csp research in france and actual developments in high ... · promes-cnrs ... csp research in...

Cyril CaliotGilles FlamantAlain FerrierePROMES-CNRShttp://www.promes.cnrs.fr/

[email protected]

CSP Research in France and Actual Developments in High Temperature

Volumetric Solar Absorbers

26 June 2013 – KORANET: Porous Ceramics for CSP Applications 2

Content

• CSP in France: Private and Public Sectors• CSP at PROMES-CNRS• State of the Art of High Temperature Volumetric Solar Absorbers• Research Activities about HT Foam Absorbers at PROMES

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Recent In-Country Developments/Activities:

Investment for the Future (2011)

“Renewable and Carbon Free Energy and Green Chemistry”

• Equipment of excellence SOCRATE: PROMES (4.5 M€)

• Laboratory of excellence SOLSTICE: PROMES-IES-RAPSODEE (10 M€)

• 4 CSP Demonstration projects funded (total 19.1 M€)• MICROSOL (coord. Schneider Electric), PT (water 150°C)

• LFR500 (coord. SolarEuromed), LFR, DSG (500°C)

• E-CARE (coord. CNIM), LFR, ORC (SSteam at 300°C)

• STARS (coord. AREVA), Storage in CSP

26 June 2013 – KORANET: Porous Ceramics for CSP Applications

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Private Companies

• ALSTOM: Solar Tower; partnership with BrightSource Energy Inc (2010)

– 121 MWe (Magalim, 2017) Israel

HT and HP steam (no storage)

• AREVA Solar: Linear Fresnel– Tucson (Arizona, USA, 2013)

Solar Boost 5Me (156MWe coal/gas fired) Superheated Steam– Dhursar (Rajastan, India, 2013)

2*125 MWe Superheated Steam– Kogan Creek (Queensland, Australia,

2013)

Solar Boost 44Me (750MWe coal fired) Superheated Steam– Sandia Nation. Lab.: Molten Salt for

Storage

• CNIM: Linear Fresnel; – prototype 500kWe – demonstration plant 10MWe (Llo, France,

2014)


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Private Companies• EDF with IEECAS has a joint research

program: – Modelling and experimental validation

• GDF Suez– with Solar Power Group: Mejillones (north

Chile, 2012)

LFR Solar Boost 5MW (150MW coal fired) Superheated Steam – With Tractebel Engineering: Upington (SA)

Tower 100 MW, molten salt and storage

• Solar Euromed:– Augustin Fresnel 1, (Targassone, France)

Experimental LFR, Direct-Steam-Generation– Alba Nova 1 (Corsica, France, 2014)

LFR 12 MWe Direct-Steam-Generation

• Total with Masdar and Abengoa Solar:– Shams 1 (Madinat Zayed, UAE)

Parabolic Tr. 100MWe Oil/Superheated Steam

•26 June 2013 – KORANET: Porous Ceramics for CSP Applications

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In-Country R&D Activities:


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PROMES-CNRS Laboratory

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At a glancecreated 43 years ago by Felix Trombe,170 people involved50 PhD and students

The largest solar furnace in the world

A CSP tower power plant at pilot scale, Thémis.

10 parabola (1.5-2kW and 5kW), 1 Dish(50kW), 1 PT loop (2014)

1 MW on a 80 cm focus 3000 °C

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CSP at PROMES-CNRS Odeillo

• New Heat Transfer Fluid (particles suspensions)• Mini-PEGASE and PEGASE projects (Themis solar tower test center)• High Temperature Surface Receivers (compact metallic and ceramic

cavities)• High Temperature Volumetric Receivers• Thermal and Chemical Storage• High Temperature Materials for CSP• Solar Fuels

ActivityReport: http://www.promes.cnrs.fr/uploads/pdfs/production/rapport_Promes_2010_2012.pdf


http://www.promes.cnrs.fr/uploads/pdfs/production/rapport_Promes_2010_2012.pdf

http://www.promes.cnrs.fr/uploads/pdfs/production/rapport_Promes_2010_2012.pdf

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High Temperature Material for CSP

• ZrC and HfC are possible candidates for high temperature solar receivers

• Tests, Oxydation during 20mn at 1800-2200K and 87kPa: – ZrC (30%vol MoSi2)– ZrC (30%vol TaSi)– HfC (30%vol MoSi)

• Oxides formation were studied by microscopic analysis• ZrC/TaSi is less deforming but more fragile

[email protected]


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High Temperature Solar Receivers for the Conversion of Solar Energy into Electricity

• Pressurized air solar receiver

• Optimization of heat transfers in pressurized air solar receivers by internal microstructure patterns

• Atmospheric air volumetric receivers


[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

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Modelling of Concentrating Optical Systems

• SOLFAST-4D (SOLar Facilities Simulation Tool with 4 Dimensions)

– collaboration program between PROMES and a company HPC – S.A, France.


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Radiation and Combined Transfers in Solar Receivers and Reactors

Solar reactor for the synthesis of hydrogen by thermal cracking of methane

Supercritical CO2 receiver


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CSP High Temperature Storage


650 – 1000°C

< 600°C

Comparison of recycled ceramics to available TESM :

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Lab scale prototype tests :

Cycles 30/150/280 °C 29 Nm3/h Cofalit flat plates

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Two-layers Porous Absorbers-Spectral Selectivity


Menigault et al, Sol Energ Mat, 1991 :

1) SiO2 particles and 2) SiC particles

Experiment: 72% @ 800°C

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Two-layers Porous Absorbers-Spectral Selectivity


Pitz-Paal et al, Sol Energ Mat, 1991 :

1) SiO2 Honeycomb and 2) Si-SiC Honeycomb

Modelling: 75% @ 1000°C

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State of the art atm. Vol. Rec.

1983-86 Mk-1 (3 kWth) thin wire mesh (Switzerland) : 70-90%, T<842°C1986-87 Mk-2 or Sulzer-1 (200 kWth) tests at PSA : 68% @550°C (calc 80%)1988 Sulzer 2 (200 kWth) enrolled wires : 79% @550°C (Hot points, no vol. effect, structure distorsion) ;

consortium formation PHOEBUS1992-94 TSA (2.5 MWth, PHOEBUS-TSA project) production of steam (480-540°C @ 35-150b), régulation :

85% @700°C (success but project of 115MWth in Jordanie avorted)

Open Loop Cycle : air at atmospheric pressure

TSA at PSA (CESA-1)


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1988-89 Catrec 1 (200 kWth) honeycomb : 80% @570°C (structure distorsion)1993 Bechtel 1 (2.3 kWth) braid wires (110 et 210µm) : 69% @820°C1993 Bechtel 2 (200 kWth) 3 meshes (110 et 200µm) : 66% @563°C (calc 90% @700°C) ;wind sensitive

and bad flow distribution (Sandia stopped research, followed by CIEMAT-PSA)1994-95 Catrec 2 (200 kWth) structure improvements (hexagonal elements, sealings) : T<460°C ; Flow

instabilities detected2001 Sirec (250 kWth) braid wires (Bechtel 2) : 48% @710°C ; regulation and air flow control difficult due

to large T gradients inside the absorber (600-760°C)

Sirec at PSA (SSPS-CRS)


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1988 Sandia foam (200 kWth) foam, 20 ppi, porosité 80%, Al2O3 with Pyromark coating: 65% @550°C (calc 85%) ; sealed pores by paint

1989-90 CeramTec (200 kWth) Si-SiC ducts (3*3mm, L=10mm) macrostructure crenels : 59% @782°C1990 Conphoebus-Naples (200 kWth) SiSiC ducts with multiple cavities and crenels: 60% @788°C



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1995 Hitrec 1 (200 kWth) R-SiC honeycomb: 75% @800°C ( simple regulation, fast start, temperature homogeneity, structure distorsion)

1995 Hitrec 2 (200 kWth) R-SiC honeycomb : 72% @800°C ; good behavior of the structure



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2001-02 Solair 200 (200 kWth) 3 VR tested (square modules): 1 36 re-SiC, honeycomb (81% @700°C, 75% @800°C) 2 18 re-SiC and 18 SiSiC, honeycomb (83% @700°C, 74% @800°C)3 Front Porous fibers : T<800 °C

2003 Solair 3000 (3 MWth) 270 re-SiC : 70-75% @750°C (2006, lead to semi-commercial Power Plant)2009 Julich SPP (1.5 MWe) 1000 re-SiC; Rankine cycle, Superheated steam, 485°C et 25b


Julich SPP

Solair 3000Solair 200

Hitrec


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State of the art press. Vol. Rec.

1989 PLVCR-5 (5 kWth) foam Si3N4 Pyromark coating, elliptical window: 4.2b, 71% @1050°C 1993 PLVCR-500 (500 kWth) foam Si3N4 with SiC coating, tronced pyramid, quartz spherical : 4.15b, 57%

@960°C ; window's thermo-mecanical stresses identified as a problem (flexibility, avoid T gradient)

Closed Loop Cycle: pressurized air


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1992-97 DIAPR (28-40 kWth) Porcupine receiver (porc-épic, 60% Al2O3 40%SiO2), conical window2.25mm) : 20b, 75% @1200°C ; production at HT & HP (Weizmann Institute)

1996-99 DIAPR multi-stages (30-60 kWth) 4 preheating stages (tubular receivers) : T<1000°C2009 Tulip Aora (100 kWe + 170 kWth) hybrid Brayton cycle, 1100 °C et 20b



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1992-97 DIAPR (28-40 kWth) Porcupine receiver (porc-épic, 60% Al2O3 40%SiO2), conical window2.25mm) : 20b, 75% @1200°C ; production at HT & HP (Weizmann Institute)

1996-99 DIAPR multi-stages (30-60 kWth) 4 preheating stages (tubular receivers) : T<1000°C2009 Tulip Aora (100 kWe + 170 kWth) hybrid Brayton cycle, 1100 °C et 20b



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1996-01 REFOS (350 kWth) mesh wire (Inconel 600), elliptical window (8mm, 19.5b), CPC : 15b, 67% @800°C ; design of light and performant CPC, bad insulation and window failure (DLR-CIEMAT at PSA)

2001-06 SOLGATE multi-stages (400 kWth) 3 stages, (1er tubular receiver, 2ieme REFOS, 3ieme REFOS with SiC foam 20ppi), 3 CPC : 15b, 70% @960°C ; Air temperature increases, 200 to 250°C / stage



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Advantages/ Drawbacks

• PROS– High temperature– High efficiency (R&D volumetric effect, selectivity)– Modular (no mobile parts)– Small stresses on absorbers

• CONS– Transparent window (shape, cooling)– Mechanical structure distorsion (cooling)– Bad air flow distribution (hot points, instabilities, non-

homogeneous incident flux, Wind and dust for atm. VR)– R&D for combustion chambers/turbines (hybrid cycles)– Investissement cost


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High Temperature Porous Solar Absorber


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Résultats :

Porosity : 0.75Pore diameter : 1.8mmDiffuse incidence : 800kW/m²MFR : 0,95 g/s/m²

1D Simulations T Solid absorber

1D Simulations, T air


30-31 mai 2013 - Journées ANR / EDF - ECLEER

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[email protected]

Numerical Foam Generation and MC Ray-Tracing

Low concentration of impurities

High concentration of impurities

SiC polymorph

Foam

Strut

Grain

Crystal

Chemical dopingImpurities

Intrinsic optical properties : influence of the chemical doping ?

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••


Thank you for your attention

� � � � � � � �� iknn �� ~~

Retrieval of the intrinsic optical properties : a hard task

Complex dielectric function model? Drude-Lorentz

Effective Medium Theory? Roughness effect?

Others?

� -SiC single crystals

Foam ‘s strut

No direct relation

http://www.nitride-crystals.com/

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 100001E-7

1E-5

1E-3

0.1

10

1000

100000

1E7

Ext

inct

ion

inde

x

Wave number (cm-1)

Al2O

3

� -SiC weakly doped � -SiC intermediatly doped � -SiC heavy doped

2000 4000 6000 8000 100001

10

100

1000

10000

Pe

netr

atio

n o

f in

fra

red

lig

ht (

µm

)

Wave number (cm-1)

Stru

t th

ickne ss

Opacity

Transparency

Radiative properties of a � -SiC strut at T = 300 K ?

What happens at high temperature → 1600 K?

csp research in france and actual developments in high ... · promes-cnrs ... csp research in...

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