Culture

Joshua PhelpsFebruary 28th 2005

Lecture OutlineIntroduction to CultureCulture and Social PsychologySocial Psychological Concepts and Variations across CulturesAcculturationMy ResearchConclusion

Exam QuestionSammenlign individualistiske og kollektivistiske kulturer med utgangspunkt i ulike sosialpsykologiske fenomener.

What is Culture?The shared way of life of a group of people, including their artifacts (such as social institutions and technology) and their symbols (such as communications and myths) (Berry et al., 2002).

Norwegian Culture

Globalization and Norwegian Culture

Culture and PsychologyQuestions (Hogg & Vaughan, 2005)

Are Western psychological theories valid in other countries?Are there psychological constructs that are culture specific?How can we evolve a psychology with universal relevance?

Types of Psychologists dealing with CultureCross-CulturalCulturalIntercultural

Universal vs. Culture-Specific Behavior

Etic-emic distinctionEtic Approach (Universal Constructs)Emic Approach (Culture Specific)

UniversalsBerry et al. (2002): Positions, roles, sanctions, normsAberle (1950): Prerequisites of Society

UniversalsFiske (1993): Relational Theory

Communal SharingAuthority RankingEquality MatchingMarket Pricing

Cultural Variations in BehaviorNorms

GreetingsEating HabitsDress

Amae: Japanese passive loveEmic Construct

Culture and Social PsychologyHistory of NeglectCulture BoundCulture Blind

Culture and Social Psychology The Cultural Matrix of Social Psychology (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, & Nisbett, 1998)

Culture Essential for SurvivalPsychological Processes Linked and Bound to Culture

Matrix Figure

ValuesHofstede (1980)

Power Distance-EgalitarianismUncertainty AvoidanceMasculinity-FeminityIndividualism/Collectivism

Schwartz (1992 & 1997)Openness to Change vs. ConservatismSelf-Enhancement vs. Self-Transcendence

Individualism/CollectivismIndividualism: societal structure and world view in which people prioritize standing out as an individual over fitting in as a group memberCollectivism: societal structure and world view in which people prioritize group loyalty, commitment and conformity, and belonging and fitting-in to groups over standing out as an isolated individual

Break ExerciseHvem er jeg?

5 sentences to describe yourself

Hvem er jeg? Western Independent Self

I am optimistic.

Interdependent SelfI am Josh’s friend.I play football on weekends

Cultural variations in social psychological principles

The SelfMarkus and Kitayama (1991): Independent vs. Interdependent SelfFigure

Evaluation and Self EsteemAttribution

Cultural variations in social psychological principles

ConformityProsocial BehaviorCognitive Dissonance

What Happens when Cultures Meet?

Intercultural ContactAcculturation

Changes in a cultural group or individual as a result of contact with another cultural group (Berry et al., 2002)

Acculturation StrategiesIndividual Strategies

Assimilation, Integration, Marginalization, Separation

Societal StrategiesMelting Pot, Multiculturalism, Marginalization, Exclusion

Figure

Other Issues and Intercultural Contact

Culture Change and Cultural DiversityIntercultural ConflictIdentity, Identity Confusion, and Identity ThreatIntergroup Behavior

Stereotypes and PrejudiceDiscrimination

VideoBend it Like Beckham

My Research InvolvementsMaster’s Dissertation: Resistance to Persuasion: Principle of Social ProofAttitudes toward Illegal ImmigrantsIdeology and Language in the Public DiscourseAcculturation Strategies among Pakistani immigrants

ConclusionCultureInterest in Social PsychologyFeedback

Questionsjoshph@psykologi.uio.noFor Exam or Future

SourcesHogg & Vaughan (2005). Social PsychologyBerry, Poortinga, Segall, & Dasan (2002). Cross-Cultural Psychology. Research and Applications.Fiske et al. (1998). The Cultural Matrix of Social Psychology