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Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin Oriental Hotel Tuesday, January 17, 2012 1

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Page 1: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Dawn at VestaProgress Report Upon Arriving at LAMOC.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team

Small Bodies Advisory GroupMandarin Oriental HotelTuesday, January 17, 2012

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Page 2: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Why Dawn?

Asteroid Belt Evolution Paradigm• Vesta was clearly formed 

with trapped radionuclidesthat helped melt the rock and drive off the water.

• Then Jupiter was formed and the main belt was stirred by its passage around the outer edge of the belt. This changed the asteroid belt from a region of growing protoplanets to one of colliding asteroid fragments.

• Material from collisions were scattered toward the Earth falling as meteorites. These have been used by scientists to understand the evolution of the solar system.

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Early solar nebula by W. Hartmann

Page 3: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

When?Timing of the Early Solar System from the 

Geochemistry of Meteorites• The date of the beginning of the 

solar system can be determined very accurately by analyzing isotopic ratios. CAIs appeared 4.568 Ga ago.

• Iron meteorites appeared only a million years later. 

• Vesta, a large differentiated body with an iron core appears to have formed about 2.5 M yr later still.

• Meteorites associated with other parent bodies date to even more recent ( about 5 M yr) times.

• The rapid appearance of the iron meteorites is consistent with a supernova injection of short lived radionuclides.

3(McSween and Huss, 2010)

Page 4: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

What happened next?

Asteroid Belt Today

• Today we see evidence of the stirring by Jupiter’s gravitational field by the Kirkwood gaps with orbital periods that are integral ratios of Jupiter’s orbital period.

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Page 5: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Dawn Mission to Vesta and Ceres

Vesta and Ceres are the two most massive objects in the main asteroid belt

More meteorites found on the Earth come from Vesta than either the moon or Mars.

Dawn will be the first spacecraft ever to:

• Orbit a body in the main asteroid belt

• Orbit two targets

• Visit a dwarf planet

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Page 6: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

• Two redundant framing cameras (1024 x 1024 pixels, and 7 color filters plus clear) provided by Germany (MPS and DLR)

• A visible and infrared mapping spectrometer (UV to 5 microns) provided by Italy (INAF and ASI)

• A Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector built by LANL and operated by PSI

• A Radio Science Package provides gravity information

• Topographic model derived from off‐nadir imaging

Dawn’s Payload Framing Camera

VIR

GRaND

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Page 7: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Vesta Science Orbits• Dawn began taking science data in a 

high Survey orbit on August 11• It then used the ion propulsion system 

to transfer to the High Altitude Mapping Orbit (HAMO) which began September 30.

• Now it is transferring to the Low‐Altitude Mapping Orbit (LAMO) beginning December 12.

• Dawn will then raise its orbit to perform a second HAMO, departs from Vesta, and repeat the same orbital strategy at Ceres

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Page 8: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

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Vesta and its Siblings: Asteroids Visited to Date

• Vesta seen here from above its south pole is the largest asteroid visited to date.

• Previous orbital missions were to much smaller, near‐Earth asteroids, 433 Eros and 25143 Itokawa.

• As begins to be seen in this image, Vesta is not just a chunk of rock but is a small planet with many of the geophysical processes we expect on a planet.

Page 9: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Working Groups: How the Science is Done• Dawn has a rather large 

number of active scientists engaged.

• In order to proceed most efficiently, we have four major working groups managed by senior members of the team, each of which is further divided into subgroups.

• These groupings are done by discipline

• These groups meet and telecon separately and then report back to the committee of the whole in the weekly team teleconand at team meetings.

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Page 10: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Interdisciplinary Working Groups• Some problems require a 

different approach because they cross discipline

• Bright and dark material has been found on Vesta.  What created it?

• The impact near the south pole affected all of Vesta.  How do we tie this all together into one coherent picture?

• High resolution data has revealed unusual terrain especially near Marcia Crater.  What is the nature and cause of this unusual material?

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Dark Materials

T. McCord (Chair)J‐P CombeD. WilliamsV. ReddyE. PalombaR. JaumannD. BlewettC. PietersH. McSween

Bright Materials

J‐Y Li (Chair)H. HiesingerD. MittlefehldtS. SchroederC. De Sanctis

South Pole

D. O’BrienS. MarchiE. AmmannitoL. LeCorreR. JaumannD. BuczkowskiP. SchenkH. McSween

Unusual Terrain

B. Denevi (Chair)J. SunshineW. B. GarryJ. ScullyT. McCoyA. NathuesF. CapaccioniD. Blewett

Page 11: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Physical Properties

Rotation Period 0.222588677 (± 9 x 10‐9) daysRotation Axis 309.030° ± 0.004°RA

42.2265° ± 0.003°DecMass 2.5907 x 1020 (± 0.003%)Volume 74.553 x 1015m3

Triaxial Ellipse 2.83120 x 2.81910 x 2.22995 x 105m (± 0.0014%)Density 3,475 kg ∙ m‐3

Gravity J2 31779.2 ± 3.2 (x 10‐6)C21 0.0000(x 10‐6)  S21 0.0000(x 10‐6)C22 4353(x 10‐6) ± 0.007% S22 364(x 10‐6) ± 0.1%

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Page 12: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Nomenclature

• Craters are named after Vestal virgins supplemented by a list of famous Roman women.• Non‐crater features such as tholi are named after towns and festivals associated with 

Vestals.• Quadrants are named after the most prominent feature in the quadrant.• Twenty‐nine names have been approved.• Features include at least one fossa (trough), tholus (hill), terra (elevated terrain), planitia

(depression), and rupes (scarp). 12

Page 13: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

What is Special About Vesta: Its History• Vesta has been around for 

4.565 Ga.• In the north you can see very 

old degraded (crypto?) craters as well as fresh craters and everything in between. We are using the larger craters to probe beneath the regolith into the crust.

• The south has been wiped clean with a giant impact. This impact released the mass contained in the vestoids and much more.

• A giant mountain lies at the center of the Rheasilvia basin. It appears to the central peak of the impact basin.

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Page 14: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

What is Special About Vesta: Giant Troughs

• Vesta has giant grooves or troughs.

• These appear to be associated with giant impacts.– Perhaps the compression of the impacts fractured the surface allowing graben to form.

• Two large trough systems are concentric with two ancient impact basins.

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Page 15: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

What is Special: The South Polar Mountain

• This slide compares in absolute units the height and width of the south pole mountain with Mars’ Olympus Mons, the solar system’s largest volcano.

• This mountain is comparable in height to Olympus Mons.• It dwarfs any mountain on Earth.• The low gravity on Vesta allows higher surface relief than on larger 

bodies.15

Page 16: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Rheasilvia Basin: Formed on Top of an Older Basin

• The Rheasilvia basin includes two impacts. One ‘recent’ and one more ancient. Ages are being debated.

• Both basins have northern troughs concentric to the basins. 16

Page 17: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Team Activities: Mapping

• Photomosaic of sunlit surface by DLR.• South is less cratered due to erasure of surface by impact into 

Rheasilvia basin.• Dawn arrived near summer solstice. Sunlight does not reach north 

pole until August 20, 2012. 17

Page 18: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Team Activities: Geologic Maps

Geologic Map of Vesta by R.A. Yingst et al. 18

Page 19: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Team Activities: Mapping Craters• Number of craters 

as a function of diameter varies with age.

• In order to use these crater counts to determine age of surface, one must agree what is a crater.

• One must understand how craters age and disappear.

• One must know how the flux of impactorsvaried with time.

19Crater counts by S. Marchi

Page 20: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Team Activities: Chronology• Chronology of planetary 

surfaces is a difficult study area. 

• One needs to agree on what is a crater.

• On Vesta craters do age in a continuum and some big impacts have reset the clock on crater counts.

• Another area of uncertainty is the impactorrate versus time appropriate in the asteroid belt.

20

O’Brien et al (2012)

Page 21: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Team Activities: Crater Properties• Craters properties will be a 

major focus of Dawn’s geologists.

• Here we show the depth‐to‐diameter ratio.

• This ratio depends on properties of the impactorand the local surface.

• This ratio varies with latitude on Vesta. Craters are shallower in the north.

• Mass wasting is being studied.

• Crater floors and crater melts are being studied intently.

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(J‐B Vincent et al., 2011)

Page 22: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Team Activities: Inventorying Dark Material

• Dark material appears across Vesta’s surface.• This is not uniform in occurrence.• It occurs in a number of different contexts.• Could be exogenous or endogenous. 22

Page 23: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Team Activities: Inventorying Bright Material

• Bright material appears in crater walls.• Bright material appears in crater rays.• Bright material is found on slopes.• Bright material is patchy. 23

Page 24: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Dark Material Locations

24

Craters

Hills and Crater Rays

Ridges

Long Rays

Page 25: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Vesta has a Diverse Chemical Structure

25Color images by the framing camera team

Page 26: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

VIR Reveals Diverse Mineralogy

• Band depths and band locations are used to identify minerals on surface.

• Pyroxene is seen everywhere.• But properties vary. Some craters have dug deeper? 26

Page 27: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

More VIR Mineral Maps

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Page 28: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

GRaND Sees Vesta in LAMO

• These are neutron counts.• Rheasilvia basin has lower count rate.• Antipode of Rheasilvia sees high count rates.• What is at the north pole? We don’t know. We cannot see 

because it is in darkness.28

Page 29: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

What Does Framing Camera See?

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• This hole will fill in about August 20, 2012 when sunlight reaches pole.

• Where will Dawn be? As yet undecided.

Page 30: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Vesta is Full of Surprising Features

• This material flowed over the rim of the crater and stopped along a straight line.

• A larger perspective shows a possible source of the flow. 30

Page 31: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Vesta is Full of Surprising Features (cont.)

• On the left we see the flow coming over the rim.• If we turn the image around then we see that the crater is on a hill. The 

flow probably stopped at a constant elevation up the hill.• Thank Dave O’Brien for producing these overlays of the images on the 

topography.31

Page 32: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Crater Rims and Walls are Amazing

• Dark material enters the crater from multiple depths below the rim.• Material along the top of the rim often appears to be blocky with coherence 

or competence. Does not appear to be bedrock but has greater strength than material above and below. 32

Page 33: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Experimenting with Images• The team is very inventive and is looking at images in many different ways.

• Dave O’Brien is constantly showing us new movies.

• Eric Palmer also working with Mark Sykes has made a data server that makes accessing the images simple.

• Paul Schenk has been making images of regions seen only in scattered light.

33

Crater in Shadow Seen in Reflected SunlightBy Paul Schenk

Page 34: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

gravity, mgals

topography, kms

Dawn has mapped Vesta’s gravity field to a resolution of about 250 km wavelength, revealing significant gravity anomalies that appear to be associated with major topographic features that are mapped to the same resolution.

The long‐wavelength components of the gravity field confirm that Vesta’s interior is not homogeneous. Mass is concentrated towards the center as expected from meteoritic evidence for an iron core on Vesta

Page 35: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin
Page 36: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin
Page 37: C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team · 2012. 1. 25. · Dawn at Vesta Progress Report Upon Arriving at LAMO C.T. Russell and the Dawn Science Team Small Bodies Advisory Group Mandarin

Conclusions

• Dawn mission has proven the ability of ion propulsion to do orbital exploration of massive bodies affordably.

• PI‐class missions have been very successful and Dawn has been one of the best of them.

• The choice of Vesta for exploration was a very good choice. The availability of the HED samples of Vesta has been very informative.

• The HEDs do come from Vesta. Vesta is differentiated.• As soon as we can glimpse the north pole region, we will be on our way to Ceres. The spatial resolution we will have depends on negotiations with HQ.

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