cultural values intercultural communication—com 372 john r. baldwin department of communication...
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Cultural ValuesIntercultural Communication—COM
372
John R. Baldwin
Department of Communication
Illinois State University
History of ICC: The Beginnings(Leeds-Hurwitz, 1990)
• The Foreign Service Institute
• E.T. Hall and others
• Linguistics and Anthropology
• Influences of E.T. Hall– From single culture interaction – From general study practical specifics – From anthropology communication tips– Comm as patterned, learned, analyzable– Aspects of training: – From foreign service to broader audience
• That is, the original focus was: _________
History of ICC: By Decade• 1940s-1950s: Birth of ICC• 1960s: Silence• 1970s: Research
(atheoretical) • 1980s: Theory (1983, 1988,
1995, 2005)• 1990s: Debate, diversity,
disintegration?• 2000s: Expanded envelopes
Q: Which are more scientific, humanistic, or critical?
Q: Which represents the field today?
Dr. William Gudykunst
Cultural Filters: Rules & Stuff Rules: A prescription for what we can, cannot,
should or should not do, but without a moral component. (If you violate this, you’re weird)
Norms: A prescription with a moral component: If you do this, you’re bad.
Mores: // Norms
Taboos: A very strong norm
Laws: A norm that is strong enough to be “codified” by legal sanction
• Values: Something an individual or group holds to be important
• Beliefs: A mental construct that links two ideas together (e.g., Beyoncé // good singer; world // mostly round)
• Attitudes: Disposition to react toward something in a certain way (e.g., like/dislike)
• Worldview: A specific set of beliefs pertaining to the relationship between humans and larger elements around them (nature, divinity, etc.)
Ways to Study Values
EmicStudies behavior from within systemExamines only one cultureStructure discovered by analystCriteria relative to internal characteristics“Cultural” Communication
EticStudies behavior from outside of system
Examines many cultures (comparing)
Structure created by analyst
Criteria considered absolute, universal
Cross-Cultural Communication
Value Dimensions
Individualism/ Collectivism
Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Masculinity/ Femininity
Long/Short-term value orientation
Hofstede’s Dimensions
How might these dimensions impact business or class setting?
Individualism/Collectivism Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity/Femininity
Value Dimensions
Japan
Collectivistic
Individualistic
Low Power Distance
High Power Distance
JamaicaMexico
Turkey
IndiaArgentina
Denmark
Germany
United States
Italy
Venezuela
MalaysiaHong Kong
Costa Rica
Individual- vs. Cultural-Level Variables
Cultural Level Individual LevelIndividualism/ collectivism
Self-construal
(Inter/Independent)
Power distance Egalitarianism (cf group/ individual power)
Uncertainty avoidance Tolerance for ambiguity
Masculinity/femininity Individual-level M/F (androgyneity)
Value Dimensions
Parson’s Pattern Variables
Affectivity Affect Neutrality
Universalism Particularism
Diffuseness Specificity
Ascription Achievement
Instrumental Orientation
Expressive Orientation
Value Dimensions
Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck’s Value Dimensions
Orientation A B CHuman Nature
Evil Good Good + Evil
Person-Nature
Subject Harmony Master
Time Past Present Future
Activity Being Being-in-becoming
Doing
Relational Lineality Collaterality Individual’m
Specific Values(Vander Zanden, 1965; Patai, 1976)
“American” ValuesMaterialismSuccessWork & ActivityProgressRationality DemocracyHumanitarianism
Middle Eastern ValuesHospitalityGenerosityCourageHonorSelf-Respect
ValuesCommunication
“American” Communication
Direct“Elaborated”InformalLow contextLess differentiated
codes
Middle Eastern Communication
IndirectEmphaticFormalityHigh contextMore differentiated
codes
American & Chinese Communication
(Gao & Ting-Toomey, 1998) American Communication
What is said “I” focusImpolite talkDirect talkAssertive speechSelf-enhancing talkPublic personal
questionsExpressive speech
Chinese Communication
What is not said “We” focusPolite talkIndirect talkHesitant speechSelf-effacing talkPrivate personal
questions Reticent speech
Influences on values
• Protestant Heritagehard work
• Immigration; England, Europe, “Melting Pot” pragmatism
• Frontier heritage the rugged individual
• The heritage of business entrepreneurs as heroes
American Proverbs
God helps those
Who help themselves
Early to bed, early to
rise…makes a man healthy,
wealthy, and wiseWhen the going gets
tough…
the tough get going
Cleanliness is next to godliness
Every problem has a
solution
Idle
han
ds a
re th
e de
vil’s
works
hop
A penny saved is a penny earned
Tim
e is
mon
ey
Look out for Number One!
Far Eastern Communication
East Asian North American
•Process orientation (expressive)•Differentiated linguistic codes•Indirect •Receiver-centered
•Outcome orientation (instrumental)•Less differentiated codes•Direct communication•Sender-centered
Confucianism & Communication (Yum, 1991)
East Asian North American
•Particularistic•Long-term, asymmetrical reciprocity•Sharp in/out-group distinctions•Informal intermediaries•Personal/public relationships overlap
•Universalistic•Short-term, symmetrical reciprocity•In/out group distinction not sharp•Contractual intermediaries•Personal/public relationships more separate
Confucianism & Relationships (Yum, 1991)
German & American Managers’
CommunicationAmerican German Business is
impersonal Business is not as
impersonal Need to be liked Need to be credible Assertiveness, Direct
Confrontation, Fair Play
Assertiveness, Sophistication, Direct Confrontation
Discussion • Besprechung
Informal Culture Formal Culture
German and American Values(Reynolds, 1984)
• The study: 10 universities
• Lots of participants (why?)
• Closed-ended survey: Rokeach Value Survey– Instrumental Values: the “end” desired– Terminal Values: the “means to the end”
(desirable characteristics in a person)
• The findings (see overheads)
SWISS & GERMANS:[Kopper, 1993]
GermanAssertivenessDynamismConfrontationHierarchyAuthoritySelf-RelianceProvincialism
SwissPolite BehaviorReserve, DiscretionCompromiseDemocracyConsensusConformityCosmopolitanism
BothQuality (Perfectionism)
SecurityReliability
InflexibilitySocial Order & Rules
FormalitySeriousness
Any questions?
• John R. Baldwin
• Fell 451
• 438-7969
But….just call me John…