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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Seaweed Symposium
Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
- production potential, quality and food safety
Annette Bruhn1, Michael Bo Rasmussen1, Martin Mørk Larsen1, Birgit Olesen2, Carlos Arias2, Thomas Worm3
1 National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University
2 Biological Institute, Aarhus University
3 CP Kelco A/S
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Chondrus crispus – Irish/carrageen moss
Carraigín = ”small rock” (Gaelic)
Photo: www.cybercolloids.net
150.000 T / year
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Carrageenan (E407)
Price: up to 200 USD per kgPhoto: www.eurogum.dk
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Carrageenan – alternative ressources
Cold water species = 15 % Warm water species = 85 %
Gigartina
Chondrus
Euchema
Kappaphycus
Euchema
Kappaphycus
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Carrageenan (E407)
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Chondrus - harvest
Nova Scotia
Ireland
Spain
DK?
Photo: www.greatdreams.com & www.fao.org
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
� How much can we produce?
� How do we optimise growth and production?
� How do we optimise yield and quality of carrageenan?
� Can we sell it?
� Does it pay?
Cultivation of Chondrus in Denmark?
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
� Landbased tanks at Dansk SkaldyrCenter, Nykøbing Mors
� Cultivation in open sea
� Laboratory experiments
Experiments
Photo: Michael Bo Rasmussen, DMU
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
� 12 tanks (0.6 m3 )
�water exchange 6 times per day
� air
� nutrients ca. 20 µM N and 4 µM P
� 2/4/6/8/12/16 kg per m2.
� Weekly harvest/adjustment
Landbased tumblecultures
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Landbased cultivation� Growth rates up to 4% d-1
[1, 2]
[1]. Bidwell et al, 1985 [2]. Bruhn et al, 2008
0
100
200
300
400
500
22-04-2008 01-06-2008 11-07-2008 20-08-2008
Date (2008)
Photo
n flu
x d
ensity
(mol photo
ns d
-1 m
-2)
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Rela
tive g
row
th rate
(%
d-1)
Photon flux density
Relative growth rate
� 30 T seaweed (DW) year-1 ha-1
� 14 T carrageenan year-1 ha-1
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Landbased cultivation� Optimal stocking density: 4-6 kg m-2
0
20
40
60
80
100
2 4 6 8
Stocking density (kg WW m-2
)
Car
rag
een
an y
ield
(%
DW
and
g m
-2 w
eek
-1)
% DW
g m-2 week-1
[2]. Bruhn et al, 2008
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
� Quality� high yield: 47 % (23%)
� good quality: CAM-value: 176 (140)
� clean raw material – semirefined carrageenan
Landbased cultivation
0
50
100
150
200
Udbytte % CAM-værdi
Danmark
Nova Scotia
Denmark
Nova Scotia
Yield (% of DW) CAM value[2]. Bruhn et al, 2008
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
� Economy� Income: 1.2 mio DKR year-1 ha-1
� Costs: 8.5 mio DKR year-1 ha-1
� Costs (theoretical) [1]: 0.9 mio DKR year-1 ha-1
Landbased cultivation
[1]. Bidwell et al, 1985
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Cultivation in open sea
� Neutral to negative growth rates
� epiphytes!
� Mexico up to 2,4% [3]
� Carrageenan yield and quality
as in landbased cultivation
� July and August
� 2 * 2 locations +/- exposure
� Limfjorden : Salling / Lysen
� Kattegat : Anholt / Grenå
[3] Zertuche-Gonzalez et al. 2001Photo: Michael Bo Rasmussen, DMU
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Laboratory experiments
�Impact of light and nitrogen
� 30 tanks of 3 litres
� 2 light intensities
(35, 120 µE)
� 5 N concentrations
(5,20,50,100,200 µM N)
Photo: Michael Bo Rasmussen, DMU
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Laboratory experiments
� High light doubled growth rates and had positive effect onCAM value
CA
M v
alu
e
N concentration in media (µM)
High light (120 µE)
Low light (35 µE)
[2]. Bruhn et al, 2008
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Laboratory experiments� Carrageenan yield increases with N-limitation (Neish effect)[4]
R2 = 0,5032
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
5 7 9 11 13 15
C:N forhold
Carr
ageenan u
dbytte (
%)
C:N ratio in tissue
Carr
agee
nan
yie
ld(%
of
DW
)
[2]. Bruhn et al, 2008. [4] Neish et al, 1977,
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Laboratory experiments
� N: trade-off between carrageenan quality and yield
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Udbytte (%)
CA
M v
ærd
i
N 50 eller derover
N under 50
Carrageenan yield (% of DW)
CA
M-v
alu
e N≥50 µM
N< 50 µM
[2]. Bruhn et al, 2008
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Food safety� Limit values – refined carrageenan
� Pb (Lead) 5 ppm
� Cd (Cadmium) 2 ppm
� Hg (Mercury) 1 ppm
� As (Arsenic) 3 ppm (EU) / 2 ppm (USA)
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Arsenic
� Toxic element� Inorganic form most toxic
� Concentrates in algae [5]
� Highest concentrations in young tissue
� Inorganic form approx 4% of total arsenic in Chondrus [6]
� Limit values exceeded in refined carrageenan from
Danish produced Chondrus
� EU = 3 ppm
� USA = 2 ppm
[5] Neff, 1997 [6] Almela et al, 2006
0
1
2
3
4
5
Rønbjerg Nykøbing
Mors
Nova Scotia Gennemsnit
DMU-lab
Gennemsnit
CP Kelco
To
tal
Ars
en (
pp
m)
EUUSA
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Arsenic
Striped columns indicate Mastocarpus sp.*
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Rønb
jerg
Nyk
øbing
Mor
s
Elseg
årde
Egå M
arina
Gre
nå, K
C
Gre
nå Kalkg
r.
Frede
riksh
avn
Hirt
shals
Hans
tholm
Kolding
Fjord
Vejle fj
ord
Hors
ens Fjo
rd
Færø
erne
Ars
en
koncentr
atio
n (
ppm
) Målt hos CP Kelco
Målt på DMU i Roskilde
CP Kelco lab
DMU lab
To
tal A
rsen
ic(p
pm
)
Faroe
Isla
nds
*
[6] [7]
[6] Almela et al, 2006. [7] Thomson et al, 2007
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Conclusions
� High yield
� Good quality carrageenan
� Too energy expensive
� Too high concentration of arsenic
+
÷
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
� How much can we produce?
� How do we optimise growth and
production?
� How do we optimise yield and
quality of carrageenan?
� Can we sell it?
� Does it pay?
Cultivation of Chondrus in Denmark?30 T DW year-1 ha-1
6 kg m-2. 20+ µM N.
20-50 µM N. High light
Not at present
Not at present
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Future challenges?
� Arsene� differentiation of limit values: organic / inorganic arsenic
� harvest method – harvest of oldest tissue
� Economy� landbasede tanks – less energy – paused aeration
� cultivation in open sea
� harvest method – harvest of oldest tissue?
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Seaweed Symposium
Thanks to
Ditte Tørring, Finn Bak,
Kitte Gerlich Linding, Tanja
Quortrup, Egon Frandsen, Carsten
Fomsgaard, BIODYK, Miljøcenter
Ringkøbing & the Faculty of
Agricultural Science, Aarhus
University.
The project was supported by the
European Fisheries Sector Program
(FIUF) and the Danish Food Industry
Agency (DFFE), Ministry of Food,
Agriculture and Fisheries.
Photo: Jan Krog
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Chondrus - arsenicChondrus
from 11 locations
Mastocarpus
from 2 locations
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Annette Bruhn 26.08.2010Cultivation of Chondrus crispus in Denmark
Air dried Chondrus
0
20
40
60
80
100
16.06 22.06 29.06 3.07
Date
Ca
rra
geen
an
yie
ld (
% o
f D
W)
/wa
ter c
on
ten
t
(%)
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
CA
M v
alu
e
Carrageenan yield (% of DW)
Water content (%)
CAM value