STREAM SEMINAR

TOPIC:-

Cryogenic Technology and Its Applications

Presented By:-

Hareesh Kumar Rajput

B. Tech. IIIyr (Mech.)

Roll No. :- 114059

Faculty of Engineering Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra(India)

INTRODUCTION

The Main Point to be Discuss Are:-

1. What is Cryogenic Technology

2. Brief History of Cryogenic Technology

3. Applications

4. Specific Applications in Rocket Propellant

5. Advantages

6. Limitations

7. Future of Cryogenic Technology

WHAT IS CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY ?

►In physics, cryogenics is the study of the

production and behavior of materials at very low

temperatures (below −150 °C, −238 °F or 123 K).

►the study of how to produce low temperatures;

►the study of what happens to materials when

you've cooled them down.

BRIEF HISTORY OF CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY

►The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II when scientists found

that metals frozen to low temperatures showed more resistance to wear

►The United States was the first country to develop cryogenic rocket engines.

► with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963 and is still used

on the Atlas V rocket.

►Then The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977 ,French HM-7 in 1979 , Chinese

YF-73 in 1984 .

►The Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human in space,

successfully launched a rocket with a cryogenic engine only in 1987.

CNTINU….

(AMERICAN) -

ATLAS V

(Russian) - N 1

WHAT ABOUT INDIA ?

►Right now India have got great success in this technology

►But during 1991-92, India faced many problems to get Cryogenic Engine

from Russia.

► To India the U.S., Japan and France were not agree to provide the

technology or do so only at an exorbitant price.

►The deal violated the Missile Technology Control Regime, which was

intended to prevent the spread of missile-related technology, and fell foul of

the U.S. laws meant to enforce its provisions. Despite warnings from within

the organization, ISRO opted to go ahead with the import. In May 1992, the

U.S. imposed sanctions on ISRO and Glavkosmos. A year later, Russia,

which received the contract after the break-up of the Soviet Union,

backed out of the deal.

CONT….

►ISRO then had no option but to develop the technology on its own.

►At the time, ISRO gave the impression that much of the technology

had already been acquired and further development would be quick.

►Since then India took it as a challenge to develop own technology.

►After many failure, finally on 5 January 2014. India mastered this

technology.

►And became the sixth country in world after U.S., Russia, Japan,

France, and China to master this technology

APPLICATIONS

►USE IN ROCKET ENGINE

►Electric power transmission in big cities

►Frozen food

►Blood banking

►Infrared Sensors

►Electronics

►X-rays

USE IN ROCKET ENGINE

►A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidizer, that is, its fuel or oxidizer (or both) is gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures

►During World War II, when powerful rocket engines were first considered by the German, American and Soviet engineers independently, all discovered that rocket engines need high mass flow rate of both oxidizer and fuel to generate a sufficient thrust.

►Various cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combinations have been tried, but the combination of liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel and the liquid oxygen (LOX) oxidizer is one of the most widely used.

THE FIRST OPERATIONAL CRYOGENIC ENGINE

WORKING OF CRYOGENIC ENGINE

It involves a complicated ‘staged combustion cycle' to increase

the engine efficiency.

Hydrogen is partially burnt with a little oxygen in a gas

generator. The hot gases drive a turbo-pump and are then

injected at high pressure into the thrust chamber where the

rest of oxygen is introduced and full combustion takes place.

Before going to the gas generator, the incredibly chilly liquid

hydrogen is used to cool the thrust chamber where

temperatures rise to over 3,300 ° Celsius when the engine is

fired.

. ADVANTAGES

►High Energy per unit mass:Propellants like oxygen and hydrogen in liquid form give very high

amounts of energy per unit mass due to which the amount of fuel to be carried aboard the rockets decreases.

►Clean Fuels

Hydrogen and oxygen are extremely clean fuels. When they combine, they give out only water. This water is thrown out of the nozzle in form of very hot vapour. Thus the rocket is nothing but a high burning steam engine

►Economical

Use of oxygen and hydrogen as fuels is very economical, as liquid oxygen costs less than gasoline.

LIMITATIONS

►Low temperature of propellants -Complex storage

►Transfer systems and operations

► Need for ignition system

►Overall cost of propellants relatively high

CONTI….

►Highly reactive gases

Cryogens are highly concentrated gases and have a very high reactivity. Liquid oxygen, which is used as an oxidizer, combines with most of the organic materials to form explosive compounds. So lots of care must be taken to ensure safety

►Leakage

One of the most major concerns is leakage. At cryogenic temperatures, which are roughly below 150 degrees Kelvin or equivalently (-190) degrees Fahrenheit, the seals of the container used for storing the propellants lose the ability to maintain a seal properly. Hydrogen, being the smallest element, has a tendency to leak past seals or materials.

THE NEXT GENERATION OF THE ROCKET ENGINES

►All rocket engines burn their fuel to generate thrust . If any other engine can generate enough thrust, that can also be used as a rocket engine

►There are a lot of plans for new engines that the NASA scientists are still working with. One of them is the “ Xenon ion Engine”. This engine accelerate ions or atomic particles to extremely high speeds to create thrust more efficiently. NASA's Deep Space-1 spacecraft will be the first to use ion engines for propulsion.

►There are some alternative solutions like Nuclear thermal rocket engines, Solar thermal rockets, the electric rocket etc.

►We are looking forward that in the near future there will be some good technology to take us into space

Any Queries