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C t l F k f M i T d

6/12/2018

Conceptual Framework for Moving Towards Water Security in the Arab Region6/12/2018

Ziad Khayat First Economic Affairs Officer

Water Resources SectionSustainable Development Policies Division (SDPD)

Expert Group Meeting on Pursuing Improved Shared Water Resources Cooperation within the Framework

of Global and Regional AgreementsBeirut, 6-7 December 2018

Table of Contents

Introduction: Water Security under Regional Systemic Conditions

Water Security Concepts

Water Security and Sustainable Development

Means of Implementation

Conceptual Framework for Water Security in the Arab Region

© Copyright ESCWA. All rights reserved. No part of this presentation in all its property may be used or reproduced in any form without written permission

I t d ti W t S it d R i lIntroduction: Water Security under Regional Systemic Conditions

Major Water Resources Challenges in the Arab Region• Water scarce region:

• Shared water resources

C ff• Climate change effects

• Agricultural sector major consumer of water (Water-Food Nexus)

• High cost of desalination (Water-Energy Nexus)High cost of desalination (Water Energy Nexus)

• Accessibility constraints due to occupation and conflict

• High population growth rates coupled with increased urbanization:

• Non-renewable “fossil aquifers”

• Declining water quality

Hi h t d f t l• High unaccounted for water losses

Freshwater Scarcity in the Arab Region

4,540,068 Water Self-Sufficiency>1700m3/person/year

( i i )(Mauritania)

Water Stress55,354,025 1000-1700 m3/person/year

(Comoros, Iraq, Somalia)

201,456,988 Water Scarcity

500-1000 m3/person/year(Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco,

Syrian Arab Republic, Sudan)

86%

[VALUE]

Water Absolute Scarcity<500 m3/person/year

(Algeria, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Oman,

Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,

86%

‐ 50,000,000 100,000,000 150,000,000 200,000,000 250,000,000

Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, …

Population

Water Sources in the Arab Region• Groundwater is the

major source of water in most Arab countries

Sources of Water in Selected Arab Countries

• Very few countries have an abundance of surface water and are

hifti t leven shifting to rely more on groundwater

• Gulf countries largely depend ondepend on groundwater both renewable and non‐renewable/fossil followed byfollowed by desalination

• High energy demand for water resources

(Water‐Energy Nexus)

Water for Food Security• Local food production and hence the agriculture sector is the biggest consumer of water in the Arab

region with 84 % of all water withdrawals going to the agriculture sector.100

70

80

90

40

50

60

%

10

20

30

0

Source: Source: FAO AQUASTAT database – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Available from http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm. Data for the latest available year. Accessed 17 August 2018.

Agriculture Municipal Industrial

Water for Food Security: Virtual water

1400

1600

Net virtual water import: crop and livestock (m3/capita) 1995-1999

800

1000

1200

200

400

600

-200

0

200

-400

rab

Em

irate

s

Jord

an

Kuw

ait

Om

an

Bah

rain

Saud

i Ara

bia

Qat

ar

Leba

non

Tuni

sia

Alg

eria

Liby

a

Egy

pt

Mor

occo

Djib

outi

Com

oros

Mau

ritan

ia

Yem

en Iraq

Som

alia

Sud

an

rab

Rep

ublic

Source: Hoekstra, ed., 2003.

Uni

ted

Ar S

Syr

ian

Ar

Water for Health• Waterborne

diseases intrinsically linked t d fi i i i

CountryMortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe

WASH services (per 100 000 population) (SDG 3.9.2)SDG 3.9.2 WASH

deaths2016 2016LDCs

Comoros 50 7 404to deficiencies in the wastewater and sanitation system, insufficient access to water

Comoros 50.7 404Djibouti 31.3 295Mauritania 38.6 1,659Somalia 86.6 12,396Sudan 17.3 6,856Yemen 10 2 2 814access to water

supply and lack of hygienic facilities.

• In the Arab Region

Yemen 10.2 2,814Mashreq

Egypt 2 1,916Iraq 3 1,129Jordan 0.6 59Lebanon 0.8 47In the Arab Region,

74 million people (20% of the population) are still lacking a basic

Syrian Arab Republic 3.7 676Maghreb

Algeria 1.9 758Libya 0.6 37Morocco 1.9 671g

sanitation service. Tunisia 1 116GCC

Bahrain <0.1 1Kuwait <0.1 1Oman <0.1 2Qatar <0 1 0

Qatar <0.1 0Saudi Arabia <0.1 30United Arab Emirates <0.1 3

Source : WHO (2016). Global Health Observatory data repository. Available from http://www.who.int/gho/en/ . Data for the year 2016. Accessed 6 September 2018

Water for Cities• 58% of the Arab region’s population living now in cities

• Increasing stress on urban water and sanitation infrastructure

• In 2015, • only 42 % of the urban Arab population were reported using safely managed sanitation services

f h b b l d b d k• 94% cent of the urban Arab population reported using basic drinking water services

• Shift In water allocation from rural to urban could lead to an even more significant shift in demographics amplifying the current urbanization trend in the Arab region

Shared Surface Water Resources in the Arab Region• Shared water resources represent two‐thirds of fresh water resources in the Arab

region.

• 27 shared Surface water basins with 14 ofbasins with 14 of 22 Arab countries are riparian States with a h d fshared surface waterbody

Shared Groundwater Resources in the Arab Region

• All Arab countries, with thewith the exception of the Comoros, share one or more of 40more of 40 plus aquifers.

• SharedShared groundwater basins cover almost 58% of the Arabthe Arab region in terms of surface area.

Climate Change and Water Resources in the Arab Region• Based on the ESCWA coordinated Regional Initiative for

the Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Socio‐Economic Vulnerability in the yArab Region (RICCAR), climate change will in general negatively impact water resources in the Arab region.

• The temperature in the Arab region is increasing and is expected to continue to increase until the end of the century.

• Precipitation trends are largely decreasing across the Arab region until the end of the century, although some limited areas are expected to exhibit an increase in the intensity and

https://www.riccar.org

p yvolume of precipitation.

• RICCAR projections suggest trends towards drier conditions by

p j gg ythe end of the century with an increase in the number of consecutive dry days for several areas in the region

Climate Change Impacts on Shared Resources in the Arab Region

Basin Climate Change Projections Hydrological Modelling findingsMean Temperature Mean Precipitation Runoff Discharge

Jordan River Basin

RCP 4.5 +1.5oC -7% NCT NCTRCP 8.5 +3.2oC -13% NCT NCT

Medjerda RCP 4 5 +1 6oC -4% NCT NCTMedjerda RCP 4.5 +1.6 C 4% NCT NCTRCP 8.5 +3.5oC -19% -41% to -42% -60% to -40%

Nile RCP 4.5 +1.8oC -5% NCT NCTRCP 8.5 +3.6oC -5% NCT NCT

Senegal River Basin

RCP 4.5 +2.1oC +2% -2% to -3% NCTRCP 8.5 +9oC +9% +8% to +18% NCT

https://www.riccar.org

River Basin RCP 8.5 9 C 9% 8% to 18% NCTTigris headwaters

RCP 4.5 +2.2oC +1% -1% to -2% -5% to -2%RCP 8.5 +4.5oC -4% -11% to -15% -28% to no change

Euphrates headwaters

RCP 4.5 +2.3oC +3% 2% to 6% NCTRCP 8.5 +4.8oC No change -6% to -13% -27% to -4%

Note: NCT is No Conclusive Trend can be perceived due to wide value ranges related to uncertainties resulting from several factors such as limited quantity of hydrological observation data and high human influence on the river system compared to the size of the river. Source: ESCWA, and others, 2017b.

• In the Jordan River, the decrease in precipitation could affect the agriculture sector, the largest consumer of water in the basin and especially in the State of Palestine where most of the agriculture is rainfed. Decreased precipitation may also result in decreased groundwater recharge.

• The Medjerda being Tunisia’s principal water supply for more than half of the Tunisian population has the potential to be greatly affected by the reduced precipitation and j g p p pp y p p p g y y p pdischarge. This could have significant effects on water supply to the domestic and agriculture sector and affect the livelihoods of farmers depending on these waters.

• The decreased rainfall in the Nile River Basin headwaters could impact countries that depend on rainfed agriculture particularly Ethiopia, Sudan and the upper basin around Lake Victoria.

• For the Tigris and Euphrates basins, perhaps the most significant impact of the findings is the increase in temperature as most of their water originates from snowmelt in the spring that feeds the rivers.

• The findings in the Senegal basin with projected variability and associated extreme events of flooding and drought could have significant impact on the agriculture sector.

Water Services for All• Access to water and sanitation services is still lacking in rural areas compared to urban areas

• 23% or 37 million in rural areas still lack basic drinking water service compared to only 6 % or 13 million in urban areas.

• 32% or 51 million in rural areas still lack basic sanitation services compared to 10% or 22 million in urban areas.p

• In many countries the norm is intermittent supply with only 76 % of the population in the region having water available when needed . This leaves nearly 94 million people in the region not having water available when needed.

100

70

80

90

40

50

60

per cen

t

10

20

30

0Egypt Iraq Jordan Lebanon Morocco Palestine Somalia Sudan Tunis Yemen Regional

estimate

Accessible on premises Available when needed PipedSource : WHO and UNICEF, 2018

Conflict• Armed conflicts in the region have resulted in the destruction of the water and sanitation infrastructure and increased vulnerability to the outbreak of water borne diseases

• The Arab region hosts around 41% of the world’s internally displaced persons (IDPs) who live in overcrowded refugee camps lacking the basic hygienehygiene

• In Syria, half of the water infrastructure was dysfunctional or destroyed, with supply rates reaching 5 to 30% of pre‐crisis levelswith supply rates reaching 5 to 30% of pre crisis levels

• The first cases of cholera in Yemen were reported in October 2016, since then the disease has been spreading across the country and has reached p g y18 governorates. Other water borne diseases are thriving as well, such as acute diarrhea threatening the lives of 2.5 million children yearly

• The Ministry of Water Resources in Iraq estimated the cost of damages to

• The Ministry of Water Resources in Iraq estimated the cost of damages to water and sanitation infrastructure due to the war on ISIS at over 600 million USD

Refugees• Conflicts in the region not only affect the country of conflict but also affect neighboring countries.

h h l d ll f d f• The Syrian crisis has resulted in millions of registered Syrian refugees in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey by the end of 2017. Of these nearly 1 million were in Lebanon, 0.65 million in Jordan, 0.25 million in Iraq and 0.13 million in Egypt.

• This sudden influx of population caused increased water crowding that affected the host communities as well as the refugee population

• In some areas of Northern Jordan, the per capita supply of water has dropped from over 88 liters per capita to below 66 liters per capita since the Syrian refugee crisis began in 2011.

• Lebanon’s population increased by nearly 30 % due to the refugee influx from pre‐conflict conditions which lead to a heavy burden on the already fragile water sector in the country. The resulting increase in water demand was between 8 to 12% and

y gbetween 8 and 14% in generated waste water.

Occupation• The Arab region is perhaps the only region in the world which still suffers from

occupation that affects access to water resources and the ability of countries to properly manage and provide the required water and sanitation

• This is most evident in Palestine

• In Gaza, • Access to basic water and sanitation services severely restricted due to the continued import restrictions on y p

goods that Israel considers having a dual military and civilian use such as pumps, drilling equipment and water treatment chemicals.

• Nearly 70% of the population in Gaza suffer severe water shortages while 95% are at risk from water‐borne diseases.

• The daily average water consumption is 79 litres per capita per day, well below the rate of 100 litres per capita per day recommended by the WHOcapita per day recommended by the WHO

• 96% of the water in the Gaza Strip is unsuitable for human consumption. Households must purchase drinking water from private companies spending up to a 1/3 of their income on water.

• In the West Bank, • Israel allocates water discriminatorily and prevents Palestinians from developing water infrastructure, • Only 38% of the population connected to the water network. • Several communities in Area C face more severe water shortages especially during the summer months

resulting in an average domestic consumption rate among Palestinians of approximately 20 litres per capita per day. l d f f h hl d h d h ld

• Palestinians spend an average of 8% of their monthly expenditure on purchasing water, compared to the world average of 3.5%.

Table of Contents







W t S it C tWater Security Concepts

Introduction Water Security• NO universal definition has been agreed upon

• Up to 1990’s: Water Security largely used to express a condition of havingsufficient water supply to satisfy the demands of a state’s populationsufficient water supply to satisfy the demands of a state s population

• Water Scarcity perceived as tantamount to water insecurity

• Dependency on external flows viewed as a key security risk (Water• Dependency on external flows viewed as a key security risk (WaterIndependence)

• Sufficient and safe Supply

• Several attempts at defining water security include various factors such as:• Basic household needs• Food production• Food production• Environmental flows• Risk management and independence• Access to improved drinking water and sanitation

• Availability of renewable water and reliance on external supplies• Relationship between available water and supply• Water dependency of economy

Water Security Definitions • More recent shift in definitions towards a multidisciplinary definition that

addresses: Human security, sustainable development in its three pillars,health, non-military threats,…

• The Hague Ministerial Declaration (2000)“ensuring that freshwater, coastal and related ecosystems are protected and improved;that sustainable development and political stability are promoted, that every personhas access to enough safe water at an affordable cost to lead a healthy andproductive life and that the vulnerable are protected from the risks of water-relatedhazards”

• Grey and Sadoff (2007)“The availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods,ecosystems and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks topeople, environments and economies”

• UN Water (2013)“The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantitiesof acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-

p q y g , g,economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution andwater-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace andpolitical stability”

Human Rights Considerations in Water Security

CEDAW 1979

• Ensure women the right to water and sanitation

UN International Conference on Population and Development

Cairo 1994• Right to water and sanitation

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

2006• Rights of persons with disabilities to

clean water services

Human Rights Council Resolution A/HRC/RES/26/27

July 2014• Impact of climate change on right

to safe drinking water and

Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements

June 1976• Clean water is a basic human

need

Dublin Conference January 1992

• Right to access to clean water and sanitation at an affordable price

General Comment 15 to the Economic and Social Council

2002• Confirms right to water in international

law and provides guidelines for interpretation

General Assembly Resolution A/RES/64/292

July 2010• Right to safe and clean drinking

water and sanitation is a human

gsanitation

need p interpretation water and sanitation is a human right

Mar del PlataUN Water Conference March 1977

W t i ht

Rio Summit June 1992

W i h l d

Report of Special Rapporteur on realization of the right to drinking

water and sanitation

Human Rights Council Resolution A/HRC/RES/15/9

October 2010• Water as a right

Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989

• Water as a right, commonly agreed premise

GA Resolution A/RES/54/175 2000

water and sanitation 2005

• Guide to implementing the right to drinking water and sanitation

Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

• Human right to safe drinking water and sanitation

UN General Assembly Resolution

A/RES/70/169 February 2016

1989• Child's Right to clean-drinking Water • Right to development, inter alia, right

to clean water as a fundamental human right

g2007

• Time to consider drinking water and sanitation as a human right

y• Human rights to

safe drinking water and sanitation

Human Rights Considerations in Water Security

• The United Nations Water Conference (Mar del Plata, Argentina, 1977) was the first world conference to declare that:

• “all peoples, whatever their stage of development and social and economic conditions, have the right to have access to drinking water in quantities and of a quality equal to their g gbasic needs”

• United Nations General Assembly resolution 64/292 (July 2010):

• “Recognizes the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human• Recognizes the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights”

• United Nations Human Rights Council resolution 15/9 (October 2010):

• “Affirms that the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as the right to life and human dignity”

• Human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent

Human Rights Considerations in Water Security: General Comment No. 15General Comment 15 to the UN Economic and Social Council on the right to water defined the four factors that apply in all circumstances under the right of water:

1. Availability2. Quality 3. Accessibility

• Physical accessibility• Economic accessibility• Economic accessibility,• Non‐discrimination.

4. Information accessibility.

• Furthermore the comment sets out the states parties’ obligations defines actions that would violate• Furthermore, the comment sets out the states parties obligations, defines actions that would violate these obligations and prescribes means of implementation at the national level

• Two obligations that are quite relevant to the Arab region under international obligations in terms of shared water, occupation and conflicts. p

• For shared water, “state parties have to respect the enjoyment of the right in other countries.” Furthermore, it states that any action taken in one state “should not deprive another country of the ability to realize the right to water for persons in its jurisdiction.”

• For occupation and conflict, States are to refrain “from imposing embargoes or similar measures, that prevent the supply of water, as well as goods and services essential for securing the right to water.”

Human Rights Considerations: The Arab Region• The Arab Charter on Human Rights entered into

force in 2008 The Charter refers to the rights toforce in 2008. The Charter refers to the rights to water in the following article:

• Article 39 in parts 2.e and 2.f: “The measures taken by States shall include the following: Provision of basicStates shall include the following: Provision of basic nutrition and safe drinking water for all” and “Combating environmental pollution and providing g p p gproper sanitation systems”

Human Rights Considerations: The National level• Several Arab countries have recognized the right to water and

food in their constitutions

• Morocco (2011), article 31: • “The State, the public establishments and the territorialThe State, the public establishments and the territorial

collectivities work for the mobilization of all the means available to facilitate the equal access of the citizensto conditions that permit their enjoyment of the right: –to the access to water and to a healthy environment”to the access to water and to a healthy environment”

• Tunisia (2014), article 44: “• “The right to water shall be guaranteed”

• Egypt (2014), article 79:

• “Each citizen has the right to healthy, sufficient amounts of food and clean water”

Table of Contents







W t S it d S t i bl D l tWater Security and Sustainable Development

Water Security and Sustainable Development• The criticality of water to sustainable development and its three dimensions, economic, social

and environmental has been recognized in various conferences and outcome documents

Mar de Plata Action Plan

The availability of water resources is essential for “full development, both as an individual and as an integral part of society”

Dublin Statement

Principle No. 1 of the Dublin Statement stresses that water is “essential to sustain life, development and the environment” p , pand that its effective management requires a holistic approach that links “social and economic development with protection of natural ecosystems.”

Rio Conference, Agenda 21

Article 18 6 of Agenda 21 of the Rio Conference acknowledged that “all social and economic activities rely heavily on theArticle 18.6 of Agenda 21 of the Rio Conference acknowledged that all social and economic activities rely heavily on the supply and quality of freshwater” and that due to population and economic growth, many are reaching “water scarcity or facing limits to economic development.” In Article 18.7, the overall objective is set as the satisfaction of “the freshwater needs of all countries for their sustainable development.”

Rio+20 Conference, Outcome document “The future we want ”

Recognized that “water is at the core of sustainable development” and reiterated “the importance of integrating water into sustainable development, and underline the critical importance of water and sanitation within the three dimensions of sustainable development.”

International Decade (2018-208) for Action – Water for Sustainable Development

International Decade (2018 208) for Action Water for Sustainable Development

Emphasized the criticality of water “for sustainable development and the eradication of poverty and hunger, that water, energy, food security and nutrition are linked, and that water is indispensable for human development, health and wellbeing and a vital element of achieving the SDGs and other relevant goals in the social, environmental and economic fields.”

Water Security within the 2030 Agenda• Through the 2030 Agenda, the international community

reaffirmed its commitment to the human right to clean drinking water and sanitation.

• The 2030 Agenda included 17 SDGs and 169 targets, which are universal, people-centered and seek to realize the human rights of all and achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girlsequality and the empowerment of all women and girls.

• The SDGs are integrated and indivisible and balance the economic social and environmental dimensions ofthe economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.

• The 2030 Agenda called for an approach based on

The 2030 Agenda called for an approach based on integrated solutions that are sustainable and inclusive

2030 Agenda SDGs

SDG 6 Clean Water and SanitationSDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation:Targets and Means of Implementation

SDG 6: Ensure availability & sustainable management of water & sanitation for all

Targets:• 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal & equitable access to safe & affordable drinking water for all• 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate & equitable sanitation & hygiene for all & end open

defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women & girls & those in vulnerable situations6 3 B 2030 i li b d i ll i li i i d i & i i i i l f• 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping & minimizing release of hazardous chemicals & materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater & substantially increasing recycling & safe reuse globally

• 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors & ensure sustainable withdrawals & supply of freshwater to address water scarcity & substantially reduce the number ofwithdrawals & supply of freshwater to address water scarcity & substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity

• 6.5 By 2030, implement IWRM at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate

• 6.6 By 2020, protect & restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, y , p y , g , , ,rivers, aquifers & lakes

Means of Implementation:• 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation & capacity-building support to developing countries in

t & it ti l t d ti iti & i l di t h ti d li ti t

water- & sanitation-related activities & programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling & reuse technologies

• 6.b Support & strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water & sanitation management

Water Security Definitions from the Lens of Agenda 2030

Ensure that Ensure that freshwater, freshwater, coastal and coastal and

related related tt

•SDG 2.4•SDG 6.3, 6.6•SDG 12.2, 12.4S G 14 2

Sustainable Sustainable Development Development and politicaland political

•All SDGs in general•SDG 6 5ecosystems are ecosystems are

protected and protected and improvedimproved

•SDG 14.2•SDG 15.1, 15.4, 15.9

and political and political stability are stability are promotedpromoted

•SDG 6.5•SDG 16

•SDG 1 4Access to Access to

enough safe enough safe water at an water at an

affordable cost to affordable cost to lead a healthy lead a healthy and productive and productive

SDG 1.4•SDG 2•SDG 3.3, 3.9•SDG 5.1, 5.4, 5.5•SDG 6.1-6.4•SDG 7SDG 8lifelife •SDG 8

•SDG 9

Vulnerable are Vulnerable are •SDG 1.5protected from protected from

the risks of the risks of waterwater--related related

hazardshazards

•SDG 6.5•SDG 9•SDG 11.5•SDG 13


•SDG 2.1,2.2•SDG 3 3 3 9

for livelihoods

• SDG 1.2, 1.4, 1.5• SDG 2.3, 2.4• SDG 5.1, 5.4, 5.5• SDG 11

Availability of an

• SDG 6.1-6.4• SDG 7

for health•SDG 3.3, 3.9 livelihoods • SDG 12

• SDG 15

for production

•SDG 9•SDG 12

of an acceptable

quantity and qualityof

waterfor

ecosystems

• SDG 2.4• SDG 6.3, 6.6• SDG 12.2, 12.4• SDG 14.2• SDG 15.1, 15.4, 15.9

Acceptable level of water-related risks to

people

• SDG 1.5• SDG 2.4• SDG 6.5• SDG 9• SDG 11.5• SDG 13, 13.1• SDG 16SDG 16

to environments

• SDG 2.4• SDG 12.2, 12.4• SDG 14• SDG 15

•SDG 2.4

to economies

SDG 2.4•SDG 8•SDG 9•SDG 11.5


Sustainable access to •SDG 1.4

SDG 6 1 6 4for

sustaining

• SDG 1.2, 1.4, 1.5• SDG 2.3, 2.4• SDG 5.1, 5.4, 5.5

h ll • SDG 1.2, 1.4, 1.5adequate

quantities of and acceptanle

quality water

•SDG 6.1- 6.4•SDG 7•SDG 12.2, 12.4

sustaining livelihoods • SDG 11

• SDG 12.2• SDG 15

human well-being

, ,• SDG 2.1-2.4• SDG 3.3, 3.9

socio-economic

• SDG 1.2, 1.4, 1.5• SDG 2.1-2.4• SDG 3.3, 3.9• SDG 4• SDG 5.1, 5.4, 5.5• SDG 6

development • SDG 7• SDG 8• SDG 9• SDG 10• SDG 12.2• SDG 16

protection against water-

borne pollution

•SDG 3.3, 3.9•SDG 6.1- 6.3

water-related

disasters

•SDG 1.5•SDG 2.4•SDG 6.5•SDG 9•SDG 11.5

preserving ecosystems

•SDG 2.4•SDG 6.3, 6.6•SDG 12.4•SDG 14.2•SDG 15 1 15 4

climte of peace and political

stability

•SDG 6.5•SDG 16

•SDG 13, 13.1•SDG 15.1, 15.4, 15.9

Human rights-based approach for water security and sustainable development• A human rights-based approach to sustainable development

and water security is an approach that anchors analysis, policies, plans and projects in a system of rights and obligations

• The development of the capacities of “duty bearers” to• The development of the capacities of duty-bearers to meet their obligations and of “rights-holders” to claim their rights

• This entails interventions at all stages of governance from policies to plans to legislations to regulations to budgets in order to achieve water security for all and at all scales with aorder to achieve water security for all and at all scales with a holistic view across sectors where rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and non-discriminatory

Post 2015 Global Frameworks• Paris Agreement

– At the regional scale: Arab Framework Action Plan on– At the regional scale: Arab Framework Action Plan on Climate Change for 2010–2020.

• Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction• Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030)

At the regional scale: The Arab strategy for disaster risk– At the regional scale: The Arab strategy for disaster risk reduction 2020

Water Security in Arab Region• The Arab Ministerial Water Council (AMWC) in the

League of Arab States adopted in 2011 the Arab Strategy for Water Security in the Arab Region to Meet the Challenges and Future Needs for Sustainable Development 2010-2030Sustainable Development 2010 2030.

• The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Unified Water e Gu Coope a o Cou c (GCC) U ed a eSector strategy which has “a vision by 2035 for the GCC countries to have established sustainable, efficient eq itable and sec re ater reso rcesefficient, equitable, and secure water resources management systems contributing to their sustainable socio-economic development.”

p

Table of Contents







M f I l t tiMeans of Implementation

Water Security in Arab Region: Priorities and Means of Implementation• In the Regional Preparatory Meeting on Water Issues for the 2018 Arab Forum on

Sustainable Development and High-level Political Forum that was held in Beirut in March 2018, member State representatives of the AMWC, in addition to senior representatives from national, regional and international institutions and civil society organizations engaged in water-related issues that affect Arab States, agreed on the four regional priorities identified during the meeting:

1. Strengthening IWRM to cope with water scarcity2. Enhancing cooperation on shared water resources3. Water is a core component of climate change adaptation and natural disaster risk

d tireduction4. Access to water services for all through improving water-related infrastructure

• These means of implementation were proposed p p p

1. Regional Cooperation2. National coherence and coordination across sectors through a participatory approach3 Technology transfer

3. Technology transfer4. Financing and investment5. Capacity Development

Means of Implementation: Governance1. Governance

2. Regional Cooperationg p

3. Research and technology development

4. Financingg

5. Reconstruction and Resilience

6. Capacity Developmentp y p

Source: ESCWA, 2015. Water Development Report: Water-Energy Food Security Nexus in the Arab Region

Means of Implementation: Governance1. Governance

i. National Coherence and coordination across sectors

Source: ESCWA, 2015. Water Development Report: Water-Energy Food Security Nexus in the Arab Region

Means of Implementation: Governance

1. Governanceii Enhancing IWRMii. Enhancing IWRM

SDG 6.5.1

Country Implementation Level Towards 2030

Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates High

Countries in this category are likely to reach the global target, or have already done so, but will need to remain focused to consolidate and

strengthen gains.

Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia Medium-High

Countries in this category are potentially able to reachthe target, but sustained efforts need to focus on 2030

targets.

Algeria, Bahrain, g , ,Egypt, Lebanon,

Libya, Mauritania, Oman, Sudan, Yemen

Medium-LowCountries in these three lowest categories are unlikely to meet

the global target unless progress significantly accelerates.

Countries in the three lowest categories should aim toset national targets based on the country context.Iraq, Comoros Low

Somalia Very Low

Source: UN Environment, 2018. *Data not available for Djibouti and Syrian Arab Republic. Palestine is not mentioned at all in the report.

Means of Implementation: Regional Cooperation– At the global level, several legal frameworks are available for the

management of shared water resources and include: • The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non Navigational Uses of• The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of

International Watercourses , • The Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers, and • The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention on theThe United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention on the

Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes• Under the 2030 Agenda, SDG 6.5.2 to encourage transboundary cooperation

– At the regional level, League of Arab States Cooperation Framework g , g pand Principles under discussion

– At the bilateral or basin level:• Shared water basin institutions such as the Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel• Shared water basin institutions, such as the Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel

(OSS) for the North Western Sahara Aquifer System (Algeria, Libya and Tunisia)• Capacity building activities, data monitoring and sharing, common studies for

improving the knowledge base on shared water resources, knowledge exchange

missions and study tours between riparian countries


Means of Implementation: Research and technology development– Compared to other regions of the world, the Arab region has

allocated very limited resources for research and development. Arab average gross domestic expenditures (% of GDP) on research and development represent only 12%

d t l b lcompared to global averages.

– Water scarcity and the reliance on non-conventional water resources makes the role of research and technologyresources, makes the role of research and technology development a crucial one for achieving water security

– Key target areas:Key target areas:• Agriculture sector

• Desalination

• Wastewater Reuse

• Monitoring and evaluation technology systems

• Research and development InitiativesSource: UN Environment, 2018. *Data not available for Djibouti and Syrian Arab Republic. Palestine is not mentioned at all in the report.

Water Resources in the Arab Region:Water Resources in the Arab Region: Opportunities for Technological Advancements• Limited freshwater resources in

the region have led to increased reliance on non-conventional waterconventional water resources, including:• Wastewater treatment and

reuse,• Gulf countries use a good• Gulf countries use a good

portion of their safely treated wastewater

• Jordan is a champion country in terms of reusecountry in terms of reuse of all of its treated waste water

• Desalination• MENA Region has more• MENA Region has more

than 50% of the global desalination capacity

Source: LAS/UNESCWA/ACWUA, 2016, MDG+ Initiative Report 2016; FAO 2016, Aquastat data for 2014. Available from

/ / , , p ; , qhttp://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm.

Means of Implementation: Financing– Guided by the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) of the

Third International Conference on Financing for Development. The Agenda identified several key action areas that include:

• Domestic public resources

• Domestic and international private business and financeDomestic and international private business and finance• International development cooperation

• International trade as an engine for development

• Debt and debt sustainability for financing investment

• Addressing systemic issues that hinder financing • Science, technology, innovation and capacity building as drivers of

Science, technology, innovation and capacity building as drivers of economic growth


Means of Implementation: Reconstruction and Resilience – Necessitated by increase of projected extreme events and

conflicts

– Means of increasing resilience could be:• Non-structural measures in terms of adaptive management

• Structural measures are in terms of infrastructure projects

• Mix of the two


Means of Implementation: Capacity Development– Capacity building is one of the recurring means of

implementation across sectors and within sectors at all levels and scales.

– It is a core mean of implementation in the 2030 Agenda resonating in almost all SDGs.


Table of Contents







C t l F k f W t S itConceptual Framework for Water Security in the Arab Region

Water Security Considerations : The Arab Region

• Systemic Conditions– Water Scarcity and Stressy– Shared Water Resources– Climate Change

• Water Security and Human Rights

• Sustainable Development and Water Security

• Means of Implementation

Conceptual framework for

t itwater security in the Arab Region

Human Rights• Human rights to

water and sanitationE it

Sustainable Development• Economic

Water Security • Equity

• Accessibility• Leave No one

Behind• Gender Equality

• Social• Environmental• Cross-Sectoral

Interlinkages

Security

Household

Local q y• Human rights-

based approachNational

Interstate

Regional

Means of Implementation• Governance• Regional CooperationRegional Cooperation• Financing and investment• Research and Technology

Development• Resilience and Reconstruction

• Capacity Building

Thank you

Ziad Khayat First Economic Affairs Officer

Water Resources SectionSustainable Development Policies Division (SDPD)

ctlf kfmitd conceptual framework for moving towards water ... · • the syrian crisis has...

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