csma with collision detection csma/cd can be in one of three states: contention, transmission, or...
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CSMA with Collision Detection
CSMA/CD can be in one of three states: contention, transmission, or idle.
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Collision-Free Protocols
The basic bit-map protocol.
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Collision-Free Protocols (2)
The binary countdown protocol. A dash indicates silence.
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Wireless LAN Protocols
A wireless LAN. (a) A transmitting. (b) B transmitting.
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Wireless LAN Protocols (2)
The MACA protocol. (a) A sending an RTS to B.
(b) B responding with a CTS to A.
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Ethernet
• Ethernet Cabling• The Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol• The Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm• Ethernet Performance• Switched Ethernet• Fast Ethernet• Gigabit Ethernet• IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control• Retrospective on Ethernet
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Ethernet Cabling
The most common kinds of Ethernet cabling.
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Ethernet Cabling (2)
Three kinds of Ethernet cabling.
(a) 10Base5, (b) 10Base2, (c) 10Base-T.
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Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol
Frame formats. (a) DIX Ethernet, (b) IEEE 802.3.
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Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol (2)
Collision detection can take as long as 2 .
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If a collision occurs• Binary exponential backoff algorithm
– Wait 0 or 1 contention interval (512bits) (random choice)
– Collide again, wait 0, 1, 2, or 3 intervals– …– … wait 0, 1, 2, … 1023 intervals
• Goal – efficiency both when little contention and a lot
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Ethernet Performance
Efficiency of Ethernet at 10 Mbps with 512-bit slot times.
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Switched Ethernet
A simple example of switched Ethernet.
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Fast Ethernet
The original fast Ethernet cabling.
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Gigabit Ethernet
(a) A two-station Ethernet. (b) A multistation Ethernet.
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Gigabit Ethernet (2)
Gigabit Ethernet cabling.
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Wireless LANs
• The 802.11 Protocol Stack
• The 802.11 Physical Layer
• The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol
• The 802.11 Frame Structure
• Services
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The 802.11 Protocol Stack
Part of the 802.11 protocol stack.
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The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol
(a) The hidden station problem.(b) The exposed station problem.
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The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (2)
The use of virtual channel sensing using CSMA/CA.
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Data Link Layer Switching
• Bridges from 802.x to 802.y• Local Internetworking• Spanning Tree Bridges• Remote Bridges• Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, Gateways• Virtual LANs
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Data Link Layer Switching
Multiple LANs connected by a backbone to handle a total load higher than the capacity of a single LAN.
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Bridges from 802.x to 802.y
Operation of a LAN bridge from 802.11 to 802.3.
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Bridges from 802.x to 802.y (2)
The IEEE 802 frame formats. The drawing is not to scale.
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Local Internetworking
A configuration with four LANs and two bridges.
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Spanning Tree Bridges
Two parallel transparent bridges.
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Spanning Tree Bridges (2)
(a) Interconnected LANs. (b) A spanning tree covering the LANs. The dotted lines are not part of the spanning tree.
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Remote Bridges
Remote bridges can be used to interconnect distant LANs.
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Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers and Gateways
(a) Which device is in which layer.
(b) Frames, packets, and headers.
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Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers and Gateways (2)
(a) A hub. (b) A bridge. (c) a switch.
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Virtual LANs
A building with centralized wiring using hubs and a switch.
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Virtual LANs (2)
(a) Four physical LANs organized into two VLANs, gray and white, by two bridges. (b) The same 15 machines organized into two VLANs by switches.
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The IEEE 802.1Q Standard
Transition from legacy Ethernet to VLAN-aware Ethernet. The shaded symbols are VLAN aware. The empty ones are not.
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The IEEE 802.1Q Standard (2)
The 802.3 (legacy) and 802.1Q Ethernet frame formats.
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Summary
Channel allocation methods and systems for a common channel.