cs294-32: dynamic data race detection koushik sen uc berkeley

CS294-32: Dynamic Data Race Detection

Koushik SenUC Berkeley

Race Conditions

class Ref { int i; void inc() { int t = i + 1; i = t; }}

Courtesy Cormac Flanagan

Race Conditions

class Ref { int i; void inc() {

int t = i + 1;

i = t; }} Ref x = new Ref(0);parallel { x.inc(); // two calls happen x.inc(); // in parallel}assert x.i == 2;

A race condition occurs if

• two threads access a shared variable at the same time without synchronization

• at least one of those accesses is a write

Race Conditions

class Ref { int i; void inc() {

int t = i + 1;

i = t; }} Ref x = new Ref(0);parallel { x.inc(); // two calls happen x.inc(); // in parallel}assert x.i == 2;

t1 t2

RD(i)

RD(i)

WR(i)

WR(i)

Lock-Based Synchronization

class Ref { int i; // guarded by this void inc() { synchronized (this) {

int t = i + 1;

i = t; } }} Ref x = new Ref(0);parallel { x.inc(); // two calls happen x.inc(); // in parallel}assert x.i == 2;

• Field guarded by a lock

• Lock acquired before accessing field

• Ensures race freedom

Dynamic Race Detection• Happens Before [Dinning and

Schonberg 1991]• Lockset:

– Eraser [Savage et al. 1997]– Precise Lockset [Choi et al. 2002]

• Hybrid [O'Callahan and Choi 2003]

Dynamic Race Detection• Advantages

– Precise knowledge of the execution• No False positive [Happens Before]• Unless you try to predict data races

[Lockset]

• Disadvantages– Produce false negatives

• because they only consider a subset of possible program executions.

What we are going to analyze?• A trace representing an actual execution

of a program• Trace is sequence of events:

– MEM(m,a,t): thread t accessed memory local m, where the access a 2 {RD,WR}

• m can be o.f, C.f, a[i]– ACQ(l,t): thread t acquires lock l

• Ignore re-acquire of locks. l can be o.– REL(l,t): thread t releases lock l– SND(g,t): thread t sends message g– RCV(g,t): thread t receive message g

• If t1 calls t2.start(), then generate SND(g,t1) and RCV(g,t2)

• If t1 calls t2.join(), then generate SND(g,t2) and RCV(g,t1)

How to generate a trace?

class Ref { int i; // guarded by this void inc() { synchronized (this) {

int t = i + 1;

i = t; } }} Ref x = new Ref(0);parallel { x.inc(); // two calls happen x.inc(); // in parallel}assert x.i == 2;

class Ref { int i; // guarded by this void inc() { print(“ACQ(“+id(this)+”,”+thisThread+”)”); synchronized (this) {

print(“MEM(“+id(this)+”.i,RD,”+thisThread+”)”);

int t = i + 1;

print(“MEM(“+id(this)+”.i,WR,”+thisThread+”)”);

i = t; }

print(“REL(“+id(this)+”,”+thisThread+”)”); }} Ref x = new Ref(0);parallel { x.inc(); // two calls happen x.inc(); // in parallel}assert x.i == 2;

Instrument a Program

Sample Traceclass Ref { int i; // guarded by this void inc() { print(“ACQ(“+id(this)+”,”+thisThread+”)”); synchronized (this) {

print(“MEM(“+id(this)+”.i,RD,”+thisThread+”)”);

print(“MEM(“+id(this)+”.i,WR,”+thisThread+”)”);

i = i + 1; }

print(“REL(“+id(this)+”,”+thisThread+”)”); }} Ref x = new Ref(0);parallel { x.inc(); // two calls happen x.inc(); // in parallel}assert x.i == 2;

ACQ(4365,t1);

MEM(4365.i,RD,t1)

MEM(4365.i,WR,t1)

REL(4365,t1);

ACQ(4365,t2);

MEM(4365.i,RD,t2)

MEM(4365.i,WR,t2)

REL(4365,t2);

Sample Trace

Compute Locks Held by a Thread

ACQ(4365,t1);

MEM(4365.i,RD,t1)

MEM(4365.i,WR,t1)

REL(4365,t1);

ACQ(4365,t2);

MEM(4365.i,RD,t2)

MEM(4365.i,WR,t2)

REL(4365,t2);

Sample TraceL(t1)={}, L(t2)={}

L(t1)={4365}, L(t2)={}

L(t1)={4365}, L(t2)={}

L(t1)={4365}, L(t2)={}

L(t1)={}, L(t2)={}

L(t1)={}, L(t2)={4365}

L(t1)={}, L(t2)={4365}

L(t1)={}, L(t2)={4365}

L(t1)={}, L(t2)={}

Locks Held

L(t) = locks held by thread t. How do we compute L(t)?

Let us now analyze a trace• Instrument Program• Run Program => A Trace File• Analyze Trace File

Happens-before relation• [Dinning and Schonberg 1991]• Idea: Infer a happens-before relation Á between events

in a trace

• We say e1 Á e2 – If e1 and e2 are events from the same thread and e1 appears

before e2 in the trace

– If e1 = SND(g,t) and e2 = RCV(g,t’)

– If there is a e’ such that e1 Á e’ and e’ Á e2

• REL(l,t) and ACQ(g,t’) generates SND(g,t) and RCV(g,t’)

• We say e1 and e2 are in race, if – e1 and e2 are not related by Á,

– e1 and e2 are from different threads

– e1 and e2 access the same memory location and one of the accesses is a write

Happens-before: example 1

ACQ(mutex)

v := v + 1

REL(mutex)

Thread 1

ACQ(mutex)

v := v + 1

REL(mutex)

Thread 2x := x + 1

x := x + 1

Any two accesses of

shared variables are in the relation

happens-before

Any two accesses of

shared variables are in the relation

happens-before

Happens-before: example 2

ACQ(mutex)

v := v + 1

REL(mutex)

Thread 1

ACQ(mutex)

v := v + 1

REL(mutex)

Thread 2

x := x + 1

x := x + 1

Therefore, only this second execution

reveals the existing

datarace!!

Therefore, only this second execution

reveals the existing

datarace!!

Eraser Lockset• Savage,Burrows,Nelson,Sobalvarro,Anders

on

• Assume a database D storing tuples (m,L) where:

– m is a memory location– L is a set of locks that protect m

• Initially D contains a tuple (m,U) for each memory location m, where U is the universal set

How it works?• For an event MEM(m,a,t) generate

the tuple (m,L(t))

• Let (m, L’) be the tuple present in D – Report race over memory location m

if L(t) Å L’ = empty set

• Replace (m, L’) by (m, L(t) Å L’) in

D

Eraser: Example 1

ACQ(mutex)

v := v + 1

REL(mutex)

ACQ(mutex)

v := v + 1

REL(mutex)

Thread 1 Thread 2

L(t2) = {mutex}(v,{mutex}) 2 D

L(t2) = {mutex}(v,{mutex}) 2 D

L(t1)={mutex}(v,{mutex}) 2 D

L(t1)={mutex}(v,{mutex}) 2 D

Eraser: Example 2

ACQ(mutex1)

v := v + 1

REL(mutex1)

ACQ(mutex2)

v := v + 1

REL(mutex2)

Thread 1 Thread 2

L(t2) = {mutex2}(v,{}) 2 D

L(t2) = {mutex2}(v,{}) 2 D

L(t1) = {mutex1}(v,{mutex1}) 2 D

L(t1) = {mutex1}(v,{mutex1}) 2 D

Warning!!

Lockset

Shared-exclusiveTrack lockset

any threadr/w

Shared-read/writeTrack lockset

race condition!

Extending Lockset (Thread Local Data)

ThreadLocal


first threadr/w

any threadr/w


race condition!

secondthread

r/w

Extending Lockset (Read Shared Data)

ThreadLocal

ReadShared


first threadr/w

any threadreadany thread

write

any threadr/w


race condition!

second threadreadsecond

threadwrite

Eraser: Problem

v

T1(L1,L2)

T2(L2,L3)

T3(L1,L3)

false alarm

ACQ(L1,L2)

v := v + 1

REL(L2,L1)

ACQ(L2,L3)

v := v + 1

REL(L3,L2)

ACQ(L3,L1)

v := v + 1

REL(L1,L3)

Thread 1 Thread 2 Thread 3

Precise Lockset• Choi, Lee, Loginov, O'Callahan, Sarkar, Sridharan

• Assume a database D storing tuples

(m,t,L,a) where:

– m is a memory location– t is a thread accessing m– L is a set of locks held by t while accessing m– a is the type of access (read or write)

• Initially D is empty

How it works?• For an event MEM(m,a,t) generate the

tuple (m,a,L(t),t)

• If there is a tuple (m’,a’,L’,t’) in D such that– m = m’, – (a = WR) Ç (a’=WR)– L(t) Å L’ = empty set– t t’– Report race over memory location m

• Add (m,a,L(t),t) in D

Optimizations• Stop adding tuples on m once a race

on m is detected

• Do not add (m,a,L,t) to D if

(m,a,L’,t) is already in D and L’ µ L

• Many more …

Precise Lockset

ACQ(mutex)

v := v + 1

REL(mutex)

Thread 1ACQ(mutex)

v := v + 1

REL(mutex)

Thread 2x := x + 1

x := x + 1

D(x, RD,{},t1)

(x,WR,{},t1)

(v,RD,{mutex},t1)

(v,WR,{mutex},t1)

(v,RD,{mutex},t2)

(v,WR,{mutex},t2)

(x,RD,{},t2)

(x,WR,{},t2)

Conflictdetected!

Precise Lockset

ACQ(m1,m2)

v := v + 1

REL(m2,m1)

ACQ(m2,m3)

v := v + 1

REL(m3,m2)

ACQ(m3,m1)

v := v + 1

REL(m1,m3)

Thread 1 Thread 2 Thread 3

D(v,RD,{m1,m2},t1)

(v,WR,{m1,m2},t1)

(v,RD,{m2,m3},t2)

(v,WR,{m2,m3},t2)

(v,RD,{m1,m3},t3)

(v,WR,{m1,m3},t3)

No conflicts detected!

Precise Lockset: Not so Precise

t2.start()

Thread 1 Thread 2x := x + 1

x := x + 1Precise Lockset gives Warning: But no warning with Happens-

Before

Precise Lockset gives Warning: But no warning with Happens-

Before

Hybrid Dynamic Data Race Detection

• Relax Happens Before– No happens before relation between

REL(l,t) and a subsequent ACQ(l,t)

• Maintain Precise Lockset along with Relaxed Happens-Before

Hybrid• O'Callahan and Choi

• Assume a database D storing tuples (m,t,L,a,e) where:

– m is a memory location– t is a thread accessing m– L is a set of locks held by t while accessing m– a is the type of access (read or write)– e is the event associated with the access

• Initially D is empty

How it works?• For an event e = MEM(m,a,t) generate the

tuple (m,a,L(t),t,e)

• If there is a tuple (m’,a’,L’,t’,e’) in D such that– m = m’, – (a = WR) Ç (a’=WR)– L(t) Å L’ = empty set– t t’– e and e’ are not related by the happens

before relation, i.e., :(e Á e’) Æ :(e’ Á e)– Report race over memory location m

• Add (m,a,L(t),t,e) in D

Hybrid Dynamic Data Race Detection

t2.start()

Thread 1 Thread 2x := x + 1

x := x + 1

D(x,RD,{},t1,e1)

(x,WR,{},t1,e2)

(x,RD,{},t2,e3)

(x,WR,{},t2,e4)

Precise Lockset detects a data race,

but e2 Á e3. Therefore, hybrid

technique gives no warning

Distributed Computation• A set of processes: {p1,p2,…,pn}• No shared memory

– Communication through messages• Each process executes a sequence of events

– send(m) : sends a message with content m– receive(m): receives a message with content m– Internal event: changes local state of a process

• ith event from process pj is denoted by eij

m4

m3

m2

m1

p2

p3

p1

Physical Time

e13 e3

3e23

e12

e43

e31e2

1e11

e22 e3

2

Distributed Computation as a Partial Order

• Distributed Computation defines a partial order on the events– e ! e’

• e and e’ are events from the same process and e executes before e’

• e is the send of a message and e’ is the receive of the same message

• there is a e’’ such that e ! e’’ and e’’ ! e’

m4

m3

m2

m1

p2

p3

p1

Physical Time

e13 e3

3e23

e12

e43

e31e2

1e11

e22 e3

2

Distributed Computation as a Partial Order• Problem: An external process or observer wants to infer the

partial order or the computation for debugging– No global clock– At each event a process can send a message to the observer

to inform about the event– Message delay is unbounded

Observer

m4

m3

m2

m1

p2

p3

p1

Physical Time

e13 e3

3e23

e12

e43

e31e2

1e11

e22 e3

2

Can we infer the partial order?• From the observation:

• Can we associate a suitable value with every event such that– V(e) < V(e’) , e ! e’

• We need the notion of clock (logical)

e12 e1

3 e11 e2

1 e23 e4

3 e33 e3

1 e32 e2

2

Lamport’s Logical Time• All processes use a counter (clock) with

initial value of zero• The counter is incremented by and

assigned to each event, as its timestamp• A send (message) event carries its

timestamp• For a receive (message) event the counter

is updated by – Max(receiver-counter, message-timestamp) + 1

• Send the counter value along with an event to the observer

Example

1

1

1

5 6

432

3

2

m4

m3

m2

m1

p2

p3

p1

Physical Time

e13 e3

3e23

e12

e43

e31e2

1e11

e22 e3

2

Example• Problem with Lamport’s logical clock:

– e ! e’ ) C(e) < C(e’)– C(e) < C(e’) ) e ! e’X

1

1

1

5 6

432

3

2

m4

m3

m2

m1

p2

p3

p1

Physical Time

e13 e3

3e23

e12

e43

e31e2

1e11

e22 e3

2

Vector Clock• Vector Clock: Process ! Nat• V: P ! N• Associate a vector clock Vp with every process p• Update vector clock with every event as follows:

– Internal event at p_i: • Vp(p) := Vp(p) + 1

– Send Message from p: • Vp(p) := Vp(p) + 1• Send Vp with message

– Receive message m at p: • Vp(i) := max(Vp(i),Vm(i)) for all i 2 P, where Vm is the vector

clock sent with the message m• Vp(p) := Vp(p) + 1

Example

(0,0,1) (0,1,2)

(1,0,0)

(0,1,0) (2,2,4)

(2,1,4)

(3,0,0)

(2,0,0)

(2,1,3)

(2,3,4)

V = (a,b,c) means V(p1)=a, V(p2)=b, and V(p3)=c

m4

m3

m2

m1

p2

p3

p1

Physical Time

e13 e3

3e23

e12

e43

e31e2

1e11

e22 e3

2

Intuitive Meaning of a Vector Clock

• If Vp = (a,b,c) after some event then

– p is affected by the ath event from p1

– p is affected by the bth event from p2

– p is affected by the cth event from p3

Comparing Vector Clocks• V · V’ iff for all p 2 P, V(p) · V’(p)• V = V’ iff for all p 2 P, V(p) = V’(p)• V < V’ iff V · V’ and V V’

• Theorem: Ve < Ve’ iff e ! e’

• Send an event along with its vector clock to the observer

Definition of Data Race• Traditional Definition (Netzer and Miller 1992)

46

x=1

if (x==1) …

Definition of Data Race

47

x=1

if (x==1) …

send(m)

receive(m)X

• Traditional Definition (Netzer and Miller 1992)

Operational Definition of Data Race

• We say that the execution of two statements are in race if they could be executed by different threads temporally next to each other and both access the same memory location and at least one of the accesses is a write

48

x=1

if (x==1) …

send(m)

receive(m)X x=1if (x==1) …

Temporally next to each other

Race Directed Random Testing: RACEFUZZER

• RaceFuzzer: Race directed random testing

• STEP1: Use an existing technique to find set of pairs of state transitions that could potentially race– We use hybrid dynamic race detection– Static race detection can also be used– Transitions are approximated using

program statements

49

Race Directed Random Testing: RACEFUZZER

• RaceFuzzer: Race directed random testing• STEP1: Use an existing technique to find

set of pairs of state transitions that could potentially race– We use hybrid dynamic race detection– Static race detection can also be used– Transitions are approximated using program

statements

• STEP2: Bias a random scheduler so that two transitions under race can be executed temporally next to each other

50

RACEFUZZER using an example

Thread1foo(o1);

sync foo(C x) { s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s5: x.f = 1;}

51

Thread2bar(o1);

bar(C y) { s6: if (y.f==1) s7: ERROR;}

Thread3foo(o2);

Run ERASER: Statement pair (s5,s6) are in race


Thread1foo(o1);


52

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Run ERASER: Statement pair (s5,s6) are in race


Thread1foo(o1);


53

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

(s5,s6) in race(s5,s6) in race

Goal: Create a trace exhibiting the raceGoal: Create a trace exhibiting the race


Thread1foo(o1);


54

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Example Trace: s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s5: o1.f = 1; s6: if

(o1.f==1) s7: ERROR; s4: g4(); s5: o2.f = 1;

Racing Statements Temporally Adjacent


Goal: Create a trace exhibiting the raceGoal: Create a trace exhibiting the race


Thread1foo(o1);


55

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution:



Thread1foo(o1);


56

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1();



Thread1foo(o1);


57

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1();



Thread1foo(o1);

sync foo(C x) { s1: g1() s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s5: x.f = 1;}

58

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1();



Thread1foo(o1);


59

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);




Thread1foo(o1);


60

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s6: if

(o1.f==1)



Thread1foo(o1);


61

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);


(o1.f==1)



Thread1foo(o1);


62

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);


(o1.f==1)


Postponed = { }


Thread1foo(o1);


63

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);



Postponed = { }s6: if (o1.f==1)

s6: if (o1.f==1)

Do not postponeif there is a deadlock


Thread1foo(o1);


64

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);




Thread1foo(o1);


65

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2();


Postponed = {s6: if (o1.f==1) }


Thread1foo(o1);


66

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2();




Thread1foo(o1);


67

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2();




Thread1foo(o1);


68

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3();




Thread1foo(o1);


69

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s3: g3();




Thread1foo(o1);


70

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s3: g3(); s4: g4();




Thread1foo(o1);


71

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s5: o2.f = 1;




Thread1foo(o1);


72

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);





Thread1foo(o1);


73

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);




Race?


Thread1foo(o1);


74

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);




Race?NOo1.f ≠ o2.f


Thread1foo(o1);


75

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);



Postponed = {s6: if (o1.f==1), } s5: o2.f = 1;

s5: o2.f = 1;


Thread1foo(o1);


76

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);



Postponed = {s6: if (o1.f==1), s5: o2.f = 1; }


Thread1foo(o1);


77

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s4: g4();




Thread1foo(o1);


78

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s4: g4(); s5: o1.f = 1;




Thread1foo(o1);


79

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);





Thread1foo(o1);


80

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);




Race?YESo1.f = o1.f


Thread1foo(o1);


81

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s4: g4();


Postponed = {s5: o2.f = 1; }

s6: if (o1.f==1) s5: o1.f = 1;


Thread1foo(o1);


82

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s4: g4(); s5: o1.f = 1; s6: if

(o1.f==1)




Thread1foo(o1);


83

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s4: g4(); s5: o1.f = 1; s6: if

(o1.f==1)





Thread1foo(o1);


84

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s4: g4(); s5: o1.f = 1; s6: if (o1.f==1) s7: ERROR;





Thread1foo(o1);


85

Thread2bar(o1);


Thread3foo(o2);

Execution: s1: g1(); s1: g1(); s2: g2(); s2: g2(); s3: g3(); s3: g3(); s4: g4(); s4: g4(); s5: o1.f = 1; s6: if (o1.f==1) s7: ERROR; s5: o2.f = 1;


Postponed = { }


Another ExampleThread1{1: lock(L);2: f1();3: f2();4: f3();5: f4();6: f5(); 7:unlock(L);8: if (x==0)9: ERROR;}

Thread2{10: x = 1;11: lock(L);12: f6();13: unlock(L);}

86



Race

Racing Pair: (8,10) 87



Racing Pair: (8,10) Postponed Set = {Thread2}88



89



90



Hit error with 0.5 probabilityHit error with 0.5 probability

91

92

Implementation• RaceFuzzer: Part of

CalFuzzer tool suite• Instrument using SOOT

compiler framework• Instrumentations are used

to “hijack” the scheduler– Implement a custom

scheduler– Run one thread at a time– Use semaphores to control

threads

• Deadlock detector– Because we cannot

instrument native method calls

lock(L1); X=1;unlock(L1);

lock(L2);Y=2;unlock(L2);

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Implementation• RaceFuzzer: Part of

CalFuzzer tool suite• Instrument using SOOT

compiler framework• Instrumentations are used

to “hijack” the scheduler– Implement a custom

scheduler– Run one thread at a time– Use semaphores to control

threads

• Deadlock detector– Because we cannot

instrument native method calls

ins_lock(L1);lock(L1);ins_write(&X);X=1;unlock(L1);ins_unlock(L1);

ins_lock(L1);lock(L2);Y=2;unlock(L2);ins_unlock(L1);

CustomScheduler

Experimental Results

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RACEFUZZER: Useful Features

• Classify real races from false alarms• Inexpensive replay of a concurrent execution

exhibiting a real race• Separate some harmful races from benign races• No false warning• Very efficient

– We instrument at most two memory access statements and all synchronization statements

• Embarrassingly parallel

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RACEFUZZER: Limitations• Not complete: can miss a real race

– Can only detect races that happen on the given test suite on some schedule

• May not be able to separate all real races from false warnings– Being random in nature

• May not be able to separate harmful races from benign races– If a harmful race does not cause in a program crash

• Each test run is sequential

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Summary• Claim: testing (a.k.a verification in industry) is the

most practical way to find software bugs– We need to make software testing systematic and

rigorous

• Random testing works amazingly well in practice– Randomizing a scheduler is more effective than

randomizing inputs– We need to make random testing smarter and closer to

verification• Bias random testing

– Prioritize random testing• Find interesting preemption points in the programs• Randomly preempt threads at these interesting points

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java.lang.StringBuffer/** ... used by the compiler to implement the binary

string concatenation operator ... String buffers are safe for use by multiple

threads. The methods are synchronized so that all the operations on any particular instance behave as if they occur in some serial order that is consistent with the order of the method calls made by each of the individual threads involved.

*//*# atomic */ public class StringBuffer { ... }

public class StringBuffer { private int count; public synchronized int length() { return count; } public synchronized void getChars(...) { ... } /*# atomic */ public synchronized void append(StringBuffer sb){

int len = sb.length(); ... ... ... sb.getChars(...,len,...); ... }}

java.lang.StringBuffer

sb.length() acquires lock on sb, gets length, and releases lock

use of stale len may yield StringIndexOutOfBoundsExceptioninside getChars(...)

other threads can change sb

public class StringBuffer { private int count; public synchronized int length() { return count; } public synchronized void getChars(...) { ... } /*# atomic */ public synchronized void append(StringBuffer sb){

int len = sb.length(); ... ... ... sb.getChars(...,len,...); ... }}

java.lang.StringBuffer

StringBuffer.append is not atomic: Start: at StringBuffer.append(StringBuffer.java:701) at Thread1.run(Example.java:17)

Commit: Lock Release at StringBuffer.length(StringBuffer.java:221) at StringBuffer.append(StringBuffer.java:702) at Thread1.run(Example.java:17) Error: Lock Acquire at StringBuffer.getChars(StringBuffer.java:245) at StringBuffer.append(StringBuffer.java:710) at Thread1.run(Example.java:17)

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Related work• Stoller et al. and Edelstein et al. [ConTest]

– Inserts yield() and sleep() randomly in Java code

• Parallel randomized depth-first search by Dwyer et al.– Modifies search strategy in Java Pathfinder by Visser et

al.

• Iterative context bounding (Musuvathi and Qadeer)– Systematic testing with bounded context switches

• Satish Narayanasamy, Zhenghao Wang, Jordan Tigani, Andrew Edwards and Brad Calder “Automatically Classifying Benign and Harmful Data Races Using Replay Analysis”, PLDI 07

cs294-32: dynamic data race detection koushik sen uc berkeley

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