csa3212: user adaptive systems
DESCRIPTION
CSA3212: User Adaptive Systems. Lecture 8: Case Studies. Dr. Christopher Staff Department of Computer Science & AI University of Malta. Aims and Objectives. Adaptive navigation in Letizia, Personal WebWatcher, WebWatcher, and HyperContext Adaptive Presentation in MetaDoc. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
CSA3212:User Adaptive Systems
Dr. Christopher StaffDepartment of Computer Science & AI
University of Malta
Lecture 8: Case Studies
2 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Aims and Objectives Adaptive navigation in Letizia, Personal
WebWatcher, WebWatcher, and HyperContext
Adaptive Presentation in MetaDoc
3 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Aims and Objectives We will look at three different approaches
to adaptive Hypertext Adaptive navigation using link
recommendation Personal WebWatcher
Adaptive presentation using stretchtext MetaDoc
Context-based adaptive navigation HyperContext
4 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Adaptive Navigation Adaptive Navigation-local reconnaissance
is highly related to link annotation E.g., Letizia, WebWatcher, Personal
WebWatcher, HyperContext
5 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Adaptive Navigation Differences in ITS and generic approaches to
adaptive navigation ITS aim is to transfer knowledge efficiently by guiding
through a learning space Learned, ready to be learned, not ready to be learned
Generic aim is to guide user through document space to relevant information (that is ideally also at the level of simplicity required by user!)
Relevant, not relevant (what about “related to long-term interest X?”)
6 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Adaptive Navigation Letizia
Predicts a user’s interest as the user browses and suggests links to relevant document in the vicinity of the user’s current location
User tends to traverse Web graph “downwards”, but relevant information may lie sideways
Observes user behaviour to determine user interests (eg, “skipping” links, bookmarking...)
Makes recommendations based on “persistence of interest” lieberman95letizia.pdf
7 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Adaptive Navigation WebWatcher
Guides users through a web site based on interaction with past users
Users express a query and are guided to relevant documents
Associates what users are interested in with documents that they mark as relevant
Marks up links with terms used by users, and terms that occur in “downstream” documents
webwatcher.ijcai97.pdf
8 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Personal WebWatcher recommends documents to a user based on an analysis of the documents that the user has browsed
References: Mladenic, D. (1996), Personal WebWatcher: design and implementation. Available on-line at
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/theo-4/text-learning/www/pww/papers/PWW/pwwTR.ps.Z
Mladenic, D. (1999), Machine learning used by Personal WebWatcher. Available on-line at http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/theo-4/text-learning/www/pww/papers/PWW/pwwACAI99.ps.gz
Additional information about Personal WebWatcher can be found at http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/theo-4/text-learning/www/pww/index.html
Personal WebWatcher
9 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Personal WebWatcher PWW observes users of the WWW and
suggests pages that they may be interested in
PWW learns the individual interests of its users from the Web pages that the users visit
The learned user model is then used to suggest new HTML pages to the user
10 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Personal WebWatcher Architecture
a Web proxy server
The proxy saves URLs of visited documents to disk
a learner The learner uses
them to generate a model of user interests
When a user visits a Web page, PWW’s proxy server also analyses out-links
Recommends those similar to user model
11 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Learning the user model Operates in batch mode Revisits all documents visited by user and
those lying one link away Visited documents are +ive examples of
user interests Non-visited are -ive examples
12 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Personal WebWatcher Model used to predict if a page is likely to
be relevant (+ive) or not (-ive) Predictor looks one step ahead from
document requested by user Links in requested document are marked up
13 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
HyperContext HyperContext assumes that the scope of
relevance within a document is dependent on its context
Remember that information is data in context…
… knowledge is information used in the correct context
14 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
HyperContext HyperContext also assumes that a link is
evidence that the destination document is relevant to the parent (in some way)
Is all of a document relevant in its entirety to all of its parents?
HyperContext says not. Can semi-automatically determine which
regions in the child are relevant to the parent
15 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
HyperContext Context is used in two ways
To create interpretations of documents in context
Interpretation = relevant terms from parent added to child, and remove non-relevant terms from child
To construct a short-term model of user interests as a user browses through hyperspace
Pick up relevant terms from the interpretations that are visited and “add” them to user model
16 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
HyperContext Interpretations, as well as original
documents, are indexed Query can be automatically extracted from
user model and submitted to IR system User can be guided to relevant information
(link recommendation), or shown “See Also” references
17 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
HyperContext Uses Information Retrieval-in-Context to
guide users to information in hyperspace (up to 7 link traversals away)
Once user has navigated to a location which probably contains information, can submit query to search “context sphere”
With Adaptive Information Discovery, system generates query on behalf of user
HCTCh5.pdf
18 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
Adaptive Presentation Approaches are generally intended to make
the content more understandable to the user automatically including glossary explanations
of terms unknown to the user removing extraneous information, or
information known to the user showing information in format preferred by
user...
19 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
MetaDoc Adaptive presentation of text Documentation reading system that has
hypertext capabilities Reference:
Boyle, C., and Encarnacion, A.O., 1994, “Metadoc: An Adaptive Hypertext Reading System”, in Brusilovsky, et. al. (eds), Adaptive Hypertext and Hypermedia, 71-89, 1998, Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
20 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
MetaDoc Goal:
“A hypertext document that automatically adapts to the ability level of the reader”
No need for reader to “skip” text, or to look elsewhere for further information
21 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
MetaDoc Mechanism:
Stretchtext Coined by Ted Nelson, 1971 Transitions from one level to the next need
to be smooth (HCI) User model used to determine ability level
of user
22 of [email protected] University of Malta
CSA3200: Lecture 8© 2005- Chris Staff
MetaDoc User Model:
Stereotypes: Novice, beginner, intermediate, expert
Concept Level: Concept levels are associated with stereotypes If user level is lower than the level required to
understand the concept, the text is stretched to explain it
Conversely, more detail is provided to the expert reader