cuhs1 classification of hadith maqbul mardud fabrication

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Fabrication of Hadith Al-MawÌË` • Definition • Historical Background • Intended and Unintended reasons • Symptoms / HOW TO DETECT • Compilations Works

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Page 1: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Fabrication of Hadith

Al-MawÌË`

• Definition• Historical Background• Intended and Unintended reasons• Symptoms / HOW TO DETECT • Compilations Works

Page 2: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Concept of False (Mawdu`) Hadith

• A text, which goes against the established norms of the Prophet's sayings (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), or a statement attributed by a liar to the Prophet Muhammad.

• ACCORDING TO THE RELIABILITY AND MEMORY OF THE REPORTERS.htm

Page 3: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

د�ث�ن�ا • ب�اح� ح� د� ب�ن� الص� م� ر# م�ح� ع�ف� �ب�و ج� د�ث�ن�ا أ ح� �و�ل� ع�ن ��ح �م# األ ي�اء� ع�ن� ع�اص� ك�ر� ع�يل� ب�ن� ز� م� �إ�س

�أ�ل�ون� ع�ن �ال� ل�م� ي�ك�ون�وا ي�س ير�ين� ق� اب�ن� س�وا ل�ن�ا م= ال�وا س� ت�ن�ة� ق� ع�ت� ال�ف� ا و�ق� ل�م� ن�اد� ف� ��س �اإل

�ذ ي�ؤ�خ� ن�ة� ف� ي�ن�ظ�ر� إ�ل�ى أ�ه�ل� الس= ال�ك�م� ف� ر�ج� �ذ ال� ي�ؤ�خ� ي�ن�ظ�ر� إ�ل�ى أ�ه�ل� ال�ب�د�ع� ف� م� و� �د�يث�ه ح�

�م �د�يث�ه ح�رواه مسلم والترمذي•

Page 4: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Muhammad ibn Sirin (d.110H):

“They did not ask about the authority (isnad), but when civil war (fitnah) arose they said ‘Name to us your men; those who belong to Ahl al-Sunnah, their hadith were accepted and those who were innovators their hadith were neglected.”

Page 5: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

حدثني أحمد بن قاسم قال: حدثني أبي قاسم بن •محمد بن قاسم قال: حدثني جدي قاسم بن أصبغ

قال: حدثنا إسحاق بن الحسن الحربي، ثنا زكريا بن عدي، ثنا علي بن مسهر عن صالح بن حيان

عن أبي بريدة عن أبيه قال: كان حي من بني ليث على ميلين من المدينة، قال فجاءهم رجل وعليه

حلة، فقال إن رسول الله )ص( كساني هذه الحلة، وأمرني أن أحكم في دمائكم وأموالكم بما

أرى قال: وقد كان خطب منهم امرأة في الجاهلية فلم يزوجوه، فانطلق حتى نزل على تلك المرأة، فأرسلوا إلى النبي )ص( فقال: كذب عدو

الله ثم أرسل رجال فقال: إن وجدته حيا - وال أراك تجده - فاضرب عنقه، وإن وجدته ميتا

فاحرقه بالنار.األحكام : « حزم 203: 2ابن

Page 6: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

وحدثنا فهد ، حدثنا الحماني ، حدثنا علي ، عن •صالح ، عن عبد الله بن بريدة ، عن أبيه ، قال : جاء رجل إلى قوم في جانب المدينة فقال : إن رسول

الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أمرني أن أحكم برأيي فيكم في كذا ، وفي كذا وقد كان خطب امرأة

منهم في الجاهلية فأبوا أن يزوجوه فذهب حتى نزل على المرأة فبعث القوم إلى النبي عليه

السالم فقال : » كذب عدو الله « ثم أرسل رجال فقال : » إن أنت وجدته حيا فاضرب عنقه وما

أراك تجده حيا ، وإن وجدته ميتا فحرقه « فانطلق الرجل فوجده قد لدغ فمات فحرقه فعند ذلك قال

النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم » من كذب علي متعمدا فليتبوأ مقعده من النار « فكان فيما روينا

ذكر السبيل الذي كان عنده قوله : » من كذب علي متعمدا فليتبوأ مقعده من النار « وقد روى هذا

القول عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم غير واحد من أصحابه منهم عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله

عنه396ص1مشكل اآلثار للطحاوي ج«

Page 7: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Examplesمن أراد أن ينظر إلى آدم في علمه، وإلى •

نوح في فهمه، وإلى إبراهيم في حلمه، وإلى يحيى بن زكريا في زهده، وإلى

موسى بن عمران في بطشه؛ فلينظر إلى علي بن أبي طالب

• Who ever wants to see the excellence of Adam’s knowledge, Nuh’s understanding, Ibrahim’s politeness, Yahya ibn Zakariya’s asceticism, and Musa ibn ÑImrÉn’s courageous, look at ÑAlÊ ibn AbÊ ÙÉlib.

– Sisilah Ahadith al-ÌaÑÊfah No: 4903

Page 8: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

ج 20ص 1المجموعالعلم • طلب الله رحمه الشافعي وقال

ليس * وقال النافلة صالة من افضلالعلم * طلب من أفضل الفرائض بعد

ومن بالعلم فعليه الدنيا اراد من وقالبالعلم * فعليه اآلخرة اراد

Page 9: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

31 ص 1مغني المحتاج جب= • ي� الل�ه� ت�ع�ال�ى ع�ن�ه� : م�ن� ال� ي�ح� ض� ع�ي= ر� اف� ال� الش� و�ق�

ة� و�ال� ع�ر�ف� ب�ي�ن�ه� م� ال� ي�ك�ن� ب�ي�ن�ك� و� يه� ، ف� ي�ر� ف� ال�ع�ل�م� ال� خ�ال� : ائ�ر� ، و�ق� ب�اح� ال�ب�ص� �ل�وب� و�م�ص �ي�اة� ال�ق إ�ن�ه� ح� ة� ف� د�اق� ص�ال� : ل�ي�س� ل�ة� ، و�ق� ة� الن�اف� ال� ل� م�ن� ص� ط�ل�ب� ال�ع�ل�م� أ�ف�ض�

ل� م�ن� ط�ل�ب� ال�ع�ل�م� ، ي�د�ل= ل�ذ�ل�ك� ائ�ض� أ�ف�ض� ر� ب�ع�د� ال�ف�ت�م� ب�ر�ي�اض� �ر ر� ل�م� : } إذ�ا م� ل�ى الل�ه� ع�ل�ي�ه� و�س� ل�ه� ص� �و ق�

ن�ة� ا ر�ي�اض� ال�ج� ول� الل�ه� و�م� �س ال�وا ي�ا ر� ت�ع�وا ، ق� �ار ن�ة� ف� ال�ج�ال�س� الذ�ك�ر� ج� ال� ع�ط�اء� : م� ل�ق� الذ�ك�ر� { ق� ال� : ح� ؟ ق� �ت�ب�يع ت�ر�ي و� �ام� ك�ي�ف� ت�ش ر� ال�ح� ل� و� ال� ال�س� ال�ح� ج� ه�ي� م�

ب�اه� ذ�ل�ك� . �أ�ش ج= و� �ت�ح ت�ط�ل�ق� و� ت�ن�ك�ح� و� وم� و� �ت�ص ل�ي و� ت�ص� و�اد� • ر�

ع�ل�ي�ه� ب�ال�ع�ل�م� ، و�م�ن� أ� اد� الد=ن�ي�ا ف� ر�ال� : م�ن� أ� و�ق�

ت�اج� إل�ي�ه� ف�ي ك�ل� �إ�ن�ه� ي�ح ي� : ف�ع�ل�ي�ه� ب�ال�ع�ل�م� : أ� ة� ف� ر� خ� �اآل

ا م� �ن�ه م�

Page 10: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

إذا رأيتم معاوية على منبري •فاقتلوه

•If you MuÑÉwiyah on my minbar kill him.

»Silsilah Ahadith al-ÌaÑÊfah No: 4930

Page 11: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

من قرأ سورة الواقعة كل ليلة لم تصبه •فاقة أبدا، و من قرأ كل ليلة ال أقسم بيوم القيامة لقي الله يوم القيامة و

وجهه في صورة القمر ليلة البدر•  Who ever recites sËrah al-waqiÑah

every night he will face not any difficulty for ever, and who ever recites every night sËrah al-qiyÉmah he will meet the Almighty Allah in the hereafter while his face shines like the moon.

»Silsilah Ahadith al-ÌaÑÊfah No: 290

Page 12: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Classification of Maudu`

• Intentional:– hadith maudu`

• Unintentional:– hadith batil.

Page 13: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Intentional Fabrication

• Apostasy (murtaddin)• Enemies (zanadiqah): Hidden

(Hypocrites) / Obvious (Infidels)• ignorant ascetics (al-juhala’ min

zuhhad) • Storytellers (Qussas) • Fanatics (muta`assibun)

Page 14: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

• political differences; • Factions based on issues of creed; • prejudice in favour of town, race or a particular imam; • inventions for personal motives;

•Reasons For Fabrication and the Types of People Who Did It(a) Seeking Nearness to Allah (at-Taqarrub ila Allah) [and His Reward]. (b) To Support their Madh-hab (al-Intisaar lil-Madh-hab)(School of Thought). (c) To Disgrace/Attack Islaam (at-Ta’an fi al-Islaam). (d) Seeking to Flatter/Earn the Favor of the Rulers (at-Tazalluf ila al-Hukkaam). (e) Seeking to Earn a Living (at-Takassub wa Talab ar-Rizq) (Livelihood). (f) Seeking Fame, Notoriety (Qasd ash-Shuh-rah).

Page 15: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Unintentional Fabrication

• Providing a new isnad to a well known text for the sake of novelty, so that they might become a focus for learning.

• “seek knowledge even though it is in China”

• Converting the mawquf and maqtu` to marfu`.

• Proverbs turned into ahadith• "Israelite traditions" wrongly attributed to

the Prophet • Carelessness

• "I have not seen more falsehood in anyone than in those who have a reputation for goodness." (Yahya ibn Sa`id al-Qattan)

Page 16: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

HOW TO DETECT

•Al-Iqraar: Confession

• That which is equivalent to a confession• Qareenah fi ar-Raawee: An indication in the

Narrator• Qareenah fi al-Marwee: An indication in the

narration• Hadith contains an exaggerated statement that

the Prophet could not have made.• “When one pronounces 'La ilaha ill Allah' God creates from

this sentence a bird with seventy thousand tongues.”

Page 17: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

• Contradicts to a well known Sunnah of the Prophet (s.a.w).

• " لعل قال الحديث السبت يوم التربة الله خلقوقال يحيى أبي بن إبراهيم من سمعه إسماعيل " " األحبار كعب قول من أنه الصواب البخاريوقالوا الحفاظ من وغيره البيهقي ضعفه وكذاخلق الله أن من القرآن ظاهر خالف هو

أخرجه والحديث أيام ستة في واألرض السمواتصحيحه في مسلم

Page 18: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

• Ridiculous kind of attribution. • Attribution of a statement to the Prophet

which was supposed to have been made in the presence of a thousand Companions but all of them supposedly concealed it. The statement has no resemblance to other statements of the Prophet.

Page 19: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

• Sounds like the saying of mystics or medical practitioners.

Page 20: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Contradicts the clear and obviousmeanings of the Qur’anic verse.

– Inadequate in its style.– Contradict the historical information

• When `Umar ibn al-Khattab decided to expel the Jews from Khaibar, some Jewish dignitaries brought a document to him apparently proving that the Prophet (s.a.w) had intended that they stay there by exempting them from the jizyah (tax on non-Muslims under the Muslim Government). The document carried the witness of two Companions, Sa`d ibn Mu`adh and Mu`awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan. `Umar rejected the document outright, knowing that it was fabricated because the conquest of Khaibar took place in 6 AH, whereas Sa`d ibn Mu`adh died in 3AH just after the Battle of the Trench (khandaq), and Mu`awiyah embraced Islam in 8 AH, after the conquest of Makkah.

Page 21: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Cross references to detect the fault.

Abu `Umara al-Marwazi says that Abu `Isma was asked, "Where did you get from `Ikrima from Ibn `Abbas hadith about the excellence of the Qur’an surah by surah, while `lkrima’s students do not

possess this?" He replied, "I saw that people had turned away from the reciting and learning the

Qur’an. They engaged in the jurisprudence (fiqh) of Imam Abu Hanifah and the Maghazi book of

Muhammad ibn Ishaq. Thus, I forged these hadith seeking reward in the next world."

Page 22: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Confession of the Fabricators.

1. Muhammad ibn Sa`id al-Maslub. He used to say, "It is not wrong to fabricate an isnad for a sound statement."

2. `Abd al-Karim Abu al-Auja. He admitted that he had fabricated four thousand hadith declaring lawful the prohibited and vice-versa. (killed and crucified by Muhammad b. Sulaiman b. ‘Ali, governor of Basrah, )

Page 23: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

• Maudu Hadith are also recognized by external evidence related to a discrepancy found in the dates or times of a particular incident.

» al-Nawawi, Taqrib, 1:275

• For example, when the second caliph, Umar b. Al-Khattab decided to expel the Jews from Khaibar, some Jewish dignitaries brought a document to Umar apparently proving that the Prophet had intended that they stay there by exempting them from the jizyah (tax on non-Muslims under the rule of Muslims); the document carried the witness of two Companions, Sa’d b. Mu’adh and Mu’awiyah b. Abi Sufyan .

• Umar rejected the document outright, knowing that it was fabricated because the conquest of Khaibar took place in 6 AH, whereas Sa’d b. Mu’adh died in 3 AH just after the Battle of the Trench, and Mu’awiyah embraced Islam in 8 AH, after the conquest of Makkah!.

Page 24: CUHS1 Classification of Hadith MAQBUL MARDUD Fabrication

Collections of mawdu` hadith

• 1. Al-Maudu`at by Ibn al-Jauzi.• 2. Kitab al-Abatil by Husain ibn

Ibrahim al-Jauzaqani (d. 543).• 3. Al-La'ali al-Masnu'ah fi al-Hadith al-

Maudu'ah by al-Suyuti.• 4. Al-Maudu'at by`Ali al-Qari.• 5. Al-Fawa’id al-Majmu`ah Fi al-Hadith

al-Maudu`ah, by al-Shawkani