YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012 11

St Jago High School students (from left) Roxanne Foster, Tramonique Wellington, Nyandah Newman and Domonick Smith of Angel’s Primary are ready to send their postcards totheir favourite athletes.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | 12 MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012

NNAATTAALLEEEE AA.. JJOOHHNNSSOONNContributor

GOOD DAY, students. This is lesson 28 of our series of TThhee GGlleeaanneerr’s IT lessons. In this week’s lesson wewill continue to look at coding in Pascal.

LOOPSPascal Code written Using Turbo Pascal 1.5

FOR LOOPSRemember your ‘For Loops’ are definite loops; whatever is placed in the blocked of the loop will be

executed a specified number of times. Let’s look at an example of a ‘For Loop’ using Pascal code.

EXAMPLE 2Write a program to read 10 integer scores, find the sum of the 10 scores and output the sum.

Pascallanguage

yl:information technology

WHILE LOOPS‘While Loops’, on the other hand, are indefinite loops, the block statements will continue to be executed

until a particular condition is met.EXAMPLE 3

Write a program to read a set of marks terminated by 999, the program should also find the sum of themarks and also output the sum of the marks.

REPEAT LOOPSThis loop, as you would recall, is quite similar to the while loops except the condition is tested at the end

of the loop. Thus, the block of statement(s) will continue to execute as long as the specified condition in theUNTIL statement is false.

Using the same program used in example 3, this is what the repeat loop would like.

EXAMPLE 4N.B.: There is no need for the key words ‘Begin’ and ‘End’ inside this loop or the assignment symbol‘:=’for the ‘until section’, a regular equal sign is used, for example, ‘Until Mark ‘=’ 999.

ARRAYSWhat is an Array?An array is a data structure that is used to store a fixed number of data items all of the same type. The

items (or elements) of the array are organised in sequence and can be accessed directly by specifying theirpositions in the sequence, using an index or subscript.

The index or subscript is the position of the item in the array. If only one index is used, the array is called

a one-dimensional array. If more than one index is used, it is referred to as a multidimensional array. Anarray is also seen as a list where the data being stored are displayed in a table format.

Here is an example of how an array is declared and how it is stored.The name of the array above is called ‘Num’ and its subscript value is 5, which means that this array list

can only store up to five elements.

To refer to the third value in array Num, we would specify its position in the array as a subscript of thearray name. That is, Num [3]. Arrays are, therefore, typically used to store and process a list of items.

We have come to the end of our lesson. See you next week when we will continue to look at the PascalCode and arrays. Remember that if you fail to prepare, you should prepare to fail.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012 13

YYVVOONNNNEE HHAARRVVEEYYContributor

HELLO AGAIN, everyone. I do hope thatyou’ve had a good week. This week’s lessonis centered on selling, merchandising and

adjustment of pricing policy. I hope you will enjoyit. I will begin with a discussion on selling as amarketing strategy.

SELLINGWhen a good or a service is sold, the ownership

is transferred from the seller to the buyer, who willthen utilise it. Selling is often referred to aspersonal selling because of the face-to-face natureof most types of selling.

In large companies, the sales force is headed bya sales manager. Small companies use freelancesalesmen, who sell the goods of more than onemanufacturer. Salesmen are paid a salary,commission or a combination of both.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD SALESMANm Possess a thorough knowledge of his productsm Has a good understanding of human nature and the customers’ points of viewm Should have energy and drive combined withcourtesy and patiencem Should be outgoing and friendlym Has the ability to plan his day and his ‘attack’ so that time is not wastedm Has the ability to see and understand how his competitors workm Should be honest and persuasivem Should be suitably dressed and groomedm Should provide after-sales services

TECHNIQUES OF SUCCESSFUL SELLING(STEPS IN SELLING)

11.. PPrroossppeeccttiinngg aanndd QQuuaalliiffyyiinnggThe salesperson seeks to identify prospective

customers and qualify them by assessing suchfactors as income earned, financial stability andearning potential.

22.. PPrree--aapppprrooaacchhThe salesperson seeks to discover as much as

possible about the prospect

33.. TThhee aapppprrooaacchhThe appearance of the salesperson and their

opening remarks are very important. The salesperson should not be overdressed and should talkon a mutually interesting topic before discussingthe prospective sale. A general discussion puts theprospective buyer at ease.

44.. PPrreesseennttaattiioonn aanndd ddeemmoonnssttrraattiioonnThe salesperson listens to the problems of the

client and finds a product to match his clients,needs. Sometimes, months of negotiation arenecessary before a sale can be closed.

55.. HHaannddlliinngg oobbjjeeccttiioonnssThe art of good salesmanship requires that

objections be turned into positive factors inorder to achieve a sale. In order to handleobjections well, the salesperson must know theproduct well and understand customers’ needs.

66.. CClloossiinngg tthhee ssaalleeThe most critical part in the process. If the

salesperson attempts to close the sale too soon,the customer will feel pressured and may end thewhole transaction. If the salesperson takes too longto close the sale, the customer will lose interest.

77.. FFoollllooww --uuppThis takes place after the sale has been closed

and includes after-sales services. It helps tomaintain a good customer-firm relationship. Thesale or the repeat sale may be lost if this importantstep is ignored.

MERCHANDISINGThis is one of the approaches to effective selling.

It involves the displaying of goods rather thansimply keeping them inside the shop or sellingpremises. The goods should be properly arrangedso as to get easy access to each one or to a group.They should be placed where they can be easilyseen.

Each article should be boldly marked with a pricelabel and other markings to avoid prospectivebuyers having to ask too many questions.Merchandising gets rid of the necessity to employ alarge number of shop assistants or sellers.

Prospective buyers can feel or touch goods oreven try them out in order to ascertain theirdurability or suitability. Merchandising alsofacilitates self-service.

Market vendors and street vendors are goodexamples of merchandising selling.

THE DISADVANTAGES OFMERCHANDISING ARE:

1. It is that it often makes it easy for shoplifting to take place.2. It allows for tampering of the goods. Many goods that are tampered with deteriorate easily orcan be destroyed easily.3. It sometimes clutters up small business places.

ADJUSTMENT OF PRICING POLICYThis is a means of ensuring effective selling by

giving discounts (cash and quantity). Buyers areencouraged to purchase more, therefore, the rate ofturnover and, by extension, the rate of profitsincrease.

HOMEWORKIt is very important, especially today, that persons

in business endeavour to maintain a goodcustomer-firm relationship. This is one of the areason the POB syllabus. Your task is to list themethods of maintaining a good customer-firmrelationship.

Next week’s lesson will begin with a discussionof the above and then proceed with other aspects ofmarketing. Bye for now.

Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High School. Sendquestions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

Selling &Merchandising

yl:principles of business

CONTRIBUTED

LIME 4G representatives Tash-Chane Case (right) and Suzette Powell (centre) explainto The Gleaner’s Janet Silvera how to use the new MiFi during the roll out of 4G in theparish of St James recently. Persons living in Bogue can now experience 4G.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | 14 MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012

FFRRAANNCCIINNEE TTAAYYLLOORR--CCAAMMPPBBEELLLLContributor

POINTS TO NOTE:m When chemical reactions occur, energy is transferred to or from the surroundings.m An exothermic reaction is one that transfers energy to the surroundings.m An endothermic reaction is one that takes energy from the surroundings.m Examples of exothermic reactions include combustion and neutralisation reactions.m Endothermic reactions include thermal decompositions and some dissolution reactions such as dissolving solid salts in water.m The enthalpy change (∆H) of a reaction is the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactants. (HP - HR).m For exothermic reactions, ∆H = -vem For endothermic reactions, ∆H = +vem Simple energy level (profile) diagrams can be used to show the relative energies of reactants and products and the activation energy of the reaction.m The energy released from a reaction can be measured using a calorimeter.m The amount of energy absorbed or released (Q) is found by multiplying mass and specific heat capacity and change in temperature. Q = mc∆Tm Energy is measured in joules (J).m Catalysts provide a pathway for a chemical reaction which uses a lower activation energy.

QUESTION 11. The following results were obtained by burning methane and

using the energy obtained to heat a known mass of water:

Mass of water = 250 gInitial temperature of water = 26 0CFinal temperature of water = 36 0CMass of methane = 0.2 g

Use this information to calculate the heat of combustion in KJ permole of methane. Assume that there are no heat losses and that the 4.2Jof energy are needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 0C.

ANSWERSQ1. Heat change for rxn = mass of soln x heat capacity of soln x

temperature change. This is an equation worth remembering!

H = 250g x 4.2 Jg-1C-1 x 10 C = 10.5 KJThis energy change was given out from the burning of 0.2g of

methane.1 mole of methane (CH4) has a mass of (12 + 4) = 16 g

# mol in 0.2 g = 0.2/16 = 0.0125 molThus 0.0125 mol give out 10.5 KJ of heat1 mole = 10.5/0.0125 = 840 KJ/mol

Francine Taylor-Campbell teaches at Jamaica College. Send questions andcomments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

Energychanges

yl:chemistry

Dispatch &transport officeHHYYAACCIINNTTHH TTUUGGMMAANNContributor

THE PAPERWORK involved in the dispatch and transport officecan be quite large. However, each document has a functionand, therefore, must be used correctly, handled carefully and

protected.

Documents used in the transport office are:

DELIVERY NOTEThe preparation for the despatch process is activated as soon as

an order is received in the Sales Department. The invoice clerkprepares the invoice and sends a copy to the factory office. This copyof the invoice is frequently referred to as the delivery note andsometimes as a packaging note. The term ‘packaging note’ refers tothe activity involved in the actual preparation of the goods fordespatch. The term ‘delivery note’ is also used because the deliveryis usually accompanied by copies of the document when the goodsare processed for delivery. When the delivery is made, a copy of thedelivery note is given to the customer for recordkeeping. The othercopy is signed by the customer; this documents the delivery of thegoods. The signed copy is returned to the office.

ADVICE NOTEAn advice note is a document used in the dispatch and transport

office to advise the customer that the goods will be dispatched on aparticular date, as well as the mode of transportation.

DESTINATION SHEETThe destination sheet gives details of the vehicle to be used, its

number, the driver’s name, the name of any assistant, the name andaddress of the recipient and a description of the products beingdelivered.

TRANSPORTATION BY AIR /SEAAirline delivery is more expensive. Airline delivery arrangements

are generally made when goods are needed urgently and also whenother methods of transportation are unavailable.

Whether goods are shipped by air or sea, the regulations laiddown by the airline and shipping carrier association and allgovernment agencies must be adhered to. A variety of documents arerequired for successful delivery of the products involved. Whenpackaging has been completed, the following documents should beidentified and used:

- certificates of origin- custom forms- insurance certificates- air waybills- bills of lading- export/freight invoices

FREIGHT INVOICESFreight invoices are basic to regular invoices, but apart from the

general labelling which must be put on each package, the name ofthe airline carrier/vessel should also be included on the invoice.

INSURANCE CERTIFICATEInsurance coverage has to be provided for the goods being

shipped, allowing claims to be made for any damages that may occurduring transportation.

AIR WAYBILLSThe main objective in using a waybill is to protect the airline

carrier if it should become necessary for the consignor to makeclaims for damage to or loss of goods.

A waybill must accompany any consignment of goods to betransported by air carriers. The waybill has three sections -

SECTION 1 Must be marked ‘for the carrier’ and signed by the consignor.

SECTION 2 Marked ‘for the consignee’ and accompany the goods.

SECTION 3 This is signed by the carrier airline and returned to the consignor.

BILLS OF LADINGA bill of lading is usually prepared in triplicate. The seller, the

buyer and the captain of the ship each receives a copy.

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINThis document gives proof of the origin of the goods, that is, from

which country they are shipped.

CUSTOMS FORMSCustoms regulations in each country must be adhered to. Goods

being despatched overseas require customs declaration form, and insome cases export licences. Special fees are charged on someproducts.

ACTIVITYFor each of the documents mentioned in this lesson, familiarise

yourselves with them and endeavour to complete them.

God bless and have a good week.

Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions andcomments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

yl:office administration

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012 15

yl:history

United States’ involvement in Haiti,Dominican Republic & Grenada

DDEEBBBBIIOONN HHYYMMAANNContributor

OBJECTIVES AT THE end of the lesson, you should be able to:1. Discuss the factors which resulted in the United States’ involvement in the following territories:a) Haiti (1915)b) Dominican Republic (1916)c) Grenada (1983)

2. Assess the consequences of the United States’ involvement in the above Caribbean territories.

HAITI (1915)m The United States began having a commercial and economic

influence on Haiti in the 1870s.

m The United States recognised the strategic importance andwould begin making investments in their economy. By 1913, theUnited States controlled 60 per cent of the Haitian market.

m The United States and the Dominican Republic feared that Haiti’sunstable political conditions and unstable finances as well as itschronic debt problem would invite European intervention.

m The United States feared German intervention in Haiti since thatnation had heavy investments in Haiti’s public utilities.

m The political conditions in Haiti were very unstable as between1888 and 1915 no Haitian president served his full term of office. InJuly 1915, President Guillaume Sam was overthrown in a bloody riot.The United States used this incident as an excuse to occupy Haiti.

m The major factors outlined for United States’ intervention werea) to prevent Haiti from falling into the hands of the Europeansb) to provide a stable governmentc) to put Haiti’s finances in order.

m During the occupation, the United States controlled Haiti’scustoms to facilitate the payment of debts to foreign creditors. Theyalso constructed roads and undertook improvements in health andsanitation.

m The long-standing Haitian law which had forbidden theownership of Haitian land by foreigners was revoked to enable easierUnited States investment in the republic. The occupation years alsowitnessed closer commercial ties with the US and Haiti.

m Like the Dominicans, the Haitians resisted the occupation whichdid not end until 1934. The major rebellion against the Americanoccupiers took place under the leadership of Charlemagne Peralte in1919. The rebellion was, in the first place, a protest against the brutalcorvee system, one of forced labour imposed by the Americans. ThePeralte revolt was suppressed, however, by 1929 when nationalistprotest reached the point almost of rebellion once more.

m In keeping with the Good Neighbour Policy, America decided towithdraw in 1934.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (1916)m The United States occupied the Dominican Republic during

1916-1924.

m For the United States, any sort of political instability in theDominican Republic could provide an opening to enemies of thatrepublic. One of the supposed enemies was Germany, which hadstrong commercial interests in Dominican tobacco and cocoa.

m The United States also came to the conclusion that one way ofsolving the problem in the Dominican Republic would be to bringabout financial stability, since it was the problem of the debts owed tothe European powers which brought about the dangers of intervention.

m In 1907, the Dominica-American Convention took place in whichit was agreed that the United States would supervise the collection ofcustoms duties and use 55 per cent of this to repay foreign debts. Inessence, what America agreed to do was to take control of therepublic’s finances by creating stability and thus preventing theintervention of other countries. Such action demonstrated America’s‘Dollar Diplomacy’.

m The United States made investments in the Dominican sugarindustry which led to a significant increase in sugar production.

m In 1916, the opportunity came for America to occupy therepublic when civil war broke out with the assassination of theDominican president. America sent her troops in to restore order andstability and to protect her investments.

m The occupation resulted in a massive increase in Americaninvestments in the sugar industry. There were improvements in roadconditions and various sanitation and public works programmes wereimplemented. A national constabulary was also established.

m The Dominicans, however, were unhappy with this occupation asthey realised that the American dollar was totally in control of thecountry’s economy. As with Panama and Cuba, national sentiment wasaroused against the Americans who were forced to withdraw in 1924.

GRENADA (1983)m Grenada became an independent state on February 7, 1974.

m The island, though achieving political independence, was highlystratified according to race, colour and wealth. Eric Gairy (leader)promised a shift in the balance of power within the status quo from asfar back as the 1950s, but was unable up to the 1970s to fulfil thispromise.

m Tightening economic control also caused many Grenadians tobecome disenchanted with Gairy’s leadership. To make matters worse,Gairy assumed dictatorial powers and instituted a ‘reign of terror’

against his opponents. Many of his critics were murdered as thepolitical, social and economic systems of Grenada collapsed.

m A group of discontents under the banner of the New JewelMovement led by a young attorney named Maurice Bishop staged abloodless coup in 1979, toppling Eric Gairy from power. The People’sRevolutionary Government (PRG) was then formed with MauriceBishop as prime minister of Grenada.

m The group suspended the 1967 constitution and dissolvedParliament. When Bishop’s government began the transformation ofGrenada into a Marxist state, the United States and other anti-communist states in the region became very concerned. Relationsbetween Grenada and the anti-communist bloc became strained asrelations with Cuba and the Soviet bloc improved. The United Statesbegan diplomatic actions aimed at preventing further communistincursion into the Western hemisphere.

m The Maurice Bishop-led government did not hold any generalelections but, instead, concentrated on increasing its militarycapabilities with assistance from its new allies. Cuban troops andworkers poured into Grenada to assist in the building of a newinternational airport at Port Salines. The fact that this airport was beingbuilt to accommodate large military aircrafts made the Americans andits allies very wary of the project.

m Extremists in Bishop’s party disagreed with his handling of thegovernment and took control of the government by overthrowing him.Bishop and other members of the PRG were arrested and soon afterexecuted by extremists who now formed a Revolutionary MilitaryCouncil under the leadership of General Hudson Austin.

m The new government surged ahead with its plan to makeGrenada a Marxist state. The United States appealed to other states inthe region to intervene in Grenada for the restoration of democracy.States in the Caribbean formed a coalition with the objective ofrestoring democracy in Grenada and purging the region of the fear of acommunist takeover.

m On October 25, 1983, American troops invaded Grenada withsupport from members of the Organisation of Eastern CaribbeanStates, Jamaica, St Vincent, St Lucia, Dominica, Barbuda andBarbados all committed troops in ‘Operation Urgent Fury’. ByNovember 2, 1983, the combined force had assumed control of theisland. General Austin was arrested, Cuban workers and soldiers weresent home and an interim government was installed.

m In December 1984, general elections were held in Grenada andHerbert A. Blaize of the New National Party became prime minister.

m The Grenada invasion marked yet another milestone inAmerican-Caribbean relations as, for the first time, Caribbean troopswere committed alongside American troops, assisting the UnitedStates in the preservation of democracy in the region.

Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hugh’s High School. Send questions and commentsto kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | 16 MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012

MMAAUURREEEENN CCAAMMPPBBEELLLLContributor

IT IS necessary to create new, modern and qualityhuman resources that may effectively accomplishthe goals of business and developmental policy

in a country. Development of human resources is adaily and seemingly eternal challenge that is facingour world today, as we live in a dynamic andchanging world. It has been argued that the successof a country and its organisations significantlydepends upon the manner in which it manageshuman potentials. It has become very important thatthe development of human resources be catered foras our employees are seen as performing the mostimportant function in our society today.

More than ever before, the only real competitiveadvantage of a country is recognised as the humanresources that are being utilised. This has resultedin emphasis being placed on the development ofhuman resources, and has become the centre ofmany researches as countries plan how best toinvest and expand their development. It isincreasingly on the budgets of countries as theyhave come to acknowledge that the development oftheir human resources is the key factor or differencebetween successful and unsuccessful development.Our present world economy depends largely on theemployees’ skills and knowledge, to a larger extent,than on the traditional industrial economy.

The most important element in our economy isbelieved to be the initiative, creative and problem-solving abilities of our human resources. The factthat human beings may affect the use of their ownpotential, as well as that of other resources, makesthem the most important resource in gainingcompetitive advantage for a country. By theircharacteristics, other resources also influence thisbut their importance depends mainly on theemployees.

Our human resource must be developed and thisis possible through:

m Proper nutritional practices and adequate health-care facilities, especially the availability of and access to primary and curative health care.m Education of the populace both academically and morally. There is, therefore, basic, moral, vocational and professional training, rehabilitation and training.m The availability and access to the various types of educational institutions.m The provision of scholarship for those who are financially unable to provide for their continuing education.m Sports and entertainment to keep the body and soul togetherm The enhancing of a country’s culture through varying activities.m Employment opportunities.

Points to note on employment, unemploymentand underemployment

UNDEREMPLOYMENT

A situation in which a worker is employed but not

in the desired capacity, whether in terms ofcompensation, hours or level of skill andexperience. While not technically unemployed, theunderemployed are often competing for availablejobs.

UNEMPLOYMENT OR BEING JOBLESSAccording to International Labour Organization,

this occurs when people are without jobs thoughthey have actively sought work within the last fourweeks.

EMPLOYMENT

The condition of having regular paid work.

According to economists, employment andunemployment result when the supply and demandfor human resources or labour is out of balance.Supply and demand is influenced by a range offorces that are the result of the interaction ofeconomic, structural and policy factors.

Economic factors affect both the supply anddemand sides of labour. Demand for goods andservices stimulates production which, in turn,generates employment.

Market-driven economies move in cycles and it

isduring the dips that unemployment may result.

Shifts in the world economy affect job availability.Not enough jobs to go around can result from adeclining manufacturing sector, a growing servicesector, changing consumption patterns,technological developments or competition.

Factors such as the ageing of the population,labour force participation rates, migration patterns,skills available/demanded, environmentalregulations, technological change will affectemployment patterns.

People may not be able to take advantage of jobopportunities because they lack the skills neededfor the jobs available in their area.

Frictional unemployment simply refers to peoplewho switch jobs. While they are between jobs, theyare considered as unemployed.

People get laid off from seasonal occupations inindustries such as construction, tourism andfisheries.

Low productivity may result from obsolete plantand equipment, high cost of labour per unit, hightransportation costs, bad management and hightaxes.

Increased automation may result in a decreaseddemand for labour. It can also result in skillredundancy where the original workers do not havethe technological skills necessary in the new typesof occupations. On the positive side, technologicalchange can result in new products, new markets orincreased productivity.

Rural-to-urban migration can increaseunemployment until the moving people find jobs.

Government policies continue to be used to affectthe economic outcomes such as the rate of inflation,deficit levels and international trade. This all affectsemployment levels.

High interest rates to combat inflation increasethe cost of doing business and increase the cost offinancing deficits. This may lead to unemployment.The exchange rate policy, keeping of the dollar high,may make products less competitive for yourcountry.

ACTIVITY1. Identify and explain the various types of

unemployment.2. Suggest three reasons why human resource is

important and state how these factors may beachieved by a country.

Maureen Campbell teaches at St Hugh’s High School. Sendquestions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

Developmentof humanresources

yl:social studies

Grace Jackson (right), director, sports development, shares a light moment with twointernational athletes from the High Performance Training Centre team,Andres Amador(left) from Puerto Rico and Anna Porran from Costa Rico at the UWI GatoradeInvitational Meet press briefing held on February 15 at UWI, Mona.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012 17

Natural systemsyl:geography

(Source: TThhee AAttmmoosspphheerriicc SSyysstteemm by Greg O’Hare and John Sweeney)

MMAARRJJOORRIIEE HHEENNRRYYContributor

THE THIRD area listed in the content for Natural Systems isrivers. I have chosen to share with you on two related topics:the water cycle and drainage patterns. You are required to

describe each as indicated in the specific objectives. Let me beginwith the water cycle.

The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, refers tothe global circulation of moisture (and heat) between the land andsea surface and the atmosphere. It is the means by which water ismade available on the land for the many uses by mankind andother life forms. The hydrological cycle is shown in the diagramabove.

It is composed of a series of stores or compartments in whichmoisture is held in various forms and amounts, and a sequence oftransfers and transformation of moisture between and within thedifferent stores. The hydrological cycle has no ‘beginning’ or ‘end’.It is an intricate combination of evaporation, transpiration, air massmovements, condensation, precipitation, run-off and ground-watermovement.

Knowledge of the different transfers is necessary in order tounderstand what is happening in the water cycle. In reference to theavailable textbooks, let us look at these transfers in more details.

EEvvaappoorraattiioonn:: the process in which liquid water is changed intowater vapour, which is a gas. Evaporation takes place mainly fromsurface water – ocean, lakes and rivers. The water evaporated fromthese sources is carried by air masses on to the land wherecondensation and precipitation take place. Energy is needed forevaporation to occur. The energy comes from the sun’s heat andfrom wind.

TTrraannssppiirraattiioonn:: the process when moisture loss from plantstransfers water from land or air.

CCoonnddeennssaattiioonn:: the process by which water vapour changes intowater droplets. It happens when water vapour is cooled to a levelknown as the dew point. Condensation forms clouds and can alsooccur at the surface as fog.

PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn:: this includes all forms of moisture falling from theatmosphere to the surface – on both land and sea. This is mainlyrain, ice, snow, sleet and hail.

SSuurrffaaccee rruunn--ooffff:: this includes all water running from the land intothe sea under gravity – rivers, underground water, unchannelledwater, glaciers.

GGrroouunnddwwaatteerr:: water beneath ground level that moves through thesoil and the rocks beneath the sea.

Take some time to practise the drawing of the water cycle andlabelling it correctly. If you find the diagram above too difficult todraw, search your textbooks for simpler diagrams. Be clear in yourminds about the different processes involved.

Drainage patterns will be discussed in the next lesson.

REFERENCESGGeenneerraall CClliimmaattoollooggyy by Howard J. CritchfieldTThhee AAttmmoosspphheerriicc SSyysstteemm by Greg O’Hare and John SweeneyGGeeooggrraapphhyy ffoorr CCSSEECC by Jeanette Ottley et alGGeeooggrraapphhyy ffoorr CCSSEECC by Nelson Thornes

Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments tokkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | 18 MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012

BBEERRYYLL CCLLAARRKKEEContributor

TODAY AS promised we will begin to discuss William Shakespeare’sAA MMiiddssuummmmeerr NNiigghhtt’’ss DDrreeaamm. The title of this play is very apt, don’tyou agree? Dreams play an important role in the play and what

transpires is more what expects to happen in dreams than in real life.

This play is categorised as a comedy. It does in fact end happily,even though this is the result of magic interfering in the lives of somecharacters and there is much humour. The focus is the romanticentanglements of some characters. At the beginning, we meet the Dukeof Athens, Theseus, who is engaged to Hippolyta the queen of theAmazons whom he had defeated in a war between them. Even as theyplan their wedding festivities, Theseus is called upon to settle aconflict between a father and his daughter who refuses to marry theman chosen for her by him. Very soon, we are presented with all thefacts when we, as audience meet not only the man, Demetrius, thefather Egeus wishes Hermia, his daughter to marry but also Lysander,who loves and is loved by Hermia.

Now let us become part of an audience in a theatre where this playis being performed. The opening scene takes place in the Atheniancourt where we meet the duke and his betrothed. They are discussingtheir approaching wedding and we get the ideas that they are eager forthe days to pass and they are concerned about the atmosphere of thecourt. Theseus wants to lighten the mood, to have merry making,laughter and fun. We are not surprised, then, when we later meet theworkmen who are planning an entertainment. A happy mood would beappropriate for the time of his marriage. It is into this scene thatEgeus breaks with the request for Theseus to decide hisdaughter’s fate. His explanation puts Lysander in the wrong,accusing him of using magic and pretence to turn hisdaughter from Demetrius.

We would have noticed as we watch and listen thathis description of Lysander’s behaviour shows a manacting as any man who was in love would have donein those days. In addition, we cannot but observethe attitude, the similarity of attitude between theDuke and Egeus. I have to ask a question now.“Young ladies, how would you feel if your fatherand your prime minister spoke about you,and to you, in this way?”

EEggeeuussI beg the ancient privilege of Athens;As she is mine, I may dispose of her;Which shall be either to this gentleman,Or to her death, according to our lawImmediately provided in that case.

TThheesseeuussWhat say you, Hermia? Be advised, fair maid.To you your father should be as a god;One that composed your beauties; yea and one,To whom you are but as form in waxBy him imprinted; and within his powerTo leave the figure or disfigure it.

This conversation reveals the power that fathers had over theirdaughters in the Athenian culture at that time. They held legalauthority, disobedience could lead to death. Of importance is theobvious harshness, perhaps even cruelty that emerges in the male-female relationship. It is hinted at when Theseus speaks about winningHippolyta with a sword and we will it meet again later among othercharacters. Remember, though, that this is a comedy and the darkoutcome introduced above is unlikely. In fact, the way in which Hermiaargues with them, suggests her fearlessness and strength and allowsthe Duke to tell her and us that she has a third choice and that is tobecome a nun.

Shakespeare soon softens the mood with an exchange betweenDemetrius and Lysander, which though Lysander’s response may beconsidered rude would have created some humour.

DDeemmeettrriiuussRelent, sweet Hermia, and Lysander yieldThy crazed title to my certain right.

LLyyssaannddeerrYou have her father’s love, Demetrius:Let me have Hermia’s; do you marry him.

Later we see and hear the workmen, who intend to perform what wasthen a popular work of drama PPyyrraammuuss aanndd TThhiissbbee, as well as theconfrontation between Oberon the king of the fairies and his queenTitania. So now we know that there are three distinctly different sets ofcharacters in the play. Clearly we realise that there is a love trianglewith all its attendant problems and there is disunity between Oberonand Titania. Our interest would now be about how the differenceswould be resolved; for we would feel sure that this being a comedy wewould not only laugh but would enjoy a happy ending. After all, ifformer enemies Theseus and Hippolyta could settle their differencesand be looking forward to their marriage, then surely the otherromantic problems could be satisfactorily cleared up.

This is a much loved play; so enjoy it. God bless!

Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments tokkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

yl:english literature

‘A Midsummer Night ’s Dream’WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012 19

MMOONNAACCIIAA WWIILLLLIIAAMMSSContributor

LAST WEEK we started our study of respiration and this week we continue as we look at the differencesbetween aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Do you remember what these types of respiration are? Ofcourse you do and, if you do not, after we have finished the table you will! After we have created the

table we will be looking at how the oxygen gets into living organisms, both plants and animals. Why do weneed to do this? Remember that this is the oxygen that will be used in tissue respiration.

TABLE SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Respirationyl:biology

That concludes our study of tissue respiration. Now go and find some past papers and attempt to answerthe questions on respiration.

Our focus shifts now to how the animal/plant gets the air containing the oxygen to the cells.

TThhee iimmppoorrttaannccee ooff bbrreeaatthhiinngg iinn hhuummaannss aanndd ggaasseeoouuss eexxcchhaannggee iinn ppllaannttssWhy do animals need to take in oxygen? As said previously, the oxygen that is taken in by the animal is

needed as a raw material for cellular/tissue respiration. They also need to get rid of the carbon dioxide thatis constantly being produced as a result of the process.

How the oxygen gets into the animal depends to a certain degree on where the animal lives, whether it isaquatic or terrestrial. Why do I say to a certain degree? Because, while the majority of aquatic animals haveand use gills to do so, there are some, for example whales, that are mammals and, therefore, have and uselungs, not gills. Despite the mechanism used to get the gases into and out of the animal’s body, the gaseousexchange surfaces have certain features in common. We will look at these features after we look at thefollowing.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN PLANTSIn plants, respiration takes place along with photosynthesis. Do you remember this process? If you do not,

please revise! Photosynthesis, as you know, produces oxygen, but more oxygen is produced than can beused in respiration. The extra oxygen leaves the plant through the stomata. Respiration produces carbondioxide but not enough is produced to supply the needs of photosynthesis, so the plant must take in more.Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata. At night, photosynthesis stops so oxygen has to enter theleaf while the carbon dioxide that is produced leaves. This is the reason it is advisable not to have plants inyour bedroom at nights, the plant will compete with you for oxygen. Remember, though, that plants do carryout photosynthesis in artificial light, hence it is not so much a problem in areas that are well lit at nights.

CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO GASEOUS EXCHANGES SURFACES1. Large surface areaIInn mmaannThe lungs have many air sacs or alveoli – if these are laid out side by side, they would cover a lawn

tennis court. Hence, it provides a large surface area.

IInn ffiisshh The respiratory surface is the gill. Each gill has soft, dark, red ‘string-like’ structures called gill lamellae.

This is where the exchange of gases takes place. Remember now that the medium is different, it is water!Hence, the oxygen is in a liquid medium instead of a gaseous one. The fish has to keep a continuous flow ofwater over its gills in order to extract sufficient oxygen for its needs. Have you ever looked at a fish in thewater? Look at the coordination between its mouth and its operculum! N.B. The operculum is the coveringfor the gills.

IInn ppllaannttssThe respiratory surfaces are the air spaces among the spongy mesophyll cells. Do you remember these

from photosynthesis?

2. A thin, moist surface area where:m Gases move by diffusion. Remember that diffusion can only take place over short distances. Hence, the surface area has to be thin. In man, the alveoli is only one cell thick.m The gases dissolve in the moisture prior to diffusion.

3. Constantly moving transport mediumm Do you remember what the transport medium is in man? Of course you do! It is the blood. Each alveolus is covered with blood capillaries. The medium must be constantly moving in order to maintain the concentration gradient. For diffusion to take place, a concentration gradient must be in place!m The blood supply and breathing in man, the blood supply and water movement in fish and the wind/air movements in plants.

Have a great week until we meet again!

Monacia Williams teaches biology at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | 20 MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012

CCLLEEMMEENNTT RRAADDCCLLIIFFFFEEContributor

AS PROMISED last week, we will proceed in lesson to review matrices

REMINDERSm A matrix is a rectangle array of numbers, for example, m The above is a 2 x 3 matrix, with 2 x 3 representing the order.m The order identifies the number of rows and columns, respectively.

Other examples of matrices follow.

Please determine the respective orders of the following:

I do hope that your answers are:- (a) 2 x 2 (b) 2 x 1 (c) 1 x 3

An analysis of the types of problems set by CXC would suggest that the following are the usual types setwith respect to matrices.

m Application of the arithmetic operations to matricesm Use of matrices to solve simultaneous equationsm Matrix transformation

In all these areas the methods involved are relatively straightforward. The students who take time out tounderstand, study and practise them experience very little difficulty. The areas providing most difficulty are:

m Multiplication of matricesm Determining the inverse of a matrixm Matrix transformation

Please spend adequate time to ensure that you are comfortable with them.

We will now review application of arithmetic operations to matrices.

MATRIX ADDITIONOnly matrices of the same order may be added or subtracted. Corresponding elements are added or

subtracted.

Matricesyl:mathematics

Please continue to practise addition and subtraction of matrices. Next week we will continue withmultiplication of matrices.

Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012 21

RROOXXAANNNNNNEE WWRRIIGGHHTTContributor

AN INEXPERIENCED bookkeeper has drawn up the following trial balance:

Trial balance, errors & suspense

account

yl:principles of accounts

TRIAL BALANCE AT APRIL 31, 2011

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO:(a) Prepare a corrected trial balance, giving an amended figure for the suspense account balance.

(b)After the trial balance in (a) had been corrected, the following errors were found:1. Additional fixed assets costing $720 had been bought. The purchases account had been debited. [>1]2. An expense payment $432 was entered in the accounts as $423. [>2]3. A cheque for $160 was sent to a creditor. The bank and the creditor’s account were both credited with this amount. [>3]4. The total of the Purchases Day Book had been under-added by $240. [>4]5. A credit note for $74 was sent to a customer but it had not been put through the books. [>5]Prepare journal entries to correct EACH of these errors. (Narrations are NOT required). [>6]

(c) Draw up the suspense account. Start with the amended balance from part (a) of your answer. Include any relevant entries from your corrections in part (b). [>8]

REASONING:

EXAMINATION PREPARATION TIP:As you get closer to your examination, to assist with your preparation, I encourage you to work at least

one question per day to keep the grade one in your reach. Match the questions you work with theexamination syllabus to be sure you are covering the examining board’s syllabus. Pay keen attention to theprinciples requested to solve the question and try to retain them.

Visit with me again next week when my presentation will be fixed assets accounts. See you then.

Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | 22 MARCH 27-APRIL 2, 2012

NNAATTAASSHHAA TTHHOOMMAASS--FFRRAANNCCIISSContributor

HELLO. AS was promised, I will give you the answers to themultiple-choice items given in last week’s lesson.

1. C 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. D6. A 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. B11. C 12. A 13. A

How many of these did you get correct? I hope all. If you did not,review the pieces and test yourself again.

This week I wish to give you more practice in responding tomultiple-choice items. Remember that you must engage in a processof elimination in order to arrive at the most appropriate answer.Sometimes you may be left with two close answers. In such a case,reread the section of the passage to which the question/item applies –most of the time the answer lies there.

Below, you will find two persuasive-type pieces: an advertisementand a letter to the editor. Read each comprehension piece carefully,peruse the questions and then make your selections.

Directions: Read the advertisement below and choose the bestanswer to each question that follows.

1. The advertisement begins with the lines to the tune of a well-loved Christmas carol because the advertiser wants to(A) Enliven Christmas with a little merry song(B) Give a good imitation of a carol(C) Associate the product with a happy feeling(D) Make a change from using ordinary language

2. The advertisement says the queue is getting long to(A) Suggest that everybody is waiting to see how good the product is(B) Warn buyers to wait until the queue gets shorter(C) Show that buyers have to wait because the product is scarce(D) Suggest that buyers must hurry to get what others are getting

3. The advertisement refers to Christmas(A) To suggest that things should be bought for Christmas(B) Because people have to choose what to buy at Christmas(C) Because it mentioned Good King Wenceslas(D) To remind people that Christmas is coming

4. The advertisement says life is short and good times go quickly(A) To encourage people to buy television sets now(B) To remind people that the penalty for sin is death(C) To help people to appreciate the value of time(D) To ask people to be good to others, especially at Christmas

5. The phrase people who enjoy the better things of life is used(A) To make a factual statement about some people(B) To make you think you are one of those people(C) To show how some people have privileges(D) To distinguish between different groups of people

6. In the sentence, So they choose GOODWIND, the word So is used(A) To act only as a connecting word between sentences(B) To inform you about what certain people do(C) To reveal how better things in life are chosen(D) To suggest how logical and right it is to choose the product

Directions: Read the letter below and choose the BEST answer to each question that follows.

7. What is the writer’s aim in this letter to the editor?(A) To complain about the practice of toddlers behind steering wheels(B) To inform the public about the practice of toddlers behind steering wheels(C) To persuade persons on his views on the issue of toddlers behind steering wheels(D) To exaggerate about the issue of having toddlers behind steering wheels

8. What does the writer imply by the words ‘need I go on?’ (line 19)(A) The point has been made(B) There is no other point to contribute(C) Responsible persons will understand what the writer means

(D) The letter is easily understood

9. The word ‘responsible’ (line 5) is put in quotation marks because(A) The writer is stating a fact all should know(B) The writer is stating an opinion(C) The writer wants to draw attention to the actions of parents(D) The writer is being sarcastic towards the actions of parents

10. The use of rhetorical questions in lines 16-18 implies that(A) The writer is annoyed by parents’ actions(B) The writer is appealing to the readers’ sensibility(C) The writer is making his letter more credible and sound(D) The writer is adding interest and dynamism to his letter

11. Which of the following does the writer mean by ‘hardly’ (line 13)?(A) Not necessarily(B) Not at all(C) Possibly not(D) Maybe not

I leave with you a word of advice: Never leave an unansweredquestion in the multiple-choice exam, for even if you guess an answer,you have a 25% chance of getting it right!!

Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches Glenmuir High School. Send questions andcomments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

Multiple-choice practice 2yl:english language

Chrisan Blake, St Jago High school sixth-former is busymaking a postcard for her favourite athlete, 400mhurdler Melanie Walker, under the watchful eyes ofPaulette Benjie, senior librarian, St Catherine ParishLibrary.