CSR House Technique Australian Daylight Benchmarks 26th May 2014 Document Version:2.0.2 Author: Jesse Clarke, CSR Building Scientist CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.20142 Table of Contents 1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 3 2.DAYLIGHT CALCULATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 4 SOFTWARE ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 EXTERNAL OBJECTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 GLASS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 3.DESIGN SKY ................................................................................................................................................ 4 SKY DISTRIBUTIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 5 DESIGN SKY ILLUMINANCE ........................................................................................................................................... 6 WINDOW CONFIGURATIONS......................................................................................................................................... 7 VISUAL LIGHT TRANSMISSION ....................................................................................................................................... 7 REFLECTANCE ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 4.DAYLIGHT DISTRIBUTION BY NATHERS ZONE ............................................................................................. 8 5.WINDOW AND DAYLIGHT OPTIONS .......................................................................................................... 10 THE CSR HOUSE BENCHMARK .................................................................................................................................... 10 CSR HOUSE 8 STAR OPTION 28% ............................................................................................................................ 10 CSR HOUSE OPTION 1 25% .................................................................................................................................... 11 CSR HOUSE OPTION 2 20% .................................................................................................................................... 11 CSR HOUSE OPTION 3 15% .................................................................................................................................... 12 CSR HOUSE BCA MIN COMPLIANCE 9% ................................................................................................................... 12 6.BENCHMARK RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 13 BENCHMARK 1 CSR HOUSE 28% WINDOW:FLOOR ..................................................................................................... 14 BENCHMARK 2 CSR HOUSE 200LUX WINDOW:FLOOR ................................................................................................ 15 7.RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................... 17 DAYLIGHT FACTOR & VLT .......................................................................................................................................... 17 DAYLIGHT FACTOR & WINDOW RATIO ......................................................................................................................... 20 LOCATION SPECIFIC DAYLIGHT .................................................................................................................................... 21 DESIGN CRITERIA ..................................................................................................................................................... 22 8.RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 24 APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 APPENDIX B ...................................................................................................................................................... 31 OPTION 8 STAR 28% WINDOW RATIO ...................................................................................................................... 31 OPTION 1 25% WINDOW RATIO .............................................................................................................................. 31 OPTION 2 20% WINDOW RATIO .............................................................................................................................. 32 OPTION 3 15% WINDOW RATIO .............................................................................................................................. 32 OPTION BCA 9% WINDOW RATIO ........................................................................................................................... 32 APPENDIX C ...................................................................................................................................................... 34 BENCHMARK 1 CSR HOUSE 28% WINDOW RATIO ...................................................................................................... 34 BENCHMARK 2 CSR HOUSE 25% WINDOW RATIO ...................................................................................................... 36 APPENDIX D ...................................................................................................................................................... 38 APPENDIX E ...................................................................................................................................................... 40 CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.20143 1.Executive Summary The CSR House in Schofields in Western Sydney was design and built to represent Australian best practice for energy efficient, affordable, high efficiency housing in Australia. During the design process all aspects of good design were considered including the appropriate design and layout of windows to achieve excellent indoor daylight levels. Although based on more traditional architectural concepts and rules of thumb, feedback from visitors to the house which have included, government, building regulators, architects, engineers, builders, tradespeople and consumers identified a superior amenity in the home in comparison to comparable volume build display homes. The desktop research carried out in this paper has led to the development of a relationship between window visual light transmission and the total floor area (excluding garage). The research puts forward a calculation methodology, utilising six daylight zones across Australia to account for variability in available light in combination with the desired window area to then determine a minimum total light transmission value for the specification of windows. Intended to be utilised during the design phase of a home it will be required that the designer is aware of two critical aspects of the design in order to achieve suitable daylight; the location of the building and the desired window to floor area ratio. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.20144 2.Daylight Calculations To be a useful design tool, daylight factor values are generally calculated using a standard overcast sky illuminance distribution in order to represent a worst case scenario to be designed for. This means that they will not change with different dates or times and, as the overcast sky model only varies with altitude, will not be affected by rotating the North point. This makes them a property of the design itself, not the local environment. Thus, the only parameters that affect daylight factors are the geometry of the design and the materials it is made of. By assigning a design sky value, it is possible to obtain illuminance levels (in Lux) for a particular location; however this is separate from the daylight factor itself. Software The BRE method was originally developed for use as a manual calculation in which shadow patterns were plotted on a sun-path diagram with daylight availability represented as a series of distributed points. As a result, it is something that anyone can do so has been adopted as part of the building regulations in many different countries.However, the original BRE Estimating Daylight in Buildings makes a number of assumptions and simplifications which were necessary for quick hand calculations, but can be dealt with much more accurately within a computer model. It is obvious that increased accuracy is in keeping with the spirit of the paper and this report has utilised increased accuracy for the results. Ecotect Analysis has been used to carry out these increased accuracy calculations based on the BRE methodology and the accuracy increased by modifications to the external object calculations. External Objects The BRE paper states that, for parts of the sky obstructed by external objects, the same calculation as for the sky component is used but with the result multiplied by 0.2 to represent the average reflectance of external surfaces. Using Ecotect the external reflectance values of each surface in the model can be assigned. Thus, the computer model performs increased accuracy by using the assigned reflectance values of each external object struck. Also, the contribution of each ray will also be moderated by the transparency of each window it passes through. Glass The BRE internal reflection formula is very specific, Ecotect follows it exactly. Whilst it may be possible to use transparency and the specularity value to calculate a more realistic internal reflectance for each window, for some glasses the relationship between transmission and refection is not straightforward.3.Design SkySky luminance varies with climate and cloud cover - from 2,000 cd/m on a clear day with a deep blue sky to 10,000 cd/m on a very bright day. There is really no point designing a lighting system based on the brightest day of the year as it may only occur once or twice during the year and people are very likely to close the blinds anyway to protect themselves from heat and glare. Much more sensible is to design for the worst-case scenario. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.20145 If you do this it is important to remember that actual light levels will vary markedly at different times of the year and under different sky conditions. However if the calculation is based on a standard method, then the result provides an extremely useful comparative indicator for design purposes.Sky Distributions The air that makes up the atmosphere appears to be bright due to light scattering off suspended air molecules, dust and moisture vapour. On a sunny day, obviously most of the available light comes from the direction of the Sun and the area immediately around it. On a perfectly overcast day the majority of light comes from the zenith of the sky straight above you, up to three times more than at the horizon. Under some conditions, however, the distribution is much more uniform.Thus to describe this Commission International de lEclairage (CIE) have developed a number of standard sky distributions based on very specific mathematical formula, examples of which are shown immediately below. CIE Sunny Sky DistributionCIE Overcast Sky DistributionCIE Uniform Sky Distribution As the daylight factor is meant to represent the worst-case design scenario, it is only really valid for the CIE Overcast Sky and is completely independent of time. The overcast distribution (shown in the middle, above) will vary only with latitude. Thus the daylight factor in a space will not vary with orientation as there is no Sun visible in the sky, it is assumed to be all diffuse light. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.20146 Design Sky Illuminance The total available light from the sky will also vary with latitude. Given the Earth's orbit around the Sun, locations closer to the equator generally have brighter skies that those closer to the poles. To account for this, the total illuminance for any location is usually given as a single design value known as a Design Sky. The Design Sky is given as an illuminance level that is exceeded 85% of the time during the hours of 9am to 5pm throughout the year. It is unique to each particular location and can be found in many architectural science publications. Using this value, it is possible to convert a daylight factor into an illuminance level by simply multiplying the two. Thus, a point with a daylight factor of 10% at a location with a design sky value of 5000 lux will likely have an illuminance level of at least 500 Lux 85% of the time.The design sky illuminance represents a lux value for the amount of light output from the sky. This value can be derived from a statistical analysis of outdoor illuminance levels, based on the 15th percentile - i.e.: that illuminance level that is exceeded 85% of the time between the hours of 9am and 5pm throughout the working year. Thus it represents a worst-case scenario that you can design to. For the purpose of this study the design sky luminance has been based on the average diffuse sky luminance calculations given by Tregenza.1 LocationLatitudeDesign Sky Illuminance Darwin-12.49756Lux Brisbane-27.48909Lux Perth-31.98565Lux Sydney-33.88363Lux Adelaide-34.98281Lux Canberra-35.28229Lux Melbourne-37.87943Lux Hobart-42.87454Lux 1Tregenza, P.R., Measured and Calculated Frequency Distributions of Daylight Illuminance, Lighting Research and Technology 18 (2) 71-74 (1986) (last viewed at: Subtask C -- New Daylight Algorithms CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.20147 Window Configurations Several Options were simulated with variable glazed areas. The scenarios were chosen based on: 1)The CSR House as it was constructed in Schofields Sydney 8 Star, with 28% window to floor area ratio 2)Option with 25% window to floor are ratio 3)Option with 20% window to floor area ratio 4)Option with 15% window to floor area ratio 5)BCA minimum compliance with 9% window to floor area ratio Window Configurations are shown in Appendix A Visual Light Transmission Each floor plan layout was analysed for daylight contribution using the BRE methodology in which the visual light contribution from the entire window, Tvw was simulated at 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%. For all options the balustrade glass and pergola glass were 85% visual light transmission with a 600mm strip of seraphic along the high edge of the pergola with 60% visual light transmission. Reflectance Standard Reflectance for the surface within the model was as follows: Roof 30% Floor 40% Wall 70% Ceiling 70% External Walls 40% CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.20148 4.Daylight Distribution by NatHERS Zone The daylight Distribution by zones potentially gives the designer the ability to distribute window between the living Spaces and sleeping spaces to meet specific design requirements. The National House Energy Rating Zoning principles were used to define the house zones and distribute the glazing relative to day-time and night-time use. The CSR house has been divided up for thermal analysis in the following zones. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.20149 Generally speaking the living spaces will be utilised during the daylight hours. Therefore an emphasis is placed on having adequate windows in these zones therefore the living spaces will have higher glazing ratios than the night time zones. The CSR House was built to an 8 star rating and is considered to represent industry best practice for window configuration and daylight levels. Option 1 with an average pf 25% window to floor area across the entire floor plate (ex. Garage) is considered to represent good practice for daylight design. The following weightings were given to the window to floor area ratios between zones in both good and best practice: Zone Best PracticeGood Practice 28% Average Window:Floor25% Average Window:Floor Weighting Target Window:FloorWeighting Target Window:Floor Living~2.467%~1.230% Living/Kitchen~1.028%~1.230% Bedroom~0.926%~1.025% Other (Daytime Usage)~0.823%~0.819% Other (Night time Usage) ~0.8 22%~0.820% In the CSR House design (28% Window to floor area ratio) the family room (Living Zone) had by far the most glazing in relation to the floor area at 67%. As this room is most likely to be used during the daylight hours an emphasis was placed on large window areas in this room with about 2.4 times as much window to floor area as the main living kitchen area. The Living/Kitchen area had a similar galzing ratio to the bedrooms. The other daytime and night time zones were allocated one third of the window to floor area compared to the family room. For comparison, what was deemed good practice and a more achievable level of glazing (25% window to floor area ratio) for high performance housing resulted in a split which had the Family Room (Living Zone) and the Living/Kitchen Zone with equal window to floor area ratios. The Bedroom Zones had about and Other Daytime and Other Night time Zones had just over two thirds of the window to floor area ratio when compared to the Living and Kitchen Zones. Maintaining glazing levels on the zones with high likelihood of daytime usage is essential. It is possible to increase star ratings under the NatHERS system by shifting glazing to bedroom zones. However this design philosophy is not recommended as it can deprive the living spaces intended for daytime usage of suitable light and amenity for which it was designed. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201410 5.Window and Daylight Options Five options have been analysed in this report. The benchmark was based on the CSR House window configuration (28% Window to floor ratio) which was designed into the CSR House at Schofields in Sydney. This was used as the benchmark option to determine the window area and visible light transmission required to achieve a similar level of average daylight throughout the entire house under a CIE sky illuminance. The CSR House Benchmark The daylight levels in the CSR house were benchmarked using the CIE Design Sky illuminance for 2 benchmark options 1) The CSR House as built in Schofields, Sydney with 28% window to floor area ratio and visible light transmission on each window as was installed. Visible Light Transmission of Installed Windows Awning WindowsSliding DoorsCasement WindowsFixed Window 51%65%51%67% 2)A relaxed option with 25% window to floor area ratio and 50% VLT on all windows. The average daylight factor achieved for the house in each option was used to determine an average lux based on the design sky illuminance of 8363Lux in Sydney. This resulted in: Benchmark 1 - average Lux across the whole house of 277Lux (excluding the garage area). Benchmark 2 - average Lux across the whole house of 196Lux (excluding the garage area). CSR House 8 Star Option 28% CSR House 8 Star Option contains window areas as was constructed in the CSR House at Schofields in Sydney. The specifications resulted in a total of 28% window to floor area ratio, excluding the area of the garage. Background light levels were achieved in the garage with a 5% window to floor area ratio. This window configuration was analysed with differing total window Visual Light Transmittance (Tvw) options for the windows consisting of 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% options. This was then compared against the benchmark option to determine if the window area and Tvw configuration was likely to achieve an equivalent daylight Lux level.8 Star - NatHERS Zone Glazing Ratios ZoneGlass AreaFloor AreaRatio Living11.3816.8767% Living/Kitchen14.0850.6828% Bedroom13.2550.8726% Other (Daytime Usage)10.1944.4923% Other (Nightime Usage)5.6225.8522% Garage1.8136.015% Roofspace0.00133.240% CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201411 CSR House Option 1 25% This option has a core requirement of 25% window to floor area ratio for the entire house (excluding garage). The breakdown of windows distributed in each NatHERS zone is as follows. This window configuration was analysed with differing total window Visual Light Transmittance (Tvw) options for the windows consisting of 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% options. This was then compared against the benchmark option to determine if the window area and Tvw configuration was likely to achieve an equivalent daylight Lux level. OPTION 1 - NatHERS Zone Glazing Ratios ZoneGlass AreaFloor AreaRatio Living5.0416.8730% Living/Kitchen15.1150.6830% Bedroom12.5250.8725% Other (Daytime Usage)8.5544.4919% Other (Nightime Usage)5.0725.8520% Garage1.8136.015% Roofspace0.00133.240% CSR House Option 2 20% This option has a core requirement of 20% window to floor area ratio for the entire house (excluding garage). The breakdown of windows distributed in each NatHERS zone is as follows. This window configuration was analysed with differing total window Visual Light Transmittance (Tvw) options for the windows consisting of 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% options. This was then compared against the benchmark option to determine if the window area and Tvw configuration was likely to achieve an equivalent daylight Lux level. OPTION 2 - NatHERS Zone Glazing Ratios ZoneGlass AreaFloor AreaRatio Living4.2016.8725% Living/Kitchen12.9250.6825% Bedroom10.2650.8720% Other (Daytime Usage)6.6344.4915% Other (Nightime Usage)3.9125.8515% Garage1.8136.015% Roofspace0.00133.240% CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201412 CSR House Option 3 15% This option has a core requirement of 15% window to floor area ratio for the entire house (excluding garage). The breakdown of windows distributed in each NatHERS zone is as follows. This window configuration was analysed with differing total window Visual Light Transmittance (Tvw) options for the windows consisting of 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% options. This was then compared against the benchmark option to determine if the window area and Tvw configuration was likely to achieve an equivalent daylight Lux level. OPTION 3 - NatHERS Zone Glazing Ratios ZoneGlass AreaFloor AreaRatio Living3.3616.8720% Living/Kitchen10.2950.6820% Bedroom7.7450.8715% Other (Daytime Usage)4.2344.4910% Other (Nightime Usage)2.5625.8510% Garage1.8136.015% Roofspace0.00133.240% CSR House BCA Min Compliance 9% This option has a core requirement of 10% window to floor area ratio for all habitable spaces. This does not include bathrooms and laundries and results in a total window to floor area ratio of 9% (excluding garage). The breakdown of windows distributed in each NatHERS zone is as follows. This window configuration was analysed with differing total window Visual Light Transmittance (Tvw) options for the windows consisting of 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% options. This was then compared against the benchmark option to determine if the window area and Tvw configuration was likely to achieve an equivalent daylight Lux level. BCA - NatHERS Zone Glazing Ratios ZoneGlass AreaFloor AreaRatio Living1.6916.8710% Living/Kitchen5.0850.6810% Bedroom5.1550.8710% Other (Daytime Usage)3.0244.497% Other (Nightime Usage)2.0825.858% Garage0.0036.010% Roofspace0.00133.240% CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201413 6.Benchmark Results TheCSRHouseinSchofieldsinSydneysWestachieveshighlevelsofnaturaldaylight,these benchmarksaimtoquantifyequivalentLuxlevelsacrossAustraliabasedonwindowareaof thehomeandminimumTvWusingthesplitfluxmethodcalculationmethodologyfromthe British Research Establishment (BRE). When modelled under the BRE methodology the CSR House achieves 277 Lux average across the entire house on an overcast day.While this level is considered conducive to exceptional InternalEnvironmentQuality(IEQ),itisacceptabletoreducethisto196Luxandmaintain suitable indoor amenity as per benchmark option 2. The chartered institute of Building Services Engineers in the UK recommends: Iftheaveragedaylightfactorexceeds5%onthehorizontalplane(London=330Lux), aninteriorwilllookcheerfullydaylit,evenintheabsenceofsunlight.Iftheaverage daylightfactorislessthan2%(London=130Lux)theinteriorwillnotbeperceivedas well daylit and electric lighting may need to be in constant use. Based on the benchmark option 2 result of 196 Lux average across the floor plate and CIBSE minimum of 130 Lux equivalent, for the purpose of this study an average daylight level of 200 Lux or more has been deemed more than suitable to ensure that an interior looks substantially light, except early in the morning, late in the afternoon or on exceptionally dull days. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201414 Benchmark 1 CSR House 28% Window:Floor The CSR House benchmark 1 was set using the installed glazing daylight transmission performance under a Sydney Design Sky of 8363Lux. The results are shown below. AreaAS BUILT mAverage DF% Garage36.10.6 Laundry3.81.6 Living/Kitchen49.94.7 Family18.36.7 Powder5.42.6 Study15.93.8 Entry20.61.6 Daylight Distribution Ground Floor Plan AreaAS BUILT mAverage DF% Master bed15.83.2 Ensuite5.00.9 WIR7.30.0 Bedroom 213.53.6 Bedroom 313.01.1 Retreat12.72.9 Hall9.41.5 Bath6.41.5 Daylight Distribution First Floor Plan Benchmark LuxAS BUILT3.3%Average DF Under Sydney Design Sky277Average Lux CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201415 Benchmark 2 CSR House 200Lux Window:Floor A reduced benchmark based on the CSR House construction was also assessed. The basis of this benchmark is targeting a 200Lux daylight average across the floor plate in Sydney Climate and available daylight calculated in accordance with the Tregenza method. To achieve the 200Lux approximately 3% daylight factor was required. This is achievable using the same window layout as Benchmark 1, with the exception that 3 windows were able to be removed and 2 windows slightly modified in size. By reducing the window area it will likely lead to more easily reaching higher thermal performance ratings under the NatHERS protocol with a greater number of suitable window types. For comparison with benchmark 1 this option with lower window ratio will allow: A reduced stringency benchmark meaning a higher availability of windows capable of meeting daylight requirements across Australia A potentially reduced build cost while maintaining high levels of indoor amenity Increased design freedom through window type selection With a target 3% daylight factor and 25% window to floor area ratio a min 40% Tvw for the windows will achieve the target 3%. The window modifications are outlined in appendix A, Option 1 and the rationale was as follows: W1 deleted 2.1 x 2.71 Glazed DoorsThe glazed door on the south Family Room wall was deleted reducing the total window area by 5.69m. Family room target was 30% Win:Floor Ratio. W16 Deleted 0.6 x 0.91 Window The window on the south wall of the ensuite was deleted reducing the total window area by 0.55m. Other Nightime zones target was 20% Win:Floor Ratio. W23 Deleted 1.2 x 0.61 Window The Window on the East of bedroom 2 was deleted reducing the total window area by 0.73m. Bedroom zones target was 25% Win:Floor Ratio. W14 Resized 2.1 x 2.71 Glass Doors The glazed doors on the north side of the family room was reduced to 2.4m wide reducing the overall window area by 0.65m. This achieved the Family room target of 30% Win:Floor Ratio. W2 Resized 2.1 x 1.81 Glass Doors The glazed doors on the west side of the kitchen were increased to 2.3m wide increasing the overall window area by 1.03m. This allowed the living/kitchen zone to achieve a target of 30% window:floor ratio. The CSR House was benchmark 2 was set using window configuration as per Option 1 with a 40% VLT on all windows under a Sydney Design Sky of 8363Lux. The results are shown below. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201416 Area 50% VLT (Window) m Average DF Garage36.1 0.5 Laundry3.8 1.5 Living/Kitchen49.9 3.6 Family18.3 2.9 Powder5.4 2.2 Study15.9 3.1 Entry20.6 1.3 Daylight Distribution Ground Floor Plan Area 50% VLT (Window) m Average DF Master bed15.8 2.3 Ensuite5.0 0.4 WIR7.3 0.0 Bedroom 213.5 2.3 Bedroom 313.0 1.0 Retreat12.7 2.0 Hall9.4 1.2 Bath6.4 1.3 Daylight Distribution First Floor Plan Benchmark LuxAS BUILT3.0%Average DF Under Sydney Design Sky196Average Lux CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201417 7.Results Daylight Factor & VLT The daylight factor values were calculated using a standard overcast sky illuminance distribution in order to represent a worst case scenario to be designed for. Daylight factor is a property of the design itself, not the local environment. Thus, the only parameters that affect daylight factor are the geometry of the design and the materials it is made of. The average daylight factor within the downstairs and upstairs levels have been summarised for each option. Exact Window configurations are given in Appendix A and detailed breakdown of room by room daylight factor is given in appendix B. As expected the daylight factor increases more rapidly when the house design has a larger window:floor area ratio. So for every 10% increase in the window Tvw you get a larger increase in daylight if you have larger windows. Also with larger windows your starting point is much higher but does start to diminish as window area increases. Ground Floor - Daylight Factor Area weighted average daylight Factor achieved for each scenario Total Visual Light Transmittance, Tvw 40%50%60%70%80% 8 STAR (28%)3.3%3.7%4.1%4.5%4.9% OPTION 1 (25%)2.9%3.2%3.6%3.9%4.3% OPTION 2 (20%)2.5%2.8%3.1%3.4%3.7% OPTION 3 (15%)1.9%2.1%2.3%2.5%2.7% OPTION BCA (9%)1.1%1.2%1.4%1.5%1.6% CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201418 Upper Floor - Daylight Factor Area weighted average daylight Factor achieved for each scenario Total Visual Light Transmittance, Tvw 40%50%60%70%80% 8 STAR (28%)1.6%1.9%2.1%2.4%2.7% OPTION 1 (25%)1.5%1.8%2.0%2.3%2.6% OPTION 2 (20%)1.3%1.5%1.7%1.9%2.1% OPTION 3 (15%)0.9%1.1%1.2%1.4%1.5% OPTION BCA (9%)0.6%0.7%0.8%0.9%1.0% CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201419 Total House - Daylight Factor Area weighted average daylight Factor achieved for each scenario Total Visual Light Transmittance, Tvw 40%50%60%70%80% 8 STAR (28%)2.6%3.0%3.3%3.7%4.0% OPTION 1 (25%)2.3%2.6%3.0%3.3%3.6% OPTION 2 (20%)2.0%2.3%2.5%2.8%3.0% OPTION 3 (15%)1.5%1.7%1.9%2.0%2.2% OPTION BCA (9%)0.9%1.0%1.1%1.3%1.4% CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201420 Daylight Factor & Window Ratio The Window area plays a vital role in increasing daylight within a space. With windows on the higher end of the Visual Light transmission spectrum (70% or more) the analysis suggests that more benefit continues to be gained at higher glazing ratios. With windows on the lower end of the Tvw spectrum (30% or lower) the benefit of larger window areas tapers off after 40% Window ratio. The graph below has been extrapolated to higher glazing ratios above 28% which was the simulated maximum. The diminishing daylight factor returns can be seen as the Tvw increases, particularly below 30% light transmittance. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201421 Location Specific Daylight By assigning a design sky value, it is possible to obtain illuminance levels (in Lux) for a particular location; this is separate from the daylight factor itself. The design light level at any given location will determine the overall illuminance of that design within that location. The variation in Design sky illuminance is shown below in which daylight zones have been developed around the available light at the given latitude correlating with the major capital cities. LocationLatitudeDesign Sky Illuminance Darwin-12.4 9756 Brisbane-27.4 8909 Perth-31.9 8565 Sydney-33.8 8363 Adelaide-34.9 8281 Canberra-35.2 8229 Melbourne-37.8 7943 Hobart-42.8 7454 Breaking down Australia into 6 latitudinal regions with boundaries based on the latitude of Australias major capital cities as follows: Location Design Bands Description Upper Band Limit Latitude Lower Band Limit Latitude DL1 Darwin 0-19.9 DL2 Brisbane -19.9-29.7 DL3 Perth -29.7-32.9 DL4 Sydney, Canberra, Adelaide -32.9-36.5 DL5 Melbourne -36.5-40.3 DL6 Hobart -40.3-50.0 From this we are able to determine a daylight zone for each NatHERS zone to enable design criteria to be derived as outlined in appendix D. The resulting geographical map is shown below. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201422 Design Criteria From the relationships between the locations specific available light, window to floor ratios and the Tvw of the windows a relationship has been derived for benchmark 1(CSR House as Built) and benchmark 2 (3% Daylight Factor). These relationships show the theoretical design criteria to achieve the same level of amenity as 1)The CSR House as constructed in Schofields Sydney with 28% window to floor ratio and window VLT as outlined in section 5 2)A relaxed daylight level with reduced glazing ratio to 25% and 40% VLT on all windows. The mathematical formula describing the curves for benchmark 1 and benchmark 2 are given in appendix E. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201423 The graph above shows daylight criteria based on achieving the same amenity as the CSR House in Schofields. This is considered to represent industry best practice. The graph above shows daylight criteria based on achieving a suitable daylight amenity in line with industry good practice and will allow for more design flexibility with window type and trad-offs between the visual transmission and window areas. CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201424 8.Recommendations ToachieveanadequatedaylightperformanceatvaryinglocationsacrossAustraliathe daylight zoneapproach allowsagoodmethodtotailorwindowdesigntotheavailablelight. Further research could be undertaken to further develop the daylight zone regions based on actualclimatedataandcloudcoverconditionstodevelopmoreaccurate85%percentile daylightconditionsforallclimatezonesinAustralia.Intheinterimthedivisionofdaylight zonesbasedonalatitudinalcategorizationwillallowformoreappropriateclimatespecific design than purely a single daylight factor relationship applied across the whole of Australia. UsingtheWFRTotalcalculationsoutlinedinAppendixEtheminimumdaylighttransmission requiredforallwindowsandrooflightsisconsideredsuitabletoachieveadequatedaylight across all Australian Regions for industry good practice and best practice. The mathematical relationship between the WFRTotal and the minimum TvW performance are shownonthegraphbelow.Thefigureshowstheminimumperformancelinesforeach DaylightZoneacrossAustralia,tocomplywiththesecriteriatheactualdesignand specification of all window units in a house design must stay at or above the relevant line. This canbeusedasaniterativedesigntoolduringthedesignandlayoutofahomeswindow systems. DL Zone 1DL Zone 2DL Zone 3DL Zone 4DL Zone 5DL Zone 6CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201425 CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201426 APPENDIX A CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201427 CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201428 CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201429 CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201430 CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201431 APPENDIX B The detailed result below show the average daylight factor per room for each option. Option 8 Star 28% Window Ratio Option 1 25% Window Ratio Area 40% VLT (Window) 50% VLT (Window) 60% VLT (Window) 70% VLT (Window) 80% VLT (Window)m2 Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DFGarage 36.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9Laundry 3.8 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9Living/Kitchen 49.9 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.5Family 18.3 4.8 5.6 6.3 7.1 7.8Powder 5.4 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.5Study 15.9 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.9 5.4Entry 20.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7CSR HOUSE DAYLIGHT 8 STAR - Ground FloorArea 40% VLT (Window) 50% VLT (Window) 60% VLT (Window) 70% VLT (Window) 80% VLT (Window)m2 Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DFMaster bed 15.8 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9Ensuite 5.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3WIR 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1Bedroom 2 13.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.4Bedroom 3 13.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7Retreat 12.7 2.0 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.4Hall 9.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7Bath 6.4 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0CSR HOUSE DAYLIGHT 8 STAR - Upper LevelArea 40% VLT (Window) 50% VLT (Window) 60% VLT (Window) 70% VLT (Window) 80% VLT (Window)m2 Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DFGarage 36.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9Laundry 3.8 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.0Living/Kitchen 49.9 3.6 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.4Family 18.3 2.9 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.4Powder 5.4 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4Study 15.9 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.2Entry 20.6 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5CSR HOUSE DAYLIGHT OPTION 1 - Ground FloorArea 40% VLT (Window) 50% VLT (Window) 60% VLT (Window) 70% VLT (Window) 80% VLT (Window)m2 Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DFMaster bed 15.8 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9Ensuite 5.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5WIR 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1Bedroom 2 13.5 2.3 2.7 3.2 3.6 4.0Bedroom 3 13.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7Retreat 12.7 2.0 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.4Hall 9.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7Bath 6.4 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0CSR HOUSE DAYLIGHT OPTION 1 - Upper LevelCSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201432 Option 2 20% Window Ratio Option 3 15% Window Ratio Option BCA 9% Window Ratio Area 40% VLT (Window) 50% VLT (Window) 60% VLT (Window) 70% VLT (Window) 80% VLT (Window)m2 Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DFGarage 36.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9Laundry 3.8 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0Living/Kitchen 49.9 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.6Family 18.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8Powder 5.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4Study 15.9 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.0 4.4Entry 20.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4CSR HOUSE DAYLIGHT OPTION 2 - Ground FloorArea 40% VLT (Window) 50% VLT (Window) 60% VLT (Window) 70% VLT (Window) 80% VLT (Window)m2 Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DFMaster bed 15.8 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9Ensuite 5.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5WIR 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1Bedroom 2 13.5 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.0Bedroom 3 13.0 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2Retreat 12.7 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.8Hall 9.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4Bath 6.4 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3CSR HOUSE DAYLIGHT OPTION 2 - Upper LevelArea 40% VLT (Window) 50% VLT (Window) 60% VLT (Window) 70% VLT (Window) 80% VLT (Window)m2 Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DFGarage 36.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9Laundry 3.8 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8Living/Kitchen 49.9 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6Family 18.3 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.7 3.0Powder 5.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9Study 15.9 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8Entry 20.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0CSR HOUSE DAYLIGHT OPTION 3 - Ground FloorArea 40% VLT (Window) 50% VLT (Window) 60% VLT (Window) 70% VLT (Window) 80% VLT (Window)m2 Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DFMaster bed 15.8 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8Ensuite 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0WIR 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1Bedroom 2 13.5 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.4Bedroom 3 13.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8Retreat 12.7 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.2Hall 9.4 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1Bath 6.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3CSR HOUSE DAYLIGHT OPTION 3 - Upper LevelArea 40% VLT (Window) 50% VLT (Window) 60% VLT (Window) 70% VLT (Window) 80% VLT (Window)m2 Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DFGarage 36.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Laundry 3.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3Living/Kitchen 49.9 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9Family 18.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6Powder 5.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Study 15.9 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.7Entry 20.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6CSR HOUSE DAYLIGHT BCA - Ground FloorCSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201433 Area 40% VLT (Window) 50% VLT (Window) 60% VLT (Window) 70% VLT (Window) 80% VLT (Window)m2 Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DF Average DFMaster bed 15.8 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8Ensuite 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0WIR 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Bedroom 2 13.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0Bedroom 3 13.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9Retreat 12.7 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8Hall 9.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7Bath 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0CSR HOUSE DAYLIGHT BCA - Upper LevelCSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201434 APPENDIX C This appendix shows the results of climate specific benchmarks 1 and 2. Benchmark 1 being the CSR House as Built glazing ratio of 28% with visible light transmission of all windows as supplied. This option achieved an average Lux level across the entire house of 265Lux. Benchmark 2 is a rationalised benchmark with CSR House as built glazing ratios reduced to 25% and a window VLT of 50% across all windows. This option achieved an average Lux level across the entire house of 212Lux. Green values meet or exceed the benchmark Red values fall below the benchmark Benchmark 1 CSR House 28% Window Ratio 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 179 227 275 323 372 420 469 515 564Large Area (35%) 170 213 255 298 340 384 426 468 5108 STAR (28%) 151 186 220 254 288 323 357 392 426OPTION 1 (25%) 137 167 197 228 258 289 319 349 380OPTION 2 (20%) 121 146 171 196 221 246 271 296 321OPTION 3 (15%) 90 108 126 145 163 181 200 218 236OPTION BCA (9%) 56 67 78 89 100 111 122 132 143Area wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oIlluminance Level DarwinVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi on10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 163 207 251 295 339 384 429 470 515Large Area (35%) 156 195 233 272 311 350 389 427 4668 STAR (28%) 138 169 201 232 263 295 326 358 389OPTION 1 (25%) 125 153 180 208 236 264 291 319 347OPTION 2 (20%) 111 134 156 179 202 225 247 270 293OPTION 3 (15%) 82 99 115 132 149 166 182 199 216OPTION BCA (9%) 51 61 71 81 91 101 112 121 131Illuminance Level BrisbaneVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi onArea wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari o10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 157 199 241 283 326 369 412 452 495Large Area (35%) 150 187 224 261 299 337 374 410 4488 STAR (28%) 133 163 193 223 253 283 314 344 374OPTION 1 (25%) 120 147 173 200 227 253 280 307 333OPTION 2 (20%) 107 129 150 172 194 216 238 260 282OPTION 3 (15%) 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207OPTION BCA (9%) 49 59 68 78 88 97 107 116 125Illuminance Level PerthVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi onArea wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oCSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201435 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 153 195 235 277 318 360 402 442 483Large Area (35%) 146 183 219 255 292 329 366 401 4388 STAR (28%) 130 159 188 218 247 277 306 336 365OPTION 1 (25%) 117 143 169 195 221 247 273 300 326OPTION 2 (20%) 104 126 147 168 190 211 232 254 275OPTION 3 (15%) 77 93 108 124 140 155 171 187 203OPTION BCA (9%) 48 57 67 76 86 95 105 113 123Illuminance Level SydneyVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi onArea wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari o10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 152 193 233 274 315 357 398 437 478Large Area (35%) 145 181 216 253 289 326 362 397 4338 STAR (28%) 128 157 187 216 245 274 303 332 362OPTION 1 (25%) 116 142 168 193 219 245 271 297 322OPTION 2 (20%) 103 124 145 167 188 209 230 251 272OPTION 3 (15%) 76 92 107 123 138 154 169 185 201OPTION BCA (9%) 47 57 66 75 85 94 104 112 121Illuminance Level AdelaideVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi onArea wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari o10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 151 192 232 272 313 355 396 435 475Large Area (35%) 144 180 215 251 287 323 360 394 4318 STAR (28%) 128 156 185 214 243 272 301 330 359OPTION 1 (25%) 115 141 167 192 218 243 269 295 320OPTION 2 (20%) 102 123 145 166 187 208 229 250 271OPTION 3 (15%) 76 91 107 122 138 153 168 184 199OPTION BCA (9%) 47 56 66 75 84 94 103 111 121Illuminance Level CanberraVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi onArea wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari o10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 146 185 224 263 302 342 382 419 459Large Area (35%) 139 173 208 242 277 312 347 381 4168 STAR (28%) 123 151 179 207 235 263 291 319 347OPTION 1 (25%) 111 136 161 185 210 235 260 285 309OPTION 2 (20%) 99 119 139 160 180 200 221 241 261OPTION 3 (15%) 73 88 103 118 133 148 163 177 192OPTION BCA (9%) 46 54 63 72 81 90 100 108 116Illuminance Level MelbourneArea wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi on10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 137 174 210 247 284 321 359 394 431Large Area (35%) 130 163 195 227 260 293 326 357 3908 STAR (28%) 116 142 168 194 220 247 273 299 325OPTION 1 (25%) 104 128 151 174 197 221 244 267 290OPTION 2 (20%) 93 112 131 150 169 188 207 226 245OPTION 3 (15%) 69 83 97 111 125 139 153 167 181OPTION BCA (9%) 43 51 59 68 76 85 93 101 109Illuminance Level HobartVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi onArea wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oCSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201436 Benchmark 2 CSR House 25% Window Ratio 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 179 227 275 323 372 420 469 515 564Large Area (35%) 170 213 255 298 340 384 426 468 5108 STAR (28%) 151 186 220 254 288 323 357 392 426OPTION 1 (25%) 137 167 197 228 258 289 319 349 380OPTION 2 (20%) 121 146 171 196 221 246 271 296 321OPTION 3 (15%) 90 108 126 145 163 181 200 218 236OPTION BCA (9%) 56 67 78 89 100 111 122 132 143Illuminance Level DarwinVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi onArea wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari o10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 163 207 251 295 339 384 429 470 515Large Area (35%) 156 195 233 272 311 350 389 427 4668 STAR (28%) 138 169 201 232 263 295 326 358 389OPTION 1 (25%) 125 153 180 208 236 264 291 319 347OPTION 2 (20%) 111 134 156 179 202 225 247 270 293OPTION 3 (15%) 82 99 115 132 149 166 182 199 216OPTION BCA (9%) 51 61 71 81 91 101 112 121 131Area wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oIlluminance Level BrisbaneVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi on10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 157 199 241 283 326 369 412 452 495Large Area (35%) 150 187 224 261 299 337 374 410 4488 STAR (28%) 133 163 193 223 253 283 314 344 374OPTION 1 (25%) 120 147 173 200 227 253 280 307 333OPTION 2 (20%) 107 129 150 172 194 216 238 260 282OPTION 3 (15%) 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207OPTION BCA (9%) 49 59 68 78 88 97 107 116 125Area wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oIlluminance Level PerthVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi on10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 153 195 235 277 318 360 402 442 483Large Area (35%) 146 183 219 255 292 329 366 401 4388 STAR (28%) 130 159 188 218 247 277 306 336 365OPTION 1 (25%) 117 143 169 195 221 247 273 300 326OPTION 2 (20%) 104 126 147 168 190 211 232 254 275OPTION 3 (15%) 77 93 108 124 140 155 171 187 203OPTION BCA (9%) 48 57 67 76 86 95 105 113 123Area wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oIlluminance Level SydneyVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi on10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 152 193 233 274 315 357 398 437 478Large Area (35%) 145 181 216 253 289 326 362 397 4338 STAR (28%) 128 157 187 216 245 274 303 332 362OPTION 1 (25%) 116 142 168 193 219 245 271 297 322OPTION 2 (20%) 103 124 145 167 188 209 230 251 272OPTION 3 (15%) 76 92 107 123 138 154 169 185 201OPTION BCA (9%) 47 57 66 75 85 94 104 112 121Area wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oIlluminance Level AdelaideVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi onCSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201437 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 151 192 232 272 313 355 396 435 475Large Area (35%) 144 180 215 251 287 323 360 394 4318 STAR (28%) 128 156 185 214 243 272 301 330 359OPTION 1 (25%) 115 141 167 192 218 243 269 295 320OPTION 2 (20%) 102 123 145 166 187 208 229 250 271OPTION 3 (15%) 76 91 107 122 138 153 168 184 199OPTION BCA (9%) 47 56 66 75 84 94 103 111 121Area wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oIlluminance Level CanberraVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi on10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 146 185 224 263 302 342 382 419 459Large Area (35%) 139 173 208 242 277 312 347 381 4168 STAR (28%) 123 151 179 207 235 263 291 319 347OPTION 1 (25%) 111 136 161 185 210 235 260 285 309OPTION 2 (20%) 99 119 139 160 180 200 221 241 261OPTION 3 (15%) 73 88 103 118 133 148 163 177 192OPTION BCA (9%) 46 54 63 72 81 90 100 108 116Area wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oVi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi onIlluminance Level Melbourne10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Extreme Area (40%) 137 174 210 247 284 321 359 394 431Large Area (35%) 130 163 195 227 260 293 326 357 3908 STAR (28%) 116 142 168 194 220 247 273 299 325OPTION 1 (25%) 104 128 151 174 197 221 244 267 290OPTION 2 (20%) 93 112 131 150 169 188 207 226 245OPTION 3 (15%) 69 83 97 111 125 139 153 167 181OPTION BCA (9%) 43 51 59 68 76 85 93 101 109Vi s ualLi ght Transmi ssi onArea wei ghted average dayl i ght Factor achi eved for each scenari oIlluminance Level HobartCSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201438 APPENDIX D NatHERS Climate region LocationLatitudeLongitudeDL Zone 1Darwin Airport-12.4130.91 2Port Hedland-20.4118.62 3Longreach-23.4144.32 4Carnarvon-24.9113.72 5Townsville-19.3146.81 6Alice Springs-23.8133.92 7Rockhampton-23.4150.52 8Moree MO-29.5149.92 9Amberley-27.6152.72 10Brisbane-27.4153.12 11Coffs Harbour MO-30.3153.13 12Geraldton-28.8114.72 13Perth-31.9115.93 14Armidale-30.5151.73 15Williamtown AMO-32.8151.83 16Adelaide-34.9138.64 17Sydney RO-33.9151.24 18Nowra RAN-35150.54 19Charleville-26.4146.32 20Wagga AMO-35.2147.54 21Melbourne RMO-37.81455 22East Sale-38.1147.15 23Launceston-41.4147.16 24Canberra Airport-35.3149.24 25Cabramurra-35.9148.44 26Hobart-42.8147.56 27Mildura AMO-34.2142.14 28Richmond NSW-33.6150.84 29Weipa-12.7141.91 30Wyndham-15.5128.11 31Willis Island-16.31501 32Cairns-16.9145.81 33Broome-18122.21 34Learmonth-22.2114.12 35Mackay-21.1149.22 36Gladstone-23.9151.32 37Halls Creek-18.2127.71 38Tennant Creek-19.6134.11 39Mt Isa-20.7139.52 40Newman-23.4119.72 41Giles-25128.32 42Meekatharra-26.6118.52 CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201439 43Oodnadatta-27.6135.52 44Kalgoorlie-30.8121.53 45Woomera-31.2136.83 46Cobar AMO-31.5145.83 47Bickley-32116.13 48Dubbo Airport-32.2148.63 49Katanning-33.7117.64 50Oakey-27.4151.72 51Forrest-30.8128.13 52Swanbourne-32115.83 53Ceduna-32.1133.73 54Mandurah-32.5115.73 55Esperance-33.8121.94 56Mascot AMO-33.9151.24 57Manjimup-34.2116.14 58Albany-35117.84 59Mt Lofty-35138.74 60 Tullamarine (Melbourne Airport) -37.7144.95 61Mt Gambier-37.8140.85 62Moorabbin-38145.15 63Warrnambool-38.3142.45 64Cape Otway-38.9143.55 65Orange Air Port-33.4149.14 66Ballarat-37.5143.85 67Low Head-41.1146.86 68Launceston Airport-41.5147.26 69Thredbo Valley-36.5148.34 CSR House Standard CSR House Standard Daylight Report 26.05.201440 APPENDIX E MIN Tvw, is the minimum Visual light transmission permissible WFR, is the design criteria required for the window to floor area ratio including all internal spaces but excluding the garage. Benchmark 1 DL1 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*40+0.175))+0.17 Benchmark 1 DL2 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*36+0.175))+0.2 Benchmark 1 DL3 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*33+0.175))+0.21 Benchmark 1 DL4 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*31+0.175))+0.22 Benchmark 1 DL5 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*29+0.175))+0.25 Benchmark 1 DL6 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*26+0.175))+0.27 Benchmark 2 DL1 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*60+0.25))+0.03 Benchmark 2 DL2 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*55+0.22))+0.06 Benchmark 2 DL3 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*50+0.22))+0.07 Benchmark 2 DL4 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*48+0.21))+0.08 Benchmark 2 DL5 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*47+0.17))+0.1 Benchmark 2 DL6 MIN Tvw = (1/(WFR^2*45+0.13))+0.13