Den Haag

22nd May 2015

15.30 – 16.15

Cultural Gerontology in the Arts and Music:

Challenges for Research and Training

Prof. Dr. Theo Hartogh

Structure

• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main

aim in cultural gerontology

• The increasing demand for cultural activities

• Examples for musical activities in several

institutions

• People with dementia as musicians

• Further education in cultural gerontology

– Kulturgeragogik

– Musikgeragogik

Meaning of playing in a seniors´ orchestra

Making music … agrees

guarantees well-being to me 98 %

increases my quality of life 95 %

offers me contacts to other people 95 %

is a challenge for me 90 %

keeps me fit 87

is relaxing 84

keeps me healthy 72

• Study with amateur musicians of seniors´ orchestras from Germany, Austria and Switzerland (2007)

• 308 probands, average age = 71 years

Gembris, H. (2008). Musical Activities in the Third Age. In: A. Daubney et al. (Eds.), Musical Development and Learning. Conference Proceedings, 2nd European Conference on Developmental Psychology of Music (S. 103-108): Hull: GK Publishing

The sphere of the individuum:

Five dimensions of quality of life

• physical wellbeing

• social wellbeing

• emotional wellbeing

• development and activity

• material wellbeing

Felce, D. & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: its definition

and measurement.

positive effects

of music

What is the meaning of music in your life?

• 82 probands, Research method: Content analysis of guideline interviews and autobiographical texts about the meaning of music in the life of elderly people

• Hartogh, Th. (2005). Musikgeragogik – ein bildungstheoretischer Entwurf. Augsburg: Wissner, S. 167f.

• .

Active music-making

Experience of sense Quality of life

Well-being

social contacts Life-coping

Challenge

society

3 spheres of music activities (not

only for older people)

social environment

Individuum

Singing in a choir,

playing an instru-

ment in an

ensemble, band or

orchestra …

Ensuring cultural

participation and

inclusion for ALL

Institutions: music

schools, academies,

nursing houses …

Singing, playing an

instrument, listening

to music, visiting

concerts

The sphere of society:

Institutions for music activities

• Music Schools

• Music clubs, amateur choirs and orchestras

• Community Colleges

• Academies for the elderly

• Universities

• Nursing homes

• Parishes

• …

Structure

• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main

aim in cultural gerontology

• The increasing demand for cultural activities

• Examples for musical activities in several

institutions

• People with dementia as musicians

• Further education in cultural gerontology

– Kulturgeragogik

– Musikgeragogik

Susanne Keuchel und Andreas Johannes Wiesand (Zentrum für Kulturforschung) Centre for Cultural

Research (2008). Bonn: ARCult Media

Summary: www.kulturforschung.de

Results of a representative population

survey:

Das Kulturbarometer 50+

„Zwischen Bach und

Blues…“

Assessment of the artistic skills at

the age

0

20

40

60

80

50 to 59

years

60 to 69

years

70 to 79

years

80

years

and

more

You can learn

artistic skills just

as younger people

(e.g. playing an

Even an elderly

person can learn to

develop artistic

skills

You can learn artistic

skills only in young age

(e.g. playing

an instrument)

Even an elderly

person can learn

to develop

artistic skills

Forecasts of demand for education

• In older people there is an increasing

interest in artistic and creative self-activity.

• Cultural institutions will be optimally

occupied despite the demographic

changes, if they react to the interest of the

50 + generation of artistic activities in the

medium term.

The number of adult students at

music schools of the Association of

German music schools (VdM)

157845298 6473 7487 8689 9132 11160 130024200

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

19-25 26-60 60+Quelle: Deutscher Musikrat 2014

Services of the VdM-Music Schools

• instrumental lessons

• vocal lessons

• music theatre projects

• multi-generation orchestras

• seniors‘ orchestra

• historical dance music

• elementary music-making

• music theory

• academy for adults (e.g. „Rheinische Musikschule“ at Cologne)

• ……

Examples for best

practice in:

Verband deutscher

Musikschulen (Hrsg.)

(2008). Musik – ein Leben

lang. Grundlagen und

Praxisbeispiele. Bonn: VdM

Marc Brand (2014). Musically active into old age. A

study of music lessons with older people. Research

Report of Hochschule Luzern

• Interviews with 55 + students and music teachers in

Central Switzerland

• Results:

– increasing demand of musical education offers

– Teachers feel teaching with elders as enrichment

• Recommendations:

– Expansion of instrumental and vocal teaching

– Supplementary development of music theory courses

– Low-threshold group activities, such as music school Obwalden:

Yodel group, pop and musical choir

– Small further education for music teachers on the topic "Making

music 55 +“

– Cooperations with retirement facilities and Pro Senectute

Structure

• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main

aim in cultural gerontology

• The increasing demand for cultural activities

• Examples for musical activities in several

institutions

• People with dementia as musicians

• Further education in cultural gerontology

– Kulturgeragogik

– Musikgeragogik

Examples for playing music/dancing

alone or in a group

Individuum and social environment

listening to songs and

classical music pieces

and accompanying them

with Orff instruments

playing in a Rock

band

learning new instruments

with or without dementia:

Veeh-harp, piano

continuing developing

musical skills together

dancing while seated

Projects in Switzerland

• „Senior-Sax-Ensembles“ in Sissach,

conducted by Thomas Heid

• „Music Academy for Seniors“ at Hamburg: founded and run by Professor Ernst-Ulrich von Kameke

• Services: – chamber music and orchestra

– piano and art song

– music theory

– choral singing

– ensemble

– journeys (e.g. visits to operas …)

• www.musik-akademie.de

Intergenerational projects (Awarded by the German Music Council)

• Angelika Jekic

(Neusäß):

Elementary music

education in the

senior work

• Christian Werner

(Braunschweig):

Musical Workshop:

School and nursing

home together

Sing from seventy: Experimental choir

for older voices • Initiated and directed by Bernhard König

• All singers are 70+!

• First performance on stage at the 33rd Protestant Church

Congress in Dresden in 2011

www.schraege-musik.de

Veeh-Harp-Ensembles

St. Maria-

Martha Stift in

Lindau

Activities in the

nursing home:

• Public concerts in the

prayer room

• Singing group

• Singing together with

kindergarten children

• Serenade for

anniversaries

• Integration of music in

nursing ...

www.maria-martha-

stift.de

Guitar lessons for employees

Singing bowls therapy and

massage

Music Workshop

Musikmobil der AWO Ostwestfalen Lippe Evaluation: University of Vechta

• Musical visiting service by senior volunteers for people with dementia (2012-2014)

• three-day training course + monthly side events

Henning Meier www.awo-musikmobil.de

• guideline interviews with 81 senior volunteers who were trained to make music in nursing homes with people with dementia

• Result: high well-being in the new activity

Mentorship for singing

„Canto elementar“

• intergenerational singproject

• trained seniors go once a week in kindergartens

and sing with children.

• In Hamburg ca. 400 singing volunteers are

actively in more than 60 nursery schools.

Key Task and benefits of music

education

• Key task of music education – Individuum: impart musical knowledge, competencies

and experience – Social environment: enable to make music with others – Society: provide the framework for formal and

informal music acitivities and education

• Benefits (if the musical offers have a good quality) – Enhancement of well-being – Comfort in crises – Enhancement of social contacts – Experience of sense – Feeling healthy

making music and listening to music

QUALITY

OF LIFE

In: Aging and Mental Health

2007

Methode:

31 „non-musicians“ (60-85 years) participated in the

study

16 took piano lessons about 6 months

15 didn´t get piano lessons

measurements:

Before the lessons started (pre-test)

Directly after the 6 months (post-test)

3 months after the lessons (delay)

Result:

The "Piano seniors" had compared to the control group

improved memory function, improved strategy development.

Digit-Symbol-test Trail-making test

Structure

• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main

aim in cultural gerontology

• The increasing demand for cultural activities

• Examples for musical activities in several

institutions

• People with dementia as musicians

• Further education in cultural gerontology

– Kulturgeragogik

– Musikgeragogik

Are people with

dementia only recipients of

• Medical treatment

• Nursing care

• (Music) therapy

Or are they also

• participants in educational

and cultural activities

• Potential students

at a music school …?

People with dementia in Europe

Symptoms of dementia

• Decrease of the mind

• memory loss

• Impoverishment of expressive behavior

• personality changes

• Impairment of independent living

• Restlessness, agitated behavior

Making music and

listening to music

Study Results: Less agitated behaviour

• … while listening to music – Cohen-Mansfield et Werner, P. (1995). Environmental

influences on agitation. An integrative summary of an observational study. In: The American Journal of Alzheimer´s Care and related Disorders and Research, 10, 1, 32-39

• while listening to your favorite music (significant) – Park, Heeok; Pringle Specht, Janet, K. (2009). Effect of

Individualized Music on Agitation in Individuals with Dementia Who Live at Home. In: Journal for Gerontical Nursing – For Nursing Care of Older Adults, 8 (35), S. 47-55

• when music is played while eating – Ragneskog, H. et al. (1996). Dinner Music for Demented

Patients. Analysis of Video-Recorded Observations. In: Clin Nurs Res, 5 (3), S. 262-277

Comparison of Cognitive stimulation und

music intervention Liesk, J., Hartogh, Th. & Kalbe, E. (2011)

• Randomized trial – target group: people with early-stage

dementia

• Methods – Pre-post comparison with tests (a. o.:

Barthel index, Demtect)

– Survey of the nursing staff

• Areas surveyed

– Cognition

– quality of life

– everyday functions

• no significant results, but significant developments in individual cases

6 weeks with 12 meetings à 1,5 h

each with 4 groups of 6 participants

Case study from „Cognitive stimulation

und music intervention“

• significant diversity of the participants

– a participant at the age of 88: Significant

improvements in the peer-estimated Quality of

life (DQoL-P; Prä: 57, Post: 88 points).

• Liesk, J., Hartogh, Th. & Kalbe, E. (2014). Kognitive Stimulation und

Musikintervention bei stationär versorgten Menschen mit Demenz.

Eine Pilotstudie, Probleme und Perspektiven. In: Zeitschrift für

Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 47 (6)

Sound bridges. Music therapy in the domestic

caretaking of seniors with dementia

• Two-year pilot study of the Geriatric Psychiatry at the Goethe University Frankfurt in collaboration with music therapists of the University of Applied Studies Frankfurt

• target group

– People with advanced dementia who were cared for in their home environment

• musical activities

– Singing, listening to music and playing an instrument

• research method

– Time series analysis of video recordings

• Result: Significant intervention effects

– non-verbal communication skills

– well-being

– emotional expression

But: "The benefits for the participants have more of a situational as a term lasting cumulative nature." (Abstract)

Schall, A. (2012). Zeitreihenanalyse musiktherapeutischer Effekte bei fortgeschrittener Demenz. Berlin: Logos

The most important aims in practice

and research

• Care related: – facilitate the care

– Impact on dementia symptoms • Decrease agitated behavior

• Promoting cognition

• Increase every day function …

• enhancement of the quality of life

• Music related: – Maintaining and developement of

musical skills

– Conception of musical offers which are optimally adapted to people with dementia

Music in care

Lessons

and

concerts

Dementia and Instrumental lessons

• reports about people who learn

violin despite of dementia or

singing in a choir

• „I was particularly touched by

the fact that the musical skill

and empathy - while the

other abilities wane - not only

remains, but apparently still

increase." (S. 368)

Musical activities

• to listen to music

• to move to music

• to sing

• to visit concerts

• to play an instrument

Learning an

instrument despite of

dementia?

Music lessons for people with dementia

Eva-Maria

Kehrer

Susanne Dauer Sybille Hoedt-Schmidt

Anke

Feierabend

Instrumental

lesson

• Aims – Enhancement of the quality of life

– Learning an instrument

• results (trends) – People with dementia can learn to

play Veeh-harp – Improvement of fine and gross

motor controll

– Improvement of cognition

• Research methods – Barthel-Index

– DemTect

– Box and Block Test

– Nine-Hole-Peg-Test

Instrumental lesson

• Research method: – Design-based

Research

• Research of contextual factors for instrumental lessons – impaired memory functions

– perseveration tendency (= pattern formation)

– unstable attention control

– communication problems

– negative attitudes (unmusical, too old...)

– great sense for atmosphere and ability to really listen to music

– procedural skills

• Auf Flügeln der Musik –

Konzertprogramme für

Menschen mit Demenz

BKM-Preis Kulturelle Bildung 2014

(Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Kultur

und Medien)

http://ibk-

kubia.de

Strunk-Richter, G. (2013). Auf Flügeln

der Musik. Konzertprogramme für

Menschen mit Demenz.

Beobachtungsbericht. Internet:

http://ibk-kubia.de

Evaluation with Dementia Care

Mapping (DCM)

Observation of 20 persons in 3 different concert situations

DCM normally foresees:

• 6-8 hours observation

• 23 behaviour categories

• 6 levels of well-being

Modification to concert situation

• 1 hour

• Observation of a group of 6-8 persons

• Elaboration of list of 26 activities (clapping, humming, moving, waving to musicians, etc.)

Dr. Almuth Fricke

Evaluation with – Dementia Care

Mapping (DCM) Conclusions:

• Above-average level of well-being of

observed PWDs

• A concert visit seems to be a pleasant and

valuable activity for PWD and contributes

to their well-being

• A good, secure and well-prepared setting

has a positive impact on PWD

Dr. Almuth Fricke

Impact

Arts organisations (and their staffs):

• gained a better understanding of the needs and abilities of PWD,

• learned how to welcome PWD as integral part of their audiences,

• developed and implemented an innovative educational activity or programme as part of the regular programme,

• built new networks,

• enhanced reputation as inclusive arts organisations.

PWD and carers

• enriched their daily lives and routines,

• preserved and restored enjoyable active life and interest in

the community,

• reconnected with cultural activities they used to follow

before the diagnosis.

Dr. Almuth Fricke

Impact

For wider society the project contributed to

• disseminate a better understanding of the continuing abilities and social needs of PWD,

• transform arts venues into spaces of encounter between

PWD, their families, carers and the community,

• overcome the stigma of dementia and enhance inclusion of

PWD and their carers.

Facilitators

• enhanced their skills in dealing with new „old“ audiences,

• gained basic knowledge about dementia and the

communication with PWD,

• lost fears and gain practical experience,

• advanced their CVs.

Dr. Almuth Fricke

An affected person reports …

"I am going to sing more often in the future. When I sing, I feel safe, intact, healthy and alive! ... Singing, something to sing children's songs or hymns, of Hallelujah from Handel's Messiah (on the first note of the tenor voice I still remember today), up to some, indeed every Beatles song, gives me the feeling that I normally am, even feel good. "

What kind of research do we need in Cultural

Gerontology in the Arts and Music?

• Research in the spheres of individuum, social environment

and society/institutions

• Research about

– the meaning of culture and music for older people

– cultural needs of older people

– the impacts of cultural activities

• educational and didactical research

– How to teach cultural contents to older people?

• Evaluation of projects (best practice)

– What are the context factors of successful practice?

• Action research of the practitioners

– reflecting practice

– optimizing cultural offerings

inte

r- and tra

nsdis

cip

linarity

Structure

• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main

aim in cultural gerontology

• The increasing demand for cultural activities

• Examples for musical activities in several

institutions

• People with dementia as musicians

• Further education in cultural gerontology

– Kulturgeragogik

– Musikgeragogik

Wiesbadener

Declaration 2007

The image of a human-oriented society is bound up with the conviction that the experience with music for its own sake must be allowed as a fundamental component in any age. …

Demands (selection from a total of 12): – The music must be used more extensively in care and social

work with the elderly, rehabilitation and therapy. This requires a qualified training in the Musikgeragogik (music with the elderly).

– The colleges and universities must qualify students for the specialized demands of cultural work with older people.

– Educational research must be intensified.

• Internet: http://www.musikrat.de/index.php?id=4657

• 2012: Presidium Meeting EMU in Bonn:

Music geragogics. Musical learning in old

age

• 2013, 2014, 2015: Capacity Building

Seminar in Vaasa, Nyon und Prag:

“Many Students, Many Pedagogies!”

– i. a. seminar and presentation about the topic

“music with older people”

(cultural work with the elderly)

– media education in the

dialogue between

generations

– project management and

public relations

– cultural activities with

people with dementia …

• University certificate: an own

project with a written

documentation and an oral

exam

Further Education Kulturgeragogik

www.kulturgeragogik.de

• Aim: Professionalization of

social workers, carers, culture

educators and artists

• duration: 7 weekends

• topics inter alia:

– visual arts/art education

– performing arts (dance,

theatre, buffoonery)

– Music

– writing workshops and

storytelling

Further Education

Musikgeragogik music with the elderly

www.musikgeragogik.de/cms/welcome-to-

music-geragogics.php?lang=EN

• Aim: Professionalization of music teachers, music therapists, musicians, social workers and carers, volunteers …

• duration: 7 weekends

• topics inter alia: gerontology, biographical work, dementia and music, musical practice, instrument making, hearing acoustics …

• University certificate: an own project with a written documentation and an oral exam

Further education in Germany:

„Dementia and music“

• Instrumental lessons with people with dementia – Evangelical aid for seniors Duisburg in cooperation with the music

and art school and the Alzheimer Society of Duisburg

– Target group: instrumental teachers

• "On the Wings of Music": people with dementia and their families in the concert hall – Institute for Education and Culture Remscheid

– Two-day training in Berlin, Northern and Southern Germany

– Target group: concert promoters, managers and Orchestra musicians

–

• "Music creates relationship“ – National Centre for Health Promotion in Mainz, in cooperation with

the University of Applied Sciences Münster

– 7 week ends

– Target group: nurses and social workers

Further Education Literature Symposia Information

News

www.kulturgeragogik.de

www.musikgeragogik.de