cryptocaryon irritans - sipi
TRANSCRIPT
RECENTI ACQUISIZIONI SU
Amyloodinium ocellatum E Cryptocaryon irritans:
L’ESPERIENZA ISRAELIANA
Angelo Colorni, Ph.D.
Israel Oceanographic and Limnological ResearchNational Center for Mariculture
Eilat, Israel
Eilat
Dead SeaMed Sea
Cyprus
Red Sea
JordanIsrael
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
Lebanon Syria
ISRAEL OCEANOGRAPHIC AND LIMNOLOGICAL RESEARCH
National Center for Mariculture
• Tropical extension of the Indian Ocean• Oligotrophic waters with coral reefs• High evaporation rates • Negligible freshwater inflow
EilatTiran Straits
מיצפה –עול ם האלמוגים ימי-תת
Tropical environmental characteristics relevant to mariculture
Temperature…………………….. higher mean, by definitionMetabolic rates…………………... fasterThermal tolerance range…………. smaller rangeSalinity…………………………... higherEurohalinity……………………… lowerBiological precipitation of CaCO3.. much greaterSeason subdivision……………….. partial lack of it
חקל אות ימית בים –מ "ער דג בע
LET MY PEOPLE GO (Exodus 5:1)
SANO COME UN PESCE !!??
Net cageNet cage
Contamination of stocks bylocal pathogens
Spreading infections tosurrounding biota
Two way relationship between net-cage stocks and surrounding biota
) ו קו ט' ג: ציל ום( ש נים 3כ לו בי ה ד גים יו צאו בת וך
שני ם3ח ו ו ת הד גים יפונ ו מא ילת בתוך : הממשלה
הממשלה הקימה . ים הדגים השנויים במחלוקת מהמפרץהממשלה אישרה את הח לטת המועצה הארצית ל תכנון ובנייה להוציא את כלוב הירוקים לא מרוצים. לים שתב חן דרכים לס ייע לבעלי החוות שיפונו" ג ם ועדת מנכ
דוד הכ ה ן
3כמ ו כ ן נקבע כי הח ו ות י פ ונ ו בהדרגה בתוך . ללא כלוב י הדגים במפרץ אילת13א "את תמ) 'י ו ם א( א יש רה הממשלה אחר הצהרי י ם , אחר י מספ ר דח י ות ש ל הדי ו ן בנושאלים שתבח ן דרכ י ם לס י י ע לבעלי החו ות ש י פ ונ ו "הממשלה הקימה גם ועדת מנכ. שנ ים .
תוכנ ית מתאר שקבעה (13א " שלא לכלו ל את כלובי הדגי ם שבמפרץ במסגרת תמ2004בר הדי ו ן ה י ו ם התקי י ם בעקבות החלטת המועצה הארצית לתכנו ן ו בני יה מנובמ. החלטה שמשמעו תה הוראה להוציא את הכלובים מהמפרץ, )כלל ים לגבי בני י ה על החוף
Integrated System
Sea water
Fish
Sedimentation ponds
AbaloneSea urchins
Bivalves
Shrimp
Sea weedsFish feed
Bivalve reactors
microalgae microalgae Organic matterClean seawater
Amyloodinium ocellatum(trophont)
“Velvet disease”
ucleus(~16 µm)
tigma
omopode
tigma
hizoids
digestive vacuoles
starch grains
attachment disc
no chloroplasts
Longitudinal flagellum
Ribbon-like transverse flagellum
(12-15 µm)
ucleus
Food vacuoles
Microtubular ribbon
Phagocytic cytoplasm
omopode
Pusular canals
Attachment plate
Rhyzoids
Flagellum
Sulcus
Cingulum
Distinctive whirling swimming patterns
Amyloodinium ocellatum
Amyloodinium ocellatum on tilapia gills and skin
Amyloodinium ocellatum on G1B (from gill tissue of walking catfish Clarias batrachus)
Amyloodinium ocellatum trophonts on monogenean fluke Neobenedenia melleni
Oodinium
Class Blastodiniphyceae
Order Blastodiniales
Family Oodiniaceae
Genus Amyloodinium
Species ocellatum(Fensome et al., 1993)
Dinoflagellates:presumptive phylogenetic tree based on morphology and Kofoidian plate tabulation pattern
Philogenetic relationship of Amyloodinium ocellatum to other dinoflagellates
(Litaker, Tester, Colorni, Levy and Noga, 1999)
Piscinoodinium pillulare
Prymnesium parvum (“golden alga”phytoflagellate, Crysomonadinae) Peridinium sp.?
“White spot disease” or “Marine Ich” (Cryptocaryon irritans)
Cryptocaryon irritans in Anthias squamipinnis♀ ♂
Ichthyophthirius multifiliisin Artromotus ocellatus
RECENT RE-CLASSIFICATIONS
• Pasteurella piscicida > Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida(Gauthier et al. 1995)
• Myxidium leei >>>>>> Enteromyxum leei (Palenzuela et al. 2002)
• Cryptocaryon irritansPhylum CiliophoraSubphylum Cyrtophora > > > > > IntramacronucleataClass Oligohymenophorea > > > > ProstomateaOrder Hymenostomatida > > > > > ProrodontidaFamily Ichthyophthiriidae > > > > Cryptocaryonidae
(Wright and Colorni 2002)Sequence of the complete 18S rRNA gene – 1,765 nucleotides
Cryptocaryon irritans(theronts: infective stage)
Cryptocaryon irritans
Cryptocaryon irritans(trophont)
Cryptocaryon irritans
(pro-tomont)
Cryptocaryon irritans
(pro-tomont)
Cryptocaryon irritansDividing tomonts (tomites)
Cryptocaryon irritans
Theronts Trophonts
Tomonts
Protomonts
Cryptocaryon irritans: skin penetration by theronts
Cryptocaryon irritans(protomont)
“Allio magna vis,... Lepras... exhulcerat”Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, Vol. 20, Chap. 23, Paragraph 6
Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate o diallyldisulphide-oxide) = alliin (aminoacid) + alliinase (enzyme) powerful antibacterial, antimycotic and antiprotozoic, highly unstablecompound
Cryptocaryon irritans(theronts: infective stage)
Cryptocaryon irritans
Cryptocaryon irritans(trophont)
Cryptocaryon irritans
(pro-tomont)
Cryptocaryon irritans
(pro-tomont)
Cryptocaryon irritansDividing tomonts (tomites)
Cryptocaryon irritansvulnerable stages
(Theronts) (Trophonts)
(Protomonts)
(Tomonts)
Amyloodinium ocellatum
TREATMENTSVaccination attempts have produced so far very modest results
Amyloodinium ocellatum:0.75 ppm (mg/l) Cu2SO4, 10-14 consecutive days.
Concentration must not fall below ⅓ of the initial dose (0.25 ppm).
Cryptocaryon irritans:
Cryptocaryon irritans(theronts: infective stage)
Cryptocaryon irritans
Cryptocaryon irritans(trophont)
Cryptocaryon irritans
(pro-tomont)
Cryptocaryon irritans
(pro-tomont)
Cryptocaryon irritansDividing tomonts (tomites)
Cryptocaryon irritans
(Theronts) (Trophonts)
(Protomonts)
(Tomonts)
Chemical treatment effective only on off-host stages, and more effective if administered late at night. Four consecutive transfers of the fish at 3 day intervals (the tanks being dried and cleaned between uses) interrupt the life cycle of the parasite and eradicate the disease within 7-10 days, or prevent its accidental introduction to uninfected tanks.
From turbot Scophthalmus maximus(Spain)
From Pagellus sp. (Italy)
Uronema marinum(Uronematidae)
and other Scuticociliata
Miamiensis avidus (Parauronematidae) Philasterides dicentrarchi (Philasteridae)Helicostoma buddenbrocki (Philasteridae)
Porpostoma notatum (Philasteridae)
Brooklynella sp. (Red Sea)
Brooklynella hostilis
THANK YOU !
…ANY QUESTIONS?