were originally located at the first floor, partly storing the

graduating robes and accessories. Access to the different floor levels in the DTC is provided

by two spiral concrete staircases located within oval shaped shear walls.

10

DTC Great Hall

Source:https://i2.wp.com/img.photobucket.com/albums/v328/Samanthaque/Minggu%20Halu

ansiswa%202010/37648_447760055254_181379925254_6528694_8387536_n.jpg

DTC Staircase

Source:http://www.deviantart.com/art/A-UM-Forgotten-Vision-6-68898801

DTC Foyer

Source: http://jackhow.deviantart.com/art/A-UM-Forgotten-Vision-5-68898683

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Relationship of Building to surroundings

University Malaya Campus

Source:

https://www.google.com/maps/place/University+of+Malaya/@3.121697,101.6530375,4356m

/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xfce3ea9baaab17e8!6m1!1e1

University Malaya, was the first independent Malaysian university that was established

on a 750-acre campus in the southwest of Kuala Lumpur. Each university in the campus was

built to lead in a specific field that eventually led in contributing to the country's potential

growth. The purpose was to lay the foundation for a better nation by generating skilled and

educated men.

12

DTC on University Malaya Campus

Source:

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dewan+Tunku+Canselor,+University+of+Malaya/@3.

1211165,101.6564529,543m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!1m3!3m2!1s0x0:0xfce3ea9baaab17e8!2s

University+of+Malaya!3m1!1s0x0000000000000000:0x2c04042b5ab99481!6m1!1e1

The DTC is placed in a location that it is close to circulation paths (Traffic and

pedestrian paths) that surround the whole campus. The pathways to other parts of the university

have to be kept at minimal distance to minimize discomfort for students and provide shelter

from the sun and rain. It is also close to the other schools within the University so as to have

easy access for the students and lecturers for when events take place.

And due to the buildings raw concrete finish, it has a contrasting look compared to other

buildings within the campus that have a more ornamented finish.

UM Library

Source: http://www.umlib.um.edu.my/graphics/umlibrary.jpg

13

Response to climate

Since Malaysia is located near the equator, it has a hot and humid temperature

throughout the year also known as equatorial climate. So as to reduce this heat within the

building the concept of “brise-soleil” was adapted onto the buildings’ facade. A brise-soleil is

a “sun breaker” or horizontal louvers outside the windows or extending over the entire surface

of the building’s façade. It is an architectural feature that functions as a ‘sunscreen’, which

reduces heat gain within a building by deflecting sunlight. Inside the great hall, the area is air

conditioned so as to keep the temperature within the hall at a comfortable level for the users.

This is done because it would be very uncomfortable for them if the weather is hot and humid

within the hall.

DTC Facade

Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-

ElFWzFPIHqw/T0CiyzJsWyI/AAAAAAAAAXw/jRzOs_pcbtg/s1600/P2160265.JPG

14

The DTC also has a particularly large overhang on the roof. This is to create shade for

the lower floors and to protect them from the harsh sunlight and seasonal heavy rains. This also

creates a shade that can shelter pedestrians looking for a sanctuary from the rain or heat. And

also, the projected entrance can also provide shade to the passers-by and to the entrance itself

when the weather conditions are unfavourable to the people. And also the overhang on the

exterior of the ground floor helps to provide shelter to the pedestrians.

DTC Ground Floor Shade

Source: https://syah1ndra.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/15122010086.jpg

15

3.0 ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT

OF BUILDING

PREPARED BY:

NAME: CLEMENT CHEN KIT SEONG

ID: 0319574

16

3.0 Architecture layout of building

3.1 Elevation analysis

The elevation of the building consists of geometrical elements which are present on the facades

of the building. On the inside, load bearing walls are used to maximize the volume of space in

the building, the elevation of the building stands at 3-4 storeys high with a void at the foyer

area from floor to ceiling.

Floor to ceiling void at foyer area to allow openness and natural lighting

17

3.2 Circulation to Use-space

The Interior Design Work was based on the new requirements for new services systems and

facilities in order to ensure that DTC can cater for all functions required to be held in the

building such as convocation ceremony, musical and stage performances, conferences and

seminars, as well as examinations hall. The design input from all consultants involved ensured

that the new standard established for the hall could be satisfied. This included the

reconstruction of a bigger stage area with additional features such as extended and movable

stage, new durable timber flooring system, timber windows with double glazing system, new

design for toilets facilities, relocating the audio-visual room, and better facilities added to the

hall such as the ramp, new changing areas, new electrical and mechanical system, built-in-

fitments and furniture

(Stage Area)

For the foyer area, the main features were retained with minor

intervention of the areas. Improving and repairing works were

done including replacing damaged timber framed and broken

glass windows and doors, new M&E system with fire

protection facilities (sprinklers), repairing the concrete wall

finishes and adding new features for exhibition proposes. At

the exterior part of the building, upgrading the facilities for

disabled and pavements layouts and a new landscaping was

designed to complement the building

Foyer Area

18

3.3 Organization Analysis

Symmetry & balance

Dewan Tunku Canselor’s Design also consists of Symmetry and Balance as seen in the picture

above. The façade above the entrance is a balanced symmetry which contributes to the building

architectural design elements.

The load bearing walls also consists of an asymmetry design and allows further enhancement

of vertical emphasis of the building. The ceiling is made of egg-crate reinforced concrete that

allows longer span, fewer beams and more dramatic interface on the exterior as well as the

interior ceiling.

19

Geometry

The use of geometry is also evident around the whole DTC. One of the special feature of the

exterior of DTC is the brise soleil concrete beton brut made up of squares which functions as

solar shading to control the light and heat. It also creates an asymmetry pattern where the rows

of square are reflecting at opposite angles.

20

Details of the geometrical structure- beton brut

Pictures:

http://media.themalaymailonline.com/images/sized/ez/Dewan_Tuanku_Canselor_Universiti_

Malaya_in_Kuala_Lumpur2710_620_407_100.jpg

http://carverhaggard.com/kl-civic/

http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/doc/antalya/99.pdf

21

4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE

ANALYSIS

PREPARED BY:

NAME: DARSHIINI VIG

ID: 0319359

22

Dewan Tunku Canselor is a fine example of the Brutalist architectural style of the 1950s and

1960s. Being one of the first structure in Malaysia under the influence of modern architecture,

Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier – in particularly his Chandigarh high court in India, who

was the first to be concerned about the use of appropriate building materials without the use of

ornamentation on a building.

Source : ser, w. (2013). Ultimate MIS: Dewan Konvokesyen UM- Dewan Tunku Canselor.

Ultimatemis.blogspot.my. Retrieved 8 November 2015, from

http://ultimatemis.blogspot.my/2013/03/dewan-konvokesyen-um-dewan-tunku.html

23

4.1 Characteristics

Brutalism sprang from the highest humanitarian ideals, from a socialist ideology that

propounded equality for all. Brutalist building are usually structured within a repetitive

angular geometry. All buildings use concrete, in order to reveal the poured and retain finished

product. However not all Brutalist buildings use concrete as exterior materials as it may

belong to a fusion of architecture style range.

The exterior of their building ranges from their structure and services to the human use. For

example, Brutalist architecture in Malaysia are Dewan Sri Penang, and Bank Negara

Malaysia Building where both are located in Penang. From another example, the design of

the Hunstanton School is a brutalist building where it has facility’s water tank, which is a

normally a hidden service feature, in a prominent, visible tower

Unfortunately, the nature of Brutalist architecture has made an unfriendly and

uncommunicative style instead of being integrating and protective. Brutalist structures has led

to the unpopularity of both the ideology and the architecture style.

Dewan Sri Pinang

Source : Pamsummer.asia,. (2015). Ticketing | Penang Anime Matsuri.

Retrieved 9 November 2015, from http://pamsummer.asia/project/ticketing/

24

Hunstanton School,

Norfolk, England.

Source : Daley, R.

(2015).

BRUTALISM:ONLINE

- Smithdon High School

(formerly Hunstanton

Secondary Modern

School), Norfolk,

England.

Brutalism.online.

Retrieved 9 November

2015, from

http://brutalism.online/

brutalist-buildings/13-

uk/188-smithdon-high-

school-formerly-

hunstanton-secondary-

modern-school-norfolk-

england

Bank Negara Malaysia

Penang

Source : Tye, T. (2015).

Modern Buildings in

Penang / Pulau Pinang.

Penang-traveltips.com.

Retrieved 9 November

2015, from

http://www.penang-

traveltips.com/modern-

buildings.htm

25

5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

METHOD

PREPARED BY:

NAME: JANICE LEE JUEN

YUNG

ID: 0318695

26

5.0 Building Construction Method

Waffle Slab Ceiling

There are many different types of building construction methods used in Dewan Tunku

Canselor. The most interesting type of building construction method used in Dewan Tunku

Canselor is the concrete waffle slab method used on the ceiling. Waffle slabs are a reinforced

concrete footing and slab system constructed on ground. They are also known as the egg-crate

reinforced concrete with a smooth surface. They consist of a perimeter footing and a series of

narrow internal beams at one meter nominal centres running each way. Waffle slab ceiling is

used in Dewan Tunku Canselor because it can withstand heavy loads with relatively minimal

depths.

Preformed pans are used to create forms that casts the concrete into a waffle pattern.

Temporary shores are installed when one floor is finished. After the concrete has set, shores

are first removed then, the form is removed. Once the form is removed, the waffle slab ceiling

can be seen. Waffle slabs strength vary from the height above ground. The higher the slab

above ground, the deeper the beams below ground, thus stronger and stiffer slab system. Some

of the benefits for using waffle slab as one of the structural systems are, construction time is

shorter, slimmer floor depths, fire resistant and durable finish.

Picture on left: Dewan Tunku Canselor

waffle slab ceiling.

Picture above: A structural system of -

waffle slab ceiling with beams to

support.

27

Comparison with Modern Buildings in West

Istanbul Sehir University, located in Turkey has the similar waffle slab ceiling as

Dewan Tunku Canselor, Malaysia. The main material used in Istanbul Sehir University is

concrete. Although béton brut, also known as raw concrete is the main material used widely by

most Brutalist Architecture, Istanbul Sehir University is not considered as Brutalist, but

Modern Architecture, as compared to Dewan Tunku Canselor, which is a Brutalist building.

Picture above: The ceiling of Istanbul Sehir University, Turkey is made out of concrete waffle

slabs.

28

Beton Brut

Beton brut is known as raw concrete which is left unfinished and exposed visually. The

wood printing which the concrete is poured into is retained in the finish product. Beton brut is

a construction method used most in Le Corbusier’s work. It does not require a smooth surface

and no touch up works needed. Most modern architects uses Beton brut in their buildings in

the early part of 20th Century. It is one of the main characteristics of Brutalist architecture of

the 1960s and 1970s. Beton Brut is not only is inexpensive way of construction but it also gives

a bold aesthetics to its building.

Picture above: Obvious wood print can be seen on Dewan Tunku Canselor building.

29

Comparison with Modern Buildings in West

The Casa da Ladeira has the same construction as Dewan Tunku Canselor because

béton brut are used in both buildings. Casa da Ladeira is considered as modern architecture

built in 2011 and the design of this building is very different from the Brutalist building, Dewan

Tunku Canselor but both buildings have béton brut façade. Organic curves and fluidity of forms

can be seen in Casa da Ladeira, on the other side, Dewan Tunku Canselor has very linear and

straight lines in both horizontal and vertical.

Most modern architects continue using béton brut on their building because it’s loud

and bold aesthetics along with its natural influential beauty is an inexpensive form of

construction. Besides, it is a great economical solution to weather and climate control within

large buildings.

Picture above:

Façade of Dewan

Tunku Canselor.

Picture below:

Façade of Casa da

Ladeira.

30

Restoration of Dewan Tunku Canselor

On 29th June 2001, a fire broke out in Dewan Tunku Canselor, destroying over 90% of

the internal building. The exterior of this building is not much affected as concrete has fire

resistant properties. The building is fully restored after 2 stages. The first stage is the repair of

structure, cracks, and a new roof design. The damaged structural elements were carefully

constructed and the new roof design is constructed but still retaining the authenticity of the

original design. The entire roof is replaced with steel frames and waterproof membrane as both

of them have fire resistant properties.

The second stage to restore Dewan Tunku Canselor is the architectural, interior design

and services installation. The important architectural features in this building were retained and

the original design is maintained. The main foyer area, the granite flooring, facades and slab,

the services and mezzanine level, spiral staircases and concrete handrails were retained.

31

Building Materials

Concrete

The main material used in Dewan Tunku Canselor is reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete

is used widely in Brutalist architecture. It is in the ceilings, facades, beams and so on in Dewan

Tunku Canselor.

Glass

Different type of glass is used in this building. Laminated glass are used on the roofs, float

glass on windows, and stained glass on the foyer.

Timber

Railings, parquet floorings, and some roof trusses are made out of timber. Hardwood timber is

used because it has higher densities and also last longer than other softwood timbers. Example

of hardwood timber available in Malaysia is, Balau, Chengal and more.

Steel

Steel are used in roof trusses of Dewan Tunku Canselor. It needs to be coated or galvanized

with a suitable protective system to prevent the trusses from corroding and rusting although it

is used as an internal structural component and will not be visually seen.

Tiles

Granite tiles are used for flooring in Dewan Tunku Canselor and porcelain tiles are used for

toilet walls. Tiles are used in Dewan Tunku Canselor because of it being aesthetically beautiful

and it requires minimum maintenance, hence, more durable.

32

33

6.0 ARCHILECTURAL ELEMENTS

/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

PREPARED BY:

NAME: FATEMEHALSADAT FATTAH

HOSSEINI

ID: 0318452

34

6.0 ARCHILECTURAL ELEMENTS / COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

Structure

It’s two and half story building which consist of around hall and foyer area , it’s example for

the brutalist architecture of the 1950s and 1960s due it’s bare concrete structure .demonstrate

the egg-crate reinforced concrete and béton brut imprints on the poured concrete, since it’s

durable and hard which represent the nature of concrete . Brutalism makes a virtue out of that

cheap and ubiquitous building material. Instead of being covered up with plaster and paint, the

marks of the wooden forms in which the concrete is poured is retained in the finished product

for facade. EXTERIOR-(FAÇADE)

EXTERIOR-(FAÇADE)

The window of north and south

façade of the building are inclined at

45 degrees to the normal, they

design it the way which allow to

have shade besides it allows natural

light to come inside. in façade it can

be seen that the windows designed

the way which has repetition of pattern but designer’s notion was

not only that furthermore he wanted to consider aesthetics

essentially incorporating into the overall design. Additionally it

helps to reduce heat and help to more rescue colder weather

dissipation.

35

WINDOW

In ground floor there are some windows around the foyer which used art glass designed by

pretty flowers and malay style wooden carving which designers installed them to makes more

alleviate looks along dusty façade and allow light pierces througt the building to have better

atmosphere . The arrangement of the windows produced a repetitive pattern all over the upper

part of the building

WATER ELEMENT

Water is a very unique element due to its refreshing and soothing qualifications. These

attractive qualifications are effective on water to become a landmark ,which defined as the

elements of a space defining characteristics that are different from their surroundings in terms

of scale, location, architectural features, material, and design criteria and easily recognized or

discernible from several directions. To have this natural element on side aid to give a feeling

of vitality and calm and soothing along the dusty sense of concrete . On the other hand to have

this pond helps for lower temperature of surrounding.

36

Decorative elements

In the exterior there are some decorative concrete elements moreover, it is utmost material be

used in structure .It is no longer plain, grey and boring, it is now thought of as a beautiful

decorative element with half of the price with textures, and patterns that used in columns and

flowerpots. The patterns on them inspired of surrounding and nature.

STAIRCASE

At the right side of exterior there is one staircase which

access the ground floor to first floor . it made by concrete and

steel which is long-lasting , by reason of using concrete it

become part of the structure and makes apprearance more

significent beside it has function for building.

The most durable and popular material used to build stairs is

concrete specially in humid weather of Malaysia. It access

between the first floor to second floor while it is being

constructed. Besides the fact that concrete stairs require little

maintenance, they are very good looking.

37

INTERIOR (artificial and natural light)

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

There are two type of lighting illuminate the interior of Dewan Tunku Canselor’s building , the

great hall and other part of interior such as stairwell and toilet utilize artificial light .Inside the

great hall which is the largest hall in KL during 1970s used thousands of artificial light to

brighten the space and entertain for over 25,000 guests

NATURAL LIGHTING

Nevertheless, the exterior of building looks it contains of few opening but it has a couple of

skylight on top to give the sense of capacious and light inside , moreover there are few windows

located in entrance hall that let the light illuminate the area through the daytime for different

activities.

38

Door

Dewan Tunku Canselor has different type of door , the main entrance’s door made by all glass

double automatic sliding door. The other part of façade has normal glass door which they

located in a way that intercept of sunlight inside.Additionally it includes of a big stained glass

door on the other part of façade

(STAINED GLASS)

Roof

Inside the building the ceiling is made by bare concrete with cubic pattern to have a harmony

with exterior and other part of the building in addition, the roof is looks thicker from outside

which helps to save interior from gleam of light

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7.0 CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, Dewan Tunku Canselor is a monumental building that has significantly protrayed

the Brutalis architecture style in Malaysia which is a sub-brancgh of modernism. Being the

most rigid concrete structure, the building also consists of brie soleil, which is one of the

significant features of Le Corbusier’s works.

Being situated in the famous Malaysian university “University Malaya Kuala Lumpur” this

building is very prestigous to all students that who are currently or have graduated from the

university itself.

Source : http://aliaa.deviantart.com/art/Dewan-Tunku-Canselor-272928476

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8.0 REFERENCES

1. A.B. Abqhari Enterprise (2002) Pendokumentasian (Proses Kerja) Peringkat Pertama

Dewan Tunku Canselor, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (unpublished report)

2. Chen, F.V.(1988) The Encyclopedia of Malaysia Architecture, Archipelago Press,

Kuala Lumpur DPI Konsult Sdn. Bhd (2001)Structural Assessment of Dewan Tunku

Canselor, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Damaged by Fire (unpublished report)

3. Hamilton, Zuraini M.A. & Rodiah Z. (2002) Building Appraisal After Fire Report on

Dewan Tunku Canselor, University of Malaya (unpublished report)

4. Carver Haggard, http://carverhaggard.com/kl-civic/

5. Zuraini M. A, REHABILITATION OF THE TUNKU CANSELOR HALL,

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA,

http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/doc/antalya/99.pdf

6. http://www.iidex.com.my/venue.html

7. http://www.ehow.co.uk/list_7577059_advantages-precast-concrete-stairs.html

8. http://jackhow.deviantart.com/art/A-UM-Forgotten-Vision-5-68898683

9. http://azalea301.blogspot.my/2011/05/dewan-agong-tuanku-canselor-uitm-shah.html

10. https://mudpies.wordpress.com

11. http://www.tikkurila.com/decorative_paints/instructions/maintenance_instructions/ext

erior_concrete_surfaces

12. http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/decorative/

13. http://www.academia.edu/4097882/The_Effects_of_Water_Elements_in_Urban_Spac

e_Perception_A_Case_Study_in_Uskudar_Municipality_Square

14. http://www.architecture-student.com/landscape/sculptures-and-water-bodies-e

15. lements-of-landscape-architecture/

16. Zuraini M.A (N.A.) Rehabilitation of the Tunku Canselor Hall, University of Malaya,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved from

http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/doc/antalya/99.pdf

17. Francis D.K.Ching (1979). Architecture, Form, Space & Order. Hoboken, New

Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

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18. REHABILITATION OF THE TUNKU CANSELOR HALL, UNIVERSITY OF

MALAYA, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2015, from

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http://www.casadaladeira.com/

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ents/slabs/ribbed_and_waffle_slab.aspx

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https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/structures/deck/1244183

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