csci 690 csci-690 c omputer networks: shrinking the globe one click at a time lecture 1 khurram kazi
TRANSCRIPT
New York Institute of Technology
Engineering and Computer Sciences
CSCI 690
CSCI-690Computer Networks:
Shrinking the globe one click at a time
Lecture 1
Khurram Kazi
New York Institute of Technology
Engineering and Computer Sciences
CSCI 690 2
Major sources of the slides for this lecture
Some of the Slides used in this lecture are from Tanenbaum’s and William Stallings’ websites
K. Kazi Optical Networking Standards: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals
Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie, Computer Networks: A Systems Approach
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Course Outline
This course provides an introduction to the fundamentals and the applications of data communications networks. Network architectures, topology, protocols, network services and models will be discussed. Some of the protocols the course will cover are: Protocols based on Internet Protocol (IP) (Layer 3 and above) Routing fundamentals and protocols within IP Network (Layer 3 and
above) Ethernet (10/100 Mb/s, 1/10/100(??) Gb/s Ethernet) (LAN, Metro and
Wide Area Networks) Synchronous Optical Networks (SONET) (Wide Area Network) Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) (Wide Area Network) MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) (Layer 2.5) Switching and routing architectures will be presented
(Hardware/Software implementation architectures) Time permitting we will cover some aspects of Cellular Networking and
Next Generation Network Architecture (NGN) (Time permitting) Services provided by various networks (Time permitting) Network Security (Time permitting) OPNET (a premier network simulator) maybe be used in simulating
various aspects of networking concepts.
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Grading Policy
Assignments & short quizzes 30% 1 Midterm Test 30% Final Project 40% Final Projects will be in any topic of interest within
the Data Networking field There will be an Oral presentation of the project along with
a written report Class participation can sway the grade (so highly
encouraged, don’t be shy to ASK questions) NYIT’s Academic Integrity policy will be
strictly enforced. Any student found to be cheating (in the assignments, quizzes, Midterm etc.) will get a straight “F”
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Do’s and Don’ts for the Final Project
DO NOT use any report / design from the net. I will know if you did!!
Properly referenced work that is not plagiarized is acceptable
Most of it should be your work!! Select the topic that interests you. Be creative in it!
Designing some aspect in software or hardware will be highly encouraged as opposed to doing an overview/report on some networking technology
By mid semester have a good idea of your project Team of 2 students working on the same project is
allowed. Each team member’s task within the project should be
explicitly defined.
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Intended Results at the Culmination of the Course You should have a good understanding of
networking technologies Ability to implement (in software) varied
networking protocols Should be able to architecturally design various
components of the diverse networks Design of a router/switching Network Element
Protocol Handling/protocol stacksLine CardsSwitch FabricsHave a good understanding of various
WAN/MAN/LAN Technologies Ability to figure out which aspect is
implemented in hardware and what is designed in the software
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Recommended Books
1) The Internet and Its Protocols; A Comparative Approach, Adrian Farrel, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2004, ISBN 1-55860-913-X
2) Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, Kurose, Ross, 5th Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2010, ISBN 978-0-13-607967-5
3) Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie, 4th Edition, Morgan Kaufman, 2007, ISBN 978-0-12-370548-8
4) Computer Networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003, ISBN 0-13-066102-3
5) Internetworking with TCP/IP Principles, Protocols, and Architectures, 4th Edition, Volume 1, Prentice Hall, 2000, ISBN 0-13-018380-6
6) Optical Networking Standards: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals, edited by Khurram Kazi, Springer, 2006, ISBN 0-387-24062-4
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Useful websites
Tanenbaum’s website at Prentice Hall http://authors.phptr.com/tanenbaumcn4
William Stalling’s (Another good text book on data and computer networks) Website http://www.williamstallings.com/DCC/DCC8e.html
Excellent site for the latest trends in networking www.lightreading.com
Standards Organizations and Industry Forums Internet Engineering Task Force
http://www.ietf.com MetroEthernet Forum
http://metroethernetforum.org International Telecommunication Union (ITU): The leading United Nations
agency for information and communication technologies http://www.itu.int
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) LAN/MAN Standards Committee http://www.ieee802.org
OPNET (Network simulator that we will be using) www.opnet.com
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Standards Organizations: ITU
Main sectors• Radiocommunications• Telecommunications Standardization• Development
Classes of Members• National governments• Sector members• Associate members• Regulatory agencies
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Standards Organizations: IETF
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. It is open to any interested individual. The IETF Mission Statement is documented in RFC3935.
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Standards Organizations: IEEE 802 Standards
The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with † gave up.
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Implication of the Designs we work on; keep few things in mind!
During the design process we always make trade-offs Trade-offs can be based on time to market, cost
implications, complexity, environmental considerations etc. Ethics: Keep in mind the implications of what you are
designing, how it impacts the society!! Privacy vs. Security is a big issue in networking
Network designs inherently deal with Implementing of standardized solutions based on regional or global
standards developed by industry forums or international standards organizations
Power consumption considerations: Making the Designs Green; Environmental friendly!! Especially true for Data Centers, cell sites and cellular networking infrastructure etc.
IEEE 802.3AZ working group has defined Energy Efficient Ethernet PHY specification
Cost/performance trade-offs
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Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy
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Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy
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Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy
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Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy
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Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy
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Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy
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Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy
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Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy
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Methods to Save Energy Reduce Link Rate
Can (and does) save energySome NICs drop link rate when a laptop is
battery powered–Or, when a PC goes into sleep stateTurns-off PHY if no signal on link
Match the link rate to utilizationHigh utilization = high link rateLow utilization = low link rate
Currently implemented using auto-negotiationSet the Technology ability bits/message codes and
then reset the linkTakes about 1000 milliseconds (a loooooooong
time)
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Methods to Save Energy Need for fast transitions Need for fast transitions
Can extend the benefits of link data rate reduction By making the data rate transition faster
Need a faster way than auto-negotiation When I need high data rate, I need it now Can’t advertise the desire to change to a higher speed
Need a mechanism that is transparent to upper layers
Need a standard mechanism to rapidly transition: From low to high data rate From high to low data rate
Within the capabilities established by Auto Negotiation
IEEE Working Group 802.3AZ has developed the Energy Efficient Ethernet PHY specification
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Uses of Computer Networks
• Business Applications• Home Applications• Mobile Users• Social Issues• Vehicular networks• Industrial/manufacturing networks
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Business Applications of Networks
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Business Applications of Networks (2)
The client-server model involves requests and replies.
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Home Network Applications
Access to remote informationPerson-to-person
communicationInteractive entertainmentElectronic commerce
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Home Network Applications (2) In peer-to-peer system there are no
fixed clients and servers.
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Network Applications
Some forms of e-commerce.
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Types of Network
Metropolitan Area NetworksLocal Area NetworksWide Area NetworksCellular NetworksWireless Networks (could be
Broadband Networks or LANs)Home NetworksInter-networks
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Network classification based on distances
Classification of interconnected processors by scale.
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Fuzzy Networking Demarcation Points
Metro Edge
Metro Area Network
(Metro Core)
Premise(Enterprise Networks)
Metro Edge
Metro Area Network
(Metro Core)
Wide Area Network(Core/backbone/
Long Haul)
Bigger Pipes less intelligence in transportSmaller Pipes Higher intelligence in aggregation/
switching
Premise(Enterprise Networks)
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Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing
Interfacing Routing
Signal generation Recovery
Synchronization Message formatting
Exchange management Security
Error detection and correction Network management
Flow control
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A Communications Model
or cable/DSL modem
or cable/DSL modem or cable network
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Data Communications Model
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Transmission Medium
Selection is a basic choice internal use entirely up to business long-distance links made by carrier
Rapid technology advances change/mix various transmission medium fiber optic Copper Cable (still alive and widely used) Wireless (microwaves, satellite, light waves, cellular
etc.) Transmission costs still high (but decreasing as
time progresses) Hence interest in efficiency improvements
(never ending so to speak!)
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Some of the Drivers for Innovative Networking Technologies
Growth of number & power of computers is driving need for interconnection
also seeing rapid integration of voice, data, image & video technologiesVoice over IP IPTVTraditional net connectivity for data
transmissionsGaming industry
Interactive gaming services enabling multiple players across diverse geographical locations
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Types of Networks: Wide Area Networks
Span a large geographical area Cross public rights of way Rely in part on common carrier circuits Technologies used include:
circuit switching packet switching (IP or MPLS based) Ethernet based transport Legacy Technologies
frame relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
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Types of Networks:Wide Area Network
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Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.
Types of Networks:Wide Area Network
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Types of Networks:Wide Area Network
A stream of packets from sender to receiver.
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Circuit Switching
Uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation
Comprising a sequence of physical links with a dedicated logical channel
e.g. telephone network
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Packet Switching
Data sent out of sequence over diverse paths
Small chunks (packets) of data at a time
Packets passed from node to node between source and destination
Used for terminal to computer and computer to computer communications
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Types of Networks:Metro Area Network
MANMiddle ground between LAN and WANPrivate or public networkHigh speed Large area
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Types of Networks:Metro Area Network
Headquarters to Printing site(15 miles)
HQ to Carrier Hotel(5 miles)
Printing Site to Carrier Hotel(15 miles)
2 Gigabit Ethernet Channels2 Fibre Channels1 multiplexed fiber (T1, T3, 10/100 Ethernet
1 Gigabit Ethernet Channels1 multiplexed fiber (T1, T3, 10/100 Ethernet
1 Gigabit Ethernet Channels1 multiplexed fiber (T1, T3, 10/100 Ethernet
Headquarters
Carrier Hotel
Printing site
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Types of Networks:Metro Area Network
A metropolitan area network based on cable/Satellite service providers.
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Types of Networks:Local Area Networks
Smaller scopeBuilding or small campus
Usually owned by same organization as attached devices
Data rates much higherSwitched LANs, e.g. EthernetWireless LANs
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Types of Networks:Local Area Networks
Two broadcast networks (a) Bus (b) Ring
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Types of Networks:Wireless Networks
Categories of wireless networks:
System interconnectionWireless LANsWireless WANs
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Types of Networks:Wireless Networks
(a) Bluetooth configuration (b) Wireless LAN
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Types of Networks:Wireless Networks
(a) Individual mobile computers (b) A flying LAN (several airlines
offer internet connectivity during flights)
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Types of Networks:Home Networking
Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals
Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)
Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)
Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, air-conditioning etc.)
Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam).
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Home Networking:Digital Living Room
Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) http://www.dlna.org/en/industry/about
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The Internet Internet evolved from ARPANET
first operational packet networkapplied to tactical radio & satellite nets alsohad a need for interoperability led to standardized TCP/IP protocols
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Internet Elements
SONET/OTH (MPLS based routing)
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Internet Architecture
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Example Configuration