cs2003 usability engineering user characteristics dr steve love
TRANSCRIPT
CS2003 Usability Engineering
User Characteristics
Dr Steve Love
Slide 2
Overview
• Why user characteristics are important• Age• Personality• Cultural influences• Summary• References• Further reading
Why individual differences are important
• Many designers often have a generic set of users in mind when designing a product (e.g. mobile phone applications)
• A “one size fit’s all approach” is not appropriate
• Why?• Have to develop products that are
accessible and usable by a wide range of users
Age• Gregor, Newell and Zajicek (2002)
argue that it is important to critically assess the methodology of design for older users as they have greater variability in:
• physical, sensory and cognitive characteristics than younger users.
• user sensitive inclusive design• Tailored, personalised and adaptive
interfaces
Personality• Regarded as our most stable
individual characteristic• Atkinson, Atkinson and Hilgard (1983)
define personality as follows: “personality describes the characteristic patterns of behaviour and modes of thinking that determine an individual’s adjustment to the environment”.
• Personality can influence our interaction with technology
Examples from the research• Turkle (1984) found that users had a tendency to
project personalities on to computer systems. • Reeves and Nash (1999) conducted a series of
experiments whereby they asked people to rate the personality of the computer service they were interacting with (via text dialogue on a screen).
• Reeves and Nash found that by manipulating the dialogue on the screen, they could change people’s perception of the personality of the system
• Found that people preferred interacting with a computer system whose personality was perceive
by participants’ to be similar to their own.
Aim of study• Participants feel they are being
drawn into the personal space of person having mobile phone conversation
• Participants feelings would be mediated by the perceived nature of the conversation
• Find out participants attitudes towards mobile phone conversations in public places
Hall’s theory of personal space (Hall, 1966)
• Intimate zone: up to 45cms from individual, e.g. wife, girlfriend, boyfriend
• Personal zone: up to 1.2m from individual, e.g. family or friends
• Social zone: about 1m-3m from individual, e.g. space between work colleagues
• Public zone: about 3m-8m from individual, e.g. lecturer giving a lecture
Method
• Design: observational design combined with a quasi-experimental approach
• Participants: 7 female and 3 male participants
• Data collection method:• analysis of video recordings of
participants• answers given to open-ended questions
Procedure• Participants asked to take part in an
HCI experiment • On arrival asked to wait next to
another participant (approx. 1ft apart)
• Confederate had a mobile phone conversation (friend or bank)
• Participant informed about the true nature of experiment & asked open-ended questions
Video-tape analysis• Pre-mobile conversation
behaviour: participants engaged in conversation
• Behaviour during mobile conversation: some moved away, others stared down at floor
• Post-mobile conversation behaviour: participants engaged again in conversation
How did you feel once the conversation started?
“I didn’t want to listen but I didn’t know what to do”
“I felt embarrassed listening to the guy’s conversation with the bank”
“I can tell you every word of the conversation as I was listening”
Mobile phone usage in public places
“I generally hate them, it’s an intrusion”
“I find it embarrassing. They don’t care what others think”
“It does not bother me in the slightest”
“It can be quite good fun listening in”
Using mobile phone in public places
“I would only switch it on in public if I was expecting a call from my daughter”
“I would not answer my phone if it went off in public”
“It doesn’t bother me making calls in public”
“They’re mobile phones, they’re supposed to be used in public places”
Conclusions from study
Personality appears to effect peoples’ perception of mobile phone conversations
Introverts: do not like using phones in public and “get drawn” into other person’s conversation
Extroverts: will use mobiles in public and do not feel uncomfortable with mobile users
Other individual differences
• User experience• How long/often• Functions used
• Cross-cultural differences• Text messaging behaviour
• Gender• Reinforcing stereotypes?• Aesthetic differences should be
considered (Moss, Gunn and Heller, 2006)
Summary
• Individual differences do have an impact on people’s perception of the usability of an application/service
• Key aim is to identify the salient individual characteristics to be accommodated in the design of product
• Personalisation is very important for new media
ReferencesAtkinson, R.L., Atkinson, R.C. and Hilgard, E.R. (1983), Introduction to
Psychology, Harcourt Brace Janovich
Gregor, P., Newell, A. F., & Zajicek, M. (2002). Designing for Dynamic Diversity – interfaces for older people. In Proceedings of ASSETS 2002, The Fifth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies, 151-1155. July 8-10, Edinburgh, UK.
Hall, E.T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension: Man’s Use of Space in Public and Private. Bodley Head: London.
Moss, G., Gunn, R. and Heller, J. (2006) Some men like it black, some women like it pink: consumer implications of differences in male and female website design. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 5, pp328-341
Reeves, B. and Nash, C. (1999), The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press, New York
Turkle, S. (1984) The second self: computers and the human spirit. Granada Publishing
Further readingArning, K. and Ziefle, M. (2006) Understanding age differences in
PDA acceptance and performance. Computers in Human Behaviour, 23, pp2904-2927
Choi. B., Inseong, L, and Jinwoo, K. (2005) A qualitative cross-national study of cultural influences on mobile data service design, CHI 2005, April 2-7 Portland, Oregon
Faulkner, X. (2000),Usability Engineering, Chapter 2: Usability- know the user
Howell, M., Love, S. and Turner, M. (2008) user characteristics and performance with automated mobile phone systems. International Journal of Mobile Communications, vol 6, no 1, pp 1-15
Moss, G., Gunn, R. and Heller, J. (2006) Some men like it black, some women like it pink: consumer implications of differences in male and female website design. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 5, pp328-341