crust 6-7 km/sec mantle 8-13 km/sec outer core 8-10 km/sec inner core 10-11 km/sec p-wave velocities
DESCRIPTION
Crust 6-7 km/sec Mantle 8-13 km/sec Outer Core 8-10 km/sec Inner Core km/sec P-wave VelocitiesTRANSCRIPT
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Crust6-7 km/sec
Mantle8-13 km/sec
Outer Core8-10 km/sec Inner Core
10-11 km/sec
P-wave Velocitie
s
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€
VP =K + 4
3 GD
€
VS = GD
K = bulk modulus = resistance of material to squeezing
G = shear modulus = resistance of material to shearing
D = density
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€
VP =K + 4
3 GD
€
VS = GD
Seismological Results
Values of K, G and D at a given point in the Earth’s interior.
Search for materials with appropriate values of K, G and D
Estimates of composition of different parts of the Earth’s interior
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€
VP =K + 4
3 GD
€
VS = GD
G = 0for liquids
Outer Core of Earth is liquid
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From: Understanding Earth by Press, Siever, Grotzinger and Jordan
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From: www.yorku.ca/eye/refract.htm
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speed of light in a vacuum = 300,000,000 m/sspeed of light in glass = 200,000,000 m/s
From: www.what-is-the-speed-of-light.com
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Slow
SlowFast
Fast
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M=7.8, ∆=62°
Magnitude 7.8 TARAPACA, CHILE, June 13, 2005 22:45 UTC
Boston, Massachusetts - First Wave Arrives 22:55 (10 minutes)
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Distanced measured in degrees from epicenter.
Travel-time versus Distance
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M=7.6, ∆=97°
Boston, Massachusetts - First Wave Arrives 4:04 (13 minutes)
Magnitude 7.6 PAKISTAN, October 08, 2005 at 03:51 UTC
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M=6.7, ∆=25°Magnitude 6.8 CAYMAN ISLANDS, December 14, 2004 at 23:20 UTC
Boston, Massachusetts - First Wave Arrives 23:26 (6 minutes)
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Distance
Tra
vel T
ime
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6371 km
1
2
3
Path Distance (km) Time (sec) Velocity
1 2,758 360 7.7 km/sec 2 6,563 600 10.9 km/sec 3 9,543 780 12.2 km/sec
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Crust6-7 km/sec
Mantle8-13 km/sec
Outer Core8-10 km/sec Inner Core
10-11 km/sec
P-wave Velocitie
s
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Crust6-7 km/sec
Mantle8-13 km/sec
Outer Core8-10 km/sec Inner Core
10-11 km/sec
P-wave VelocitiesAir: 0.3
Water: 1.4Concrete: 3.6Granite: 5.5-6.0Iron: 5.8Aluminum: 6.6
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T
Distanced measured in degrees from epicenter.
Travel-time versus Distance Curves
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Distanced measured in degrees from epicenter.
Travel-time versus Distance Curves
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P-wave reflected from Core-Mantle Boundary
PcP
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FastSlow
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“Moho”Andrija Mohorovicic
Zagreb Seismological Observatory1909
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“Moho”Andrija Mohorovicic
Zagreb Seismological Observatory1909
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Slow
Fast
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Slow
Fast
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Inner Core discovered by Inge Lehmann in 1936
Copenhagen Seismological Observatory
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Inner Core discovered by Inge Lehmann in 1936
Copenhagen Seismological Observatory
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Low Velocity Zone in Upper Mantle
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Low Velocity Zone in Upper Mantle
Low Velocity Zone = Asthenosphere of Plate Tectonics
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From Understanding Earthby Press, Siever, Grotzinger and Jordan (2004).
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Mechanism of Plate Tectonics
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Crust6-7 km/sec
Mantle8-13 km/sec
Outer Core8-10 km/sec Inner Core
10-11 km/sec
P-wave Velocitie
s
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Variations in seismic velocity (+/- a few percent) are depicted by warm (low velocity) or cool (high velocity) colors.
Seismic Tomography
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Seismic Tomography
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