CS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous Computing

Instructor: Eli BozorgzadehComputer Science Department

UC IrvineWinter 2010

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CS244 – Lecture 2Embedded Applications

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OverviewHybrid embedded systems

Aerospace, automobiles, robotics, process control, and sensor netsMultimediaConsumer electronics

Appliances, office electronics, and home/office automationNetwork components

Bridges, routers, switches, and hubsMedical instruments

Patient monitoring, MRI, and artificial heartsE-Business

ATM, wending machinesDistributed & grid computing

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Hybrid Embedded SystemsComputation systems whose behavior is tightly integrated with the physical world

Eg., the behavior of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be modeled by a combination of differential equations (the aerodynamics and low level feedback controllers) and a finite state automata (high level flight path decisions, such as to ascend or descend).

Behavior is governed by both continuous-state dynamics from the physical world and discrete-state dynamics from the computationPassage of time during computation affects the state of the physical worldInherently concurrent (inherent vs. built-in concurrency?)

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AerospaceFlight control

Stability: real-time differential feedback loops

Positioning & navigation

GPS, INSInstrumentation

Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive

RadarCommunication

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AutomobilesEngine management

Fuel, ignition, timing

Emission controlInstrumentation

Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive

Safety & stabilityAirbags, active control

Entertainment & comfort

Radio, A/C, …

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RoboticsImplies autonomous operationN physical degree of freedomArtificial intelligenceControl heavyMission oriented

Repair, search, rescue, investigate, and perform physically difficult tasks

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Process Control

Industrial automationPlant monitoring and production controlSimilar to control systems but with emphasis on management

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Sensor NetsMany sensor nodes each capable (but limited) of sensing, computation/storage, and communication

Structure safetySearch and rescueMilitary use

Self organizationEnergy EfficientDistributed

Modern Sensor Nodes

UC Berkeley: COTS Dust

UC Berkeley: COTS DustUC Berkeley: Smart Dust

UCLA: WINS Rockwell: WINS JPL: Sensor Webs

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Multimedia

An exercise inSignals, analog to digital conversion, quantization, sampling, processing, and digital to analogue conversionInformation theory, entropy, Huffman codes, compression, lossless compression Images, audio, video

Virtual RealityPresentationQuality of serviceThink lots of data (formats and standards too)!

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Consumer ElectronicsHome appliances

Yesterday’s appliances: add computationTomorrow’s appliances: add networking (Internet)

Office electronicsIntegration Electronic paper (filing, printing, sending, and receiving)

Home/office automationCommon fantasy about the automated home or office of the future with lights and appliances that operate by themselves or with minimal effort

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Network ComponentsStitching LANs

BridgeConnects two parts of the same network

RouterLink networks using different network identities

Extending portsSwitch

Transmit to recipient onlyHub

Transmit to all

Handle large volume of highly structured data with little transform

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Medical InstrumentsPerform diagnosis (screening/evaluation)

Data collectionAppraisal of that dataDeveloping a plan of action

Observation or monitoringSensing and instrumentation

Accuracy and precisionOther applications:

Radiation therapyArtificial hearts, arms, legs, …

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E-Business

Information processing systems

ATMCache registersScannersCredit-card readers

Often the interface behind a databaseAutomation and convenience

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Distributed & Grid ComputingCoordinated resource sharing and problem solvingThe grid is static, reliable, and has infinite resource (for practical purposes)Users (the mobile device e.g., PDA) has limited resourcesMiddleware mitigates the resource sharing and coordination efforts

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Summary of Application Domains

Looked at a number of application domainsLarge amount of overlap between these domainsOften each domain has associated standards, design methodologies, and certification programsThe future appears to suggest a fusion of design differences into a single methodology

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Real-Time SystemsA systems where correctness depends on logical results and the time the results are produced

Safety-critical: incorrect operation leads to human lossMission-critical: incorrect operation leads to failed mission

J.A. Stankovic et al. “Strategic Directions in Real-Time and Embedded Systems”

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