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Connecticut State Education Grants

January 23, 2018

In the adopted fiscal year 2017-18 Connecticut State Department of Education (CSDE) budget of $2.93 billion,1 approximately $2.90 billion (or 99 percent) can be categorized as grants. As the following table illustrates, almost 70 percent of the CSDE grants are for the Education Cost Sharing (ECS) grant. The CSDE budget also includes grants to: towns (excluding the ECS grant), public schools of choice, entities that are not towns, and other programs (Other Current Expenses).

Programs FY 2017-18 Appropriation

(in millions)2 % of Grants

ECS $1,986.2 69%

Schools of Choice $658.5 23%

Other Grants to Towns (excluding ECS/Choice)

$217.0 7%

Grants to Entities Other than Towns

$21.5 1%

Other Current Expense Grants

$15.8 1%

TOTAL $2,899.0 100%

ECS, the grants for schools of choice, and the grants to entities other than towns are commonly referred to as “formula grants.” These grants have statutory distribution methods. However, in all cases, policymakers have the authority to distribute these grants using a methodology other than the prescribed formula, reduce these grants, or, in some cases, eliminate these grants. For example, a grant may be appropriated “within available appropriations,” and, if the appropriated amount is $0, then no funding is allocated to the grant. Alternatively, a statutory “cap” sets the expenditures of the grant at the appropriated or some other level, meaning the formula does not have to be fully implemented if its rollout exceeds the cap. Dollar and percentage-wise, grants to entities other than towns and other current expense grants, are significantly less than the ECS grant, and generally are referred to as “categorical grants.” Categorical grants are for narrowly defined programs. Many of these grants also have statutory funding requirements, but policymakers have the authority to reduce or, in some cases, eliminate the grant in the manner described above. The tables below organize the CSDE grants by their grant categories (i.e., ECS, Schools of Choice, Other Grants to Towns, Grants to Entities Other than Towns, and Other Current Expense Grants) and state account numbers.3 The FY 2016-17 actual expenditures are shown as well as the FY 2017-18 budget appropriations. Due to the roughly $900 million4 in additional cuts required in the biennial budget, it is possible the FY 2017-18 budgeted appropriations will be reduced, the total amounts for which cannot be exactly determined at this time. The tables also include details about the: 1) public policies associated with the grants, 2) associated state or federal mandates or judicial orders, and 3) Connecticut General Statutes citations.

2

Education Cost Sharing (ECS) Grant

In 1988, the Education Cost Sharing (ECS) grant was developed in response to Horton v. Meskill,195 Conn. 24 (1985). According to the Office of Fiscal Analysis and the Office of Legislative Research, “ECS aid is not just the major form of state education aid to towns; it is the biggest form of municipal aid of any kind to Connecticut towns. The state awards a little over $2 billion per year in ECS aid to its 169 towns. The ECS formula is intended to equalize state education funding to towns by taking into account a town’s property wealth and ability to raise property taxes to pay for education. Poor towns receive more aid per student; affluent towns receive less aid per student.”5

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures6

FY 2017-18 Budgeted

Appropriations7 Public Policy

Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)

General Statutes Citation

17041

ECS $2,022,374,864 $1,986,183,701

Although the formula has changed numerous times over the years, the basic elements of it remain:8

Foundation (proxy for estimated cost of educating a general education student)

X Weighted Student Count (resident student count, adjusted for student need (low income, English learner, concentrated poverty))

X

Base Aid Ratio (community’s ability to pay for education) In FY 2017-18, each town’s ECS grant is 95% of what they received in FY 2016-17, with the exception of Alliance Districts whose FY 2017-18 ECS grants are the same as their FY 2016-17 grants.9

Yes

Conn. Gen. Statutes

ch. 172, §10-262-262k (as amended

by Sections 225-230 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June

Special Session)).

3

Public Schools Of Choice10

Public schools of choice include magnet schools, state and local charter schools, the Connecticut Technical High School System, agriscience programs, and the Open Choice program.

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures11

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


12457

Sheff Settlement

$12,273,165 $11,027,361

Provides working capital for new and existing school choice programs in the Sheff region. Generally, the funding provides working capital, or startup funding, until, for example, bond funding can be authorized or allocated.13

Other. Part of the State’s response to the Sheff v. O’Neill stipulation and order.14

N/A

12519

Regional Vocational-Technical

School System

$153,787,366 $133,875,227

At over 100 years old, this school system is the oldest school choice program in Connecticut.15 Begun as “trade schools,” this system of 18 schools now offers over 30 occupational trades that prepare its 10,000 students with both career and college options post-graduation.16 The State of Connecticut pays for the CT Technical High School System (CTHSS). New state law will phase in a conversion of the CTHSS into a new agency (by FY 2019-20) called the Technical Education and Career System.

No

Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 164, §§ 10-96-99g (as amended by Conn.

Acts 17-237 and Conn. Acts 17-2

(June Special

Session)).17

12549

Local Charter Schools

$378,000 $480,000

Local charter schools become part of the town’s portfolio of public schools.18 The State provides $3,000 per student in annual subsidies. 19 There is one local charter school, Elm City Montessori School, which is located in New Haven.20

No

Conn. Gen. Statutes ch.

164, § 10-66aa.

12602

Technical High

Schools Other

Expenses

— $23,861,660

This is a new account in FY 2017-18 (in FY 2016-17, these “Other Expenses” were part of account #12519). New state law will phase in a conversion of the CTHSS into a

No

Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 164, §§ 10-96-99g (as amended by Conn.

Acts 17-237

4

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures11

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


new agency (by FY 2019-20) called the Technical Education and Career System.

and Conn. Acts 17-2

(June Special

Session)).21

16119

Charter Schools

$103,499,000 $109,821,500

There are 23 state charter schools in Connecticut.22 According to the CSDE, “Charter schools are public, nonsectarian, independent schools that operate independently of a local or regional board of education pursuant to a state or local charter. Conceptually, the goal for charter schools is to serve as centers for innovation and educational leadership to improve student performance and as a vehicle to reduce racial, ethnic and economic isolation. Charter schools may also have a specialized educational focus.”23 These schools, like magnet schools operated by RESCs, do not have access to local property tax revenues. State charter schools are primarily funded by a state per-pupil grant amount (currently $11,000 per student),24 other state funding, federal funding, and private funding.

No


164, §§ 10-66aa et.seq.

17017

Vocational Agriculture

$10,228,588 $10,228,589

These are high school programs, often located at a comprehensive high school, which offer agricultural science and technology education programs. There are 19 programs that are supported by local tax dollars, state subsidies of $3,200 per student,25 and sending districts’ tuition payments (limited to $6,822.80 per student).26

While there is no mandate for the schools, districts that do not have one must designate one for their students who might wish to attend.


164, §§ 10-64-66.

5

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures11

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


17045

Interdistrict Cooperation

$6,099,256 $3,050,000

This is a competitive grant program for projects aimed at increasing student achievement and reducing racial, economic, and ethnic isolation.27 A number of organizations, RESCs, and school districts receive funding from this grant.

Other. Part of the State’s response to the Sheff v. O’Neill stipulation and order.28


164, § 10-74d.

17053

Open

Choice Program

$36,366,275 $38,090,639

In 1966, Open Choice began as “Project Concern” with Hartford students being voluntarily bused to a handful of suburban communities.29 Research about Hartford students who attended suburban schools showed they achieved positive personal, academic, and economic results.30 In 1988, the program was renamed Open Choice and expanded to include Hartford, New Haven, and Bridgeport students. This grant pays for: 1. Financial incentives

ranging from $3,000 to $8,000 per student for receiving districts (funding increases based on percentage of sending students taken);31

2. Busing ($3,250 per student) 32;

3. Student supports (which can include summer school, if there is available funding)33;

4. Program administration34; and

5. For Hartford, preschool costs and day care.35

Yes, for Hartford, New Haven, and Bridgeport. A portion of this grant is included in the State’s response to the Sheff v. O’Neill stipulation and order.36

Conn. Gen. Statutes

ch. 172, § 10-266aa.

6

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures11

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


17057

Magnet Schools

313,480,827 328,058,158

The 90 interdistrict magnet schools37 were created to reduce racial, economic, and ethnic isolation and improve urban education. To reduce racial isolation, magnet schools must meet the following desegregation standards;38 1. No more than 75% of the

student body can come from a single community; and

2. For the 2017-18 school year, the ratio of minority students changes from <25% but >75% to at least 20%.

Magnet school payments are essentially capped based on their prior year enrollments (the lower of 2014, 2015, or 2016). The commissioner of the CSDE can prioritize and approve funding for new enrollment growth (if such funds are available).39 Interdistrict magnet schools fall broadly into four categories: 1. Sheff40 host magnet

schools: the host community uses its own property taxes as well as other funds to pay for magnet school operations. The host town receives state magnet school subsidies41 for out-of-district ($13,054 per student) and in-district ($3,000 per student) students as well as other state,42 federal, and private funding. With the exception of host magnet schools run by Hartford Public Schools, Sheff host

Other. A portion of this grant is included in the State’s response to the Sheff v. O’Neill stipulation and order.50

Conn. Gen. Statutes

ch. 172, § 10-264l.

Section 585

of Conn. Acts 17-2

(June Special Session).

7

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures11

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


magnet schools can charge tuition to sending districts.43

2. Non-Sheff44 host magnet schools: towns in which the schools are located use local funding, state magnet school subsidies ($7,085 per student for out-of-district and $3,000 per student for in-district students) as well as other state,45 federal, and private funding. Some host districts46 are also allowed to charge sending districts tuition for their students.

3. Sheff RESC-operated

magnet schools: do not have direct access to local property taxes. These schools receive state magnet school subsidies ($10,443 per student)47 and are allowed to charge sending districts tuition.48 These schools also have access to other state, federal, and private funding.

4. Non-Sheff RESC-operated

magnet schools: do not have direct access to local property taxes. These schools receive state magnet school subsidies ($3,000-$7,900)49 and are allowed to charge sending districts tuition. These schools also have access to other state, federal, and private funding.

TOTAL $636,112,477 $658,493,134

8

Other Grants to Towns

Most of the grants in this section provide partial reimbursement for statutorily mandated services such as transportation, adult education, health services to private schools, special education, and bilingual services. These grants are all capped and proportionately reduced for FY 2017-18. The two transportation grants listed are currently appropriated at $0. Additional grants include: funding for three youth prevention programs, a school nutrition program, and a school turnaround program.

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures51

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


17027

Public Transport.

0 0

When a town transports its public school students, it is eligible for a wealth-based reimbursement from this grant.53 However, this grant is currently appropriated at $0.

Yes


170, § 10-220.


164, §§ 10-54, 66ee, 97.


166, § 10-158a.


172, §§ 10-266m, 273a, 277.

17030

Adult Education

$19,315.276 $20,383,960

Each town is required to provide its residents with adult education programs that include: 1. English language learning; 2. Citizenship training; and 3. Elementary/secondary school completion classes and programs. This grant, which is capped and proportionately reduced at the appropriated level,54 provides wealth based 0%-65% reimbursement for the town's expenditures on their programs.55

Yes56


164, §§ 10-71, 71a.

9

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures51

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


17034

Health and

Welfare Services

Pupils Private Schools

$3,420,782 $3,526,579

All schools in Connecticut, including private schools, are required to provide some level of health care to their students. This grant, which is capped and proportionately reduced at the appropriated level,57 reimburses towns 10%-90%, based on wealth, for the cost of providing these services to their resident students attending private schools in their communities.

Yes


169, § 10-217a.

17042

Bilingual Education

$2,995,732 $2,848,320

If towns have more than 20 students speaking the same language in the same school, a bilingual program must be provided at that school.58 This grant has two parts: 1) a formula grant, which is capped and proportionately reduced at the appropriated level, to reimburse towns for their bilingual programs,59 and 2) a formula grant for professional development for English Learner educators.

Yes


163, §§ 10-17f, 17n.

17043

Priority School Districts

$44,302,512 $38,103,454

This grant,60 for turnaround programs in high-need school districts,61 includes three separate elements: 1. Priority School District grants for general turnaround programming; 2. Extended Day grants to allow low-performing districts to provide after-school, weekend, and summer academic enrichment and recreational programming; and 3. Summer school grants for low-performing districts to provide summer academic enrichment programs.

Yes


172, §§ 10-265m,

266p, 266t.

10

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures51

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


17044

Young Parents

Program

$205,949 $106,159

To help student parents, who are enrolled in and attending a comprehensive high school program, graduate and receive their degree, this grant provides in-school day care for infants/toddlers of student parents.62

Yes


164, § 10-74c.

17046

School Breakfast Program

$2,158,900 $2,158,900

This grant, which is limited to available funding,63 provides funding to “severe needs” schools to offer school breakfast programs along with their school lunch programs.64 School breakfast and lunch programs are federally subsidized.

No


172, § 10-266w.

17047

Excess Cost -

Student Based

$140,559,998 $142,542,860

Special education is required to be provided by both federal65 and state law.66 About 83%67 of the grant is spent to reimburse towns for the costs educating students whose special education services exceed at least 4.5 times the district’s net current expenditures per pupil. The grant also pays for special education and regular education costs associated with students whose home district cannot be determined, or those who reside on state property.68 Currently, this grant is capped and proportionately reduced.69

Yes


164, §§ 10-76d, 76g.


172, § 10-253.

17049

Non-Public Transport.

0 0

When a town transports its public school students, it must provide a similar service to its resident students attending private schools in town. This grant provides wealth-scaled reimbursements for these town expenditures.

Yes Conn. Gen. Statutes ch.

172, § 10-281.

11

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures51

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


However, this grant is currently appropriated at $0.

17052

Youth Service Bureaus

$2,545,456 $2,598,486

Youth Service Bureau programs serve 126 towns in over 99 programs.70 Youth Service Bureaus offer prevention, treatment, and intervention programs for youth in need of these services.71 The grant is capped and proportionately reduced at the appropriated level.

No


164, §§ 10-19m-q.

17084

After School

Program

$4,514,725 $4,720,695

This funds a competitive grant program (within available appropriations) for safe and academically rich after-school programs.72

No Conn. Gen. Statutes ch.

164, § 10-16x.

TOTAL $220,019,330 $216,989,413

12

Grants to Entities Other than Towns

These grants are paid to non-state entities to: subsidize a specialized program for students who are deaf or hearing impaired, provide an incentive for Regional Education Service Centers to assist school districts, fund family support programs in high-need elementary schools, offset the costs of youth prevention programs, and finance the costs of two nutrition programs.

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures73

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


16021

American School For The Deaf

(ASD)

$9,257,514 $8,257,514

ASD operates residential programs for children who are deaf and who also have behavior-related disabilities.

No N/A

16062

Regional Education

Service Centers (RESCs)

$287,988 $350,000

The RESCs were created by the Connecticut State Board of Education to assist with regional projects such as professional development, technical assistance, and evaluation activities. The RESCs have also taken on significant roles in creating and operating school choice programs such as magnet schools, Open Choice, and other interdistrict programs. The grant is capped and proportionately reduced at the appropriated level.75

Yes Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 164, § 10-66j.

16110

Family Resource Centers (FRCs)

$7,657,998 $5,802,710

Located primarily in Alliance Districts, about 70 elementary schools76,77 have family centered programs providing support programs such as: 1. Preschool; 2. After-school; 3. New parent support; 4. Family child care

support; and 5. Training and referrals for

expectant parents. Recent legislation78 will reduce the number of FRCs to one in each town and

Yes Conn. Gen. Statutes ch.

163, § 10-14o.

13

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures73

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


limit funding per center to $100,000.79

16201

Youth Service Bureau

Enhance.

$629,450 $648,859

Supplemental funding (based on the community’s population) for Youth Service Bureaus that provide prevention programs for at-risk youth.80

No


164, §§ 10-19m-q.

16211

Child Nutrition

State Match

$2,354,576 $2,354,000

The appropriated funding represents the State’s matching requirements for the federal school lunch program. 81

Yes. As long as there are school lunch programs in the school, there must be reduced/free lunches for low-income students.


169, § 10-215.

16212

Health Foods

Initiative

$4,402,236 $4,101,463

This program is optional for those school districts implementing healthy food rules for all edibles offered to students, including those in on-school vending machines. This grant provides participating districts with 10 cents per meal.

No


169, §§ 10-215b, 215f.

TOTAL $24,589,762 $21,514,546

14

Grants Embedded in Other Current Expenses

Grants in this category are for a variety of programs related to education.

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures82

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


12198

Primary Mental Health

$381,733 $383,653

This supports mental health prevention programs for school children grades K-3.84 These grants (which go up to $20,000) help fund trained paraprofessionals who work with identified children at school.

No


164, §§ 10-76t-w

12211

Leadership, Education, Athletics in Partnership

(LEAP)

$462,534 $462,534

LEAP85 is a mentoring program in New Haven that matches at-risk youths with trained high school and college student counselors in programs intended to improve student outcomes in schools and in the community.

No N/A

12216

Adult Education

Action

$170,680 $216,149

The goal of this grant is to make it easier for adults to take the GED by subsidizing some of the exam’s costs.86

No N/A

12261

CT Writing Project

$26,832 $30,000

This grant subsidizes summer professional development programs87 for educators to improve their teaching of reading and writing.

No N/A

12290

Resource Equity

Assessments

$131,000 $134,379

This grant is to subsidize enforcement of a 2002 settlement agreement (P.J. et al. vs. State of Connecticut and the State Board of Education) regarding the inclusion of students with special education needs in the classroom.88 Most FY 2016-17 payments89 pay for special education program assistance from the State Education Resource Center.

Other. Settlement Agreement

(P.J. et al. vs. State of

Connecticut and the State

Board of Education)

Not specific to this

15

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures82

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


12318

Neighbor. Youth

Centers

$776,012 $650,172

This grant subsidizes youth prevention programs in several cities.90 The larger youth centers (which can be Boys & Girls Clubs) must have on-site athletic or recreational programs.

Yes


165, §§ 10-127d,

127e

12506

Parent Trust Fund

Program

$420,172 $395,841

This program funds activities aimed at training parents to be effective advocates for their children’s education, health, and safety.91 The State Education Resource Center (SERC) and the CT Parent Information and Resource Center (CT PIRC) coordinate the grant process and oversee the trust fund programs.92

No Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 163, § 10-4u.

12547

Commission. Network

$10,056,366 $10,009,398

This program was created to improve the academic outcomes for the State’s lowest-performing schools. It includes more intensive state oversight, State Board of Education approval of local plans to turn around student performance, and additional state funding to implement the turnaround plans.93 The commissioner of CSDE must select up to 25 schools to be part of the Network. There are currently 15 schools in the program. Schools must be in the program for at least 3 years but not more than 5 years.94

Yes


170, § 10-223h.

12550

Bridges to Success

$139,490 $40,000

To facilitate the movement of at-risk high school students to college, this grant is provided to the Connecticut Board of Regents.95

No N/A

16

Account # and Name

FY 2016-17 Actual

Expenditures82

FY 2017-18 Budgeted


Statutory Mandate

(Yes/No/Other)


12551

K-3 Reading Assess. Pilot

$2,453,667 $2,461,580

In 2012, UConn's Neag School of Education partnered with other state and private partners in the Connecticut K-3 Literacy Initiative (CK3LI). Initiated as a pilot program, it has three main components:96 1. Assess primary grade

reading proficiency in low-performing schools;

2. Identify students who are at risk of not learning how to read; and

3. Provide them with intensive small group interventions/ supports

Based on the pilot’s results, Neag and its partners have been training others in similar schools to duplicate the program.97

Yes Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 163, § 10-4u.

12587

School-Based

Diversion Initiative

$829,317 $1,000,000

The purpose of this program is to reduce the number of youth with mental health needs from becoming part of the juvenile justice system.98 CSDE, along with its partners,99 works with schools to provide at-risk youth and their families with access to mental health prevention supports and treatment services in the school and local community.

No N/A

TOTAL $15,847,803 $15,783,706

17

Endnotes

1 Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 2 Ibid. 3 The 17000s = Grants to Towns (ECS, Schools of Choice, and Grants to Towns); 16000s = Grants to Entities Other than Towns and Schools of Choice, and 12000s = Grants Embedded in Other Current Expenses and Schools of Choice. Lembo, K. (2016). State Accounting Manual. Hartford, CT: State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller, Budget and Financial Management Analysis Division, Accounting Services Unit. Available from http://www.osc.ct.gov/StateAcct/sam/index.html. 4 Sections 12a, 13, 14, 15, and 28 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session) delineate the General Fund executive branch savings for FY 2017-18. 5 Moran, J.D., Sullivan, M., Bourne, S., & Shepard, A. (2016). Education Cost Sharing Grants (2016-R-0167). Hartford, CT: Connecticut General Assembly, Office of Legislative Research and Office of Fiscal Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.cga.ct.gov/2016/rpt/pdf/2016-R-0167.pdf. 6 State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller. (2017). Schedule B-3: State of Connecticut General Fund Statement of Appropriations and Expenditures, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2017. Available from http://www.osc.ct.gov/reports/index.html. 7 Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 8 Moran, J.D., Sullivan, M., Bourne, S., & Shepard, A. (2016). Education Cost Sharing Grants (2016-R-0167). Hartford, CT: Connecticut General Assembly, Office of Legislative Research and Office of Fiscal Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.cga.ct.gov/2016/rpt/pdf/2016-R-0167.pdf. 9 The ECS grants allocated based on Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session) are used here. However, in late 2017, Governor Dannel Malloy was required to issue approximately $180 million in holdbacks in accordance with the unallocated lapses contained in the biennial budget. As part of those cuts, $58 million was cut from the Education Cost Sharing (ECS) grants allocated to local public schools. It is not known if additional reductions will occur this fiscal year. Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). State of Connecticut, Office of Policy and Management. (2017). Allocated Lapses FY 2018. Hartford, CT: Author. Retrieved from http://www.ct.gov/opm/lib/opm/budget/fy2018_holdbacks/holdback_list.pdf. 10 This analysis does not include private endowed academies that have relationships with a limited number of school districts. School districts pay tuition for their students who attend the academies. 11 State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller. (2017). Schedule B-3: State of Connecticut General Fund Statement of Appropriations and Expenditures, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2017. Available from http://www.osc.ct.gov/reports/index.html. 12 Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 13 Connecticut General Assembly, Office of Fiscal Analysis. (2015). Connecticut State Budget, FY 16 & FY 17 Budget. Hartford, CT: Author. Retrieved from https://www.cga.ct.gov/ofa/Documents/year/BB/2016BB-20151007_FY%2016%20and%20FY%2017%20Connecticut%20Budget.pdf. 14 Stipulation and Order, Sheff v. O’Neill, Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford, Docket No. HHD-X07-CV89-4026240-S (June 10, 2016). Retrieved from http://www.naacpldf.org/files/case_issue/Sheff%20v.%20O%27Neill%202016%20Stipulation%20and%20Order.pdf. 15 Connecticut Technical High School System. (2010). CTHSS to Celebrate 100th Anniversary at October 29th Statewide Event [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/lib/sde/pdf/pressroom/cthss100thanniversary.pdf. 16 Ibid. 17 Conn. Acts 17-237, as amended by Sections 72-82 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session) created a conversion process where the CTHSS (a part of the CSDE) becomes an independent agency (by FY 2019-20) called the Technical Education and Career System. 18 Connecticut State Department of Education. (n.d.). Charter School Questions and Answers. Hartford, CT: Author. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/lib/sde/pdf/equity/charter/faqs.pdf. 19 Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 164, § 10-66ee. 20 Connecticut State Department of Education. (n.d.). Charter School Questions and Answers. Hartford, CT: Author. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/lib/sde/pdf/equity/charter/faqs.pdf. 21 Conn. Acts 17-237, as amended by Sections 72-82 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session) created a conversion process where the CTHSS (a part of the CSDE) becomes an independent agency (by FY 2019-20) called the Technical Education and Career System. 22 Connecticut State Department of Education. (2018). Grant Payment Report. Available from https://www.csde.state.ct.us/public/dgm/ grantreports1/paydetlMain.aspx. 23Connecticut State Department of Education. (n.d.). Charter School Questions and Answers. Hartford, CT: Author. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/lib/sde/pdf/equity/charter/faqs.pdf.

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24 Section 583 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session) revises payments to charter schools (to them and not to towns) and increases state per-pupil subsidies in FY 2018-19 from $11,000 to $11,250. 25 $3,200 per student plus the potential for supplemental funding, if available. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 164, § 10-65.) 26 $6,800 per student based on a percentage of the ECS foundation. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 164, § 10-65.) 27 Connecticut State Department of Education. (2017, September 29). Interdistrict Cooperative Grants. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/cwp/view.asp?a=2681&q=320446. 28 Stipulation and Order, Sheff v. O’Neill, Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford, Docket No. HHD-X07-CV89-4026240-S (June 10, 2016). Retrieved from http://www.naacpldf.org/files/case_issue/Sheff%20v.%20O%27Neill%202016%20Stipulation%20and%20Order.pdf. 29 Gurren, A. (2017). Connecticut Takes the Wheel on Education Reform: Project Concern. ConnecticutHistory.org. Retrieved from https://connecticuthistory.org/connecticut-takes-the-wheel-on-education-reform-project-concern/. 30 Versus their peers educated in Hartford schools, Project Concern students had “reduced high school dropout rates, increased adult contacts with whites socially, and increased the number of blacks choosing to live in interracial housing. Male participants had fewer difficulties with police, perceived less discrimination in colleges and in employment, and were more likely to succeed in college. Female participants were less likely to have a child before age 18.” Crain, R.L., et. al. (1992). Finding Niches: Desegregated Students Sixteen Years Later; Final Report on the Educational Outcomes of Project Concern, Hartford, Connecticut. New York, NY: Columbia University, Institute for Urban and Minority Education. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED396035.pdf. 31 State subsidies range from $3,000 per student, if the number of sending students is <2% of the receiving district’s student population, to $8,000 per student, if the number of sending students is >4% of the receiving district’s student population. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-266aa.) 32 Statewide subsidized amount should not exceed $3,250 per student. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-266aa.) 33 Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-266aa. 34 Ibid. 35 Ibid. 36 Stipulation and Order, Sheff v. O’Neill, Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford, Docket No. HHD-X07-CV89-4026240-S (June 10, 2016). Retrieved from http://www.naacpldf.org/files/case_issue/Sheff%20v.%20O%27Neill%202016%20Stipulation%20and%20Order.pdf. 37 Connecticut State Department of Education. (n.d.). Interdistrict Program Manager List. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/lib/sde/pdf/schoolchoice/interdistrict_programmanagerlist.pdf. 38 Conn. Acts 17-172 standardized the desegregation standards (there had been three) into one for FY 2017-18. The Act allows the commissioner of the CSDE to adjust the standards for Sheff magnet schools if there is a new Sheff agreement in FY 2018-19. 39 The magnet school enrollment cap is updated for FY 2016-17 in Section 585 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 40 Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-264l defines the Sheff Region as the following towns: Avon, Bloomfield, Canton, East Granby, East Hartford, East Windsor, Ellington, Farmington, Glastonbury, Granby, Hartford, Manchester, Newington, Rocky Hill, Simsbury, South Windsor, Suffield, Vernon, West Hartford, Wethersfield, Windsor, and Windsor Locks. 41 Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-264l. 42 Included in this would be funding for, among other programs, transportation at $2,000 per student. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-264i.) 43 With the exception of Great Path Academy at Manchester Community College, host magnet schools run by Hartford Public Schools cannot charge suburban districts tuition. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-264l.) 44 There is a notable exception, including a change this year in Conn. Acts 17-172, which allowed a magnet school in Norwalk to get full magnet school funding for a part-time school. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-264l.) 45 Included in this would be funding for, among other programs, transportation at $1,300 per student. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-264i.) 46 For host magnet school programs, if tuition was not charged to the sending district in 2014, host magnet schools must give one year’s notice that they will be charging tuition and permission from the commissioner of the CSDE before the tuition can be charged. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-264l.) 47 The state subsidy is $10,443 per student if at least 50% of the school’s student body is from Hartford. For schools with less than 50% percent of their student body coming from Hartford, the state subsidy is decreased based on the percentage of non-Hartford resident students attending the school. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-264l.) 48 Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-264l caps the tuition East Hartford can be charged to 7% of its resident students and $4,400 per student and requires the State (within available appropriations) to be responsible for the remainder of the tuition. Section 574 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session) provides $910,000 to East Hartford for the tuition. 49 If a school has >55% of students from a single town, the state subsidy is $3,000 for each student, from the sending town, over the 55%. The state subsidy is $7,085 for the rest of the school’s students. For schools where there is no dominant

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enrollment (no town has resident students representing more than 55% of the enrollment), there is a $7,900 magnet school subsidy for each of the school’s students. There is at least one magnet school that has its own subsidy level. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-264l.) 50 Stipulation and Order, Sheff v. O’Neill, Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford, Docket No. HHD-X07-CV89-4026240-S (June 10, 2016). Retrieved from http://www.naacpldf.org/files/case_issue/Sheff%20v.%20O%27Neill%202016%20Stipulation%20and%20Order.pdf. 51 State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller. (2017). Schedule B-3: State of Connecticut General Fund Statement of Appropriations and Expenditures, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2017. Available from http://www.osc.ct.gov/reports/index.html. 52 Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 53 The formula for the Public Transportation grant is a 0-60% reimbursement (sliding scale based on wealth) with no town getting less than $1,000 per year. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-266m.) 54 Sections 171 and 576 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 55 The reimbursement rate (based on a wealth based sliding scale) is 0-65% with Priority School Districts getting at least a 20% reimbursement rate. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 164, § 10-71.) 56 Part of the state's unified workforce development plan, which is required under the federal Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act. Connecticut State Department of Education. (2016, January 26). Connecticut State Plan for Adult Education and Family Literacy. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/cwp/view.asp?a=2620&Q=321914&sdePNavCtr=|45467|#45566. 57 Section 575 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 58 Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 164, § 10-17g defines the formula as a proration of the formula grant ($1.9 million) multiplied by the ratio of the students eligible for bilingual services (20 students speaking the same language in the same school), compared to the total number of students eligible for the services. 59 Section 170 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 60 Section 573 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session) sets the distribution of this grant as follows: $31.6 million for Priority School Districts, $3.5 million for summer school, and $3 million for extended day programs. 61 Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-266p specifies to who the Priority School District grant is distributed, based on several factors: the eight towns with the greatest population, the 11 towns with the highest populations of children whose families receive cash assistance, and the 11 towns that have the lowest percentages of students reaching proficiency on state assessments. In FY 2016-17, there were 14 communities meeting these statutory criteria. Connecticut State Department of Education. (2016, August 9). Priority School District Program. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/cwp/view.asp?a=2618&q=321612. 62 Connecticut State Department of Education. (2015, February 20). Young Parents Program. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/cwp/view.asp?a=2678&q=321662. 63 Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-266w. 64 “Severe needs” schools are those where at least 20% of the students (from two school years prior) are eligible for free or reduced school lunches. The state subsidy for “severe needs” schools is $3,000 per school plus $0.10 per meal. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 172, § 10-266w). 65 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 (2004). 66 Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 164, § 10-76d. 67 Based on FY 2016-17 actual expenditures as reflected in the “2017 Grants Payment Report” from CSDE. Connecticut State Department of Education. (2018). Grant Payment Report. Available from https://www.csde.state.ct.us/public/dgm/ grantreports1/paydetlMain.aspx. 68 100% reimbursement of costs in excess of the district’s regular education costs for student placements made by a state agency, court, or Native American tribe. For students for whom a resident town cannot be determined (no-nexus) or for students with disabilities who live on state property, there is a 100% reimbursement of all costs. (Conn. Gen. Statutes ch. 164, § 10-76d, 76g.) 69 Sections 172 and 578-580 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 70 Connecticut General Assembly, Office of Fiscal Analysis. (2015). Connecticut State Budget, FY 16 & FY 17 Budget. Hartford, CT: Author. Retrieved from https://www.cga.ct.gov/ofa/Documents/year/BB/2016BB-20151007_FY%2016%20and%20FY%2017%20Connecticut%20Budget.pdf. 71 Ibid. 72 Connecticut State Department of Education. (2017, May 23). After School Programs. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/cwp/view.asp?a=2678&q=320806. 73 State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller. (2017). Schedule B-3: State of Connecticut General Fund Statement of Appropriations and Expenditures, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2017. Available from http://www.osc.ct.gov/reports/index.html.

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74 Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 75 Section 577 of P.A. 17-02, June Special Session, “An Act Concerning the State Budget for the Biennium Ending June 30, 2019, Making Appropriations Therefore, Authorizing and Adjusting Bonds of the State, and Implementing Provisions of the Budget.” 76 Connecticut State Department of Education. (2015). Connecticut Family Resource Center Directory 2015-16.xlsx. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/lib/sde/pdf/publications/connecticut_family_resource_center_directory_2015-16.pdf. 77 Connecticut State Department of Education. (2017, June 13). Family Resource Centers. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/cwp/view.asp?A=2678&Q=320774. 78 Section 33 of Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 79 Ibid. 80 Connecticut General Assembly, Office of Fiscal Analysis. (2015). Connecticut State Budget, FY 16 & FY 17 Budget. Hartford, CT: Author. Retrieved from https://www.cga.ct.gov/ofa/Documents/year/BB/2016BB-20151007_FY%2016%20and%20FY%2017%20Connecticut%20Budget.pdf. 81 Frassinelli, J. (2016). Operational Memorandum No. 2-17 to Sponsors of the National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program RE: Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 Timing of State Grant Payments and State Match Payments. Hartford, CT: Connecticut State Department of Education, Bureau of Health/Nutrition, Family Services, and Adult Education. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/LIB/sde/pdf/DEPS/Nutrition/OPmemos/17/OM02-17.pdf. 82 State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller. (2017). Schedule B-3: State of Connecticut General Fund Statement of Appropriations and Expenditures, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2017. Available from http://www.osc.ct.gov/reports/index.html. 83 Conn. Acts 17-2 (June Special Session). 84 Connecticut State Department of Education, Bureau of Special Education. (2015). Connecticut Primary Mental Health Program Request for Proposals (RFP 026). Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/lib/sde/pdf/rfp/rfp026_pmhp_2015_17.pdf. 85 State of Connecticut, Office of Policy and Management. (2012, September 15). Juvenile Justice & Youth Development. Retrieved from http://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?Q=383654. 86 State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller. (n.d.). OpenCheckbook. Retrieved from http://opencheckbook.ct.gov/#!/year/2017/. 87 FY 2016 grants went to Fairfield University and Central Connecticut State University. State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller. (n.d.). OpenCheckbook. Retrieved from http://opencheckbook.ct.gov/#!/year/2017/. 88 Connecticut Parent Advocacy Center. (2013, June 3). The Settlement Agreement. Retrieved from http://www.cpacinc.org/hot-topics/inclusion/the-settlement-agreement/. 89 State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller. (n.d.). OpenCheckbook. Retrieved from http://opencheckbook.ct.gov/#!/year/2017/. 90 Bridgeport, New Haven, Hartford, New Britain, Norwalk, Stamford, and Waterbury. 91 Connecticut General Assembly, Connecticut Commission on Women, Children and Seniors. (n.d.). The Parent Trust Fund. Retrieved from https://ctcwcs.com/the-parent-trust-fund/. 92 Canady, I.M. (2017). Testimony for Appropriations Committee of the General Assembly RE: Parent Trust. Middletown, CT: State Education Resource Center. Retrieved from https://www.cga.ct.gov/2017/APPdata/Tmy/2017HB-07027-R000221-CSDE%20-%20SERC,CT%20PIRC%20-%20Canady,%20Ingrid%20M.-TMY.PDF. 93 Connecticut State Department of Education. (2017, December 20). Commissioner’s Network. Retrieved from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/cwp/view.asp?a=2754&Q=334364. 94 Ibid. 95 State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller. (n.d.). OpenCheckbook. Retrieved from http://opencheckbook.ct.gov/#!/year/2017/. 96 Poitras, C. (2016, April 2016). Pilot Reading Initiative Shows Dramatic Results. UConn Today. Retrieved from https://today.uconn.edu/2016/04/pilot-reading-initiative-shows-dramatic-results/. 97 Ibid. 98 Connecticut School-Based Diversion Initiative. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved from http://www.ctsbdi.org/. 99 Partners include the Court Support Services Division of the Judicial Department, the Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, and the Department of Children and Families. Connecticut School-Based Diversion Initiative. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved from http://www.ctsbdi.org/.