crude oil transport and offshore loading corrected logoum1-1

8/17/2019 Crude Oil Transport and Offshore Loading Corrected Logoum1-1

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CRUDE OIL TRANSPORT, OFF - SHORE LOADING

AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

M.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Łukasz Lewkowicz

Dr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Grzegorz Rutkowski

Dr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Andrzej Królikowski


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DIFFERENT TYPE OF OFSHORE AND ONSHORE TERMINALS

TERMINALS, PLATFORMS, OIL RIGS, SHUTTEL TAKERS AND STANDBYVESSELS AS A PART OF OFF – SHORE BUSINESS


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An Example of Off Shore Systems

System SAL(Single Anchor Loading)

System SPM

(Single Point Mooring)

Vessel-Platform

Vessel-Buoy

System Tandem Loading

Ship to Ship

Bow Loading System

System SBM(Single Buoy Mooring)

Vessel-Buoy


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DRAUGEN OIL FIELD

SPM BUOY


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Gullfaks Oil FieldSPM Loading 2 Buoys

SCHIEHALLION OIL FIELDFPSO


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An Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore Systems

Bow Loading Systems

CALM

SPMSAL


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Stationary gravity platforms and jack-up type usually are placed on 100 – 150m

depth. Jackup has long leg structures, which it lowers to and into the seabedraising the rig out of the water


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Another kind of stationary platform is

Guayed Tower Platform – GTP , where

the platform is kept vertically by 16-

24 special anchored lines.

„Troll” is the one of the bigest GBSplatform placed at North Sea 80km north-west of Bregen Norway. The Troll A platform

has an overall height of 472 meters andweighs 656,000 tons and stands on the sea

floor 303 meters (994 feet) below the surfaceof the sea.


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These platforms havehulls (columns and

pontoons) of sufficient

buoyancy to cause thestructure to float, but ofweight sufficient to keep

the structure upright.Semi-submersible

platforms can be movedfrom place to place; can beballasted up or down byaltering the amount offlooding in buoyancy

tanks; they are generallyanchored by combinationsof chain, wire rope and/or

polyester rope duringdrilling and/or production

operations, though theycan also be kept in place

by the use of dynamicpositioning. Operationalwater depths from 200 to

10,000 feet (60 to 3,050 m).


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A drill-ship is a maritime vessel that has been fitted with drilling apparatus. It ismost often used for exploratory drilling of new oil or gas wells in deep water but

can also be used for scientific drilling. Early versions were built on a modifiedtanker hull, but purpose-built designs are used today. Most drill-ships are

outfitted with a dynamic positioning system to maintain position over the well.Drilling water depths unlimited.


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Two types of Tankers

• Shuttle Tanker

• Conventional Tankers


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M/T Kiowa Spirit – build at 09th September 1998 Samsung Heavy Industry,Koje / Korea. Double hull with 113 269 DWT, L = 249.00 m, B= 44.0 m and

T = 14.62 m summer draft.


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M/T Stena Natalita has been build at 25th of May 2001 at Japan.Double hull with 110 000 DWT and L= 247 m, B= 43 m, T= 15 m. Equiped

with DP2 System, which is capable to maintain vessel’s position with accuracy

(±±±±2 m ) and fix heading (±±±±1o) durinig off-shore operations and bad weatherconditions (wave higth 9m).


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VESSELS WITH DYNAMIC POSITIONING SYSTEM


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M/T Stena Spirit – build at 10th January 2001 at Samsung Heavy IndustryShipyard, Koje / Korea. Double hull with 151 293 DWT, L = 277.30 m, B= 48.0 m

and T = 16.42 m summer draft.Vssel equipted with Dynamic Positioning System Class 1 (DP1)


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FPSO „ Bleo Holm ” is located in the Ross Field of UK Central North

Sea. The vessel commenced operations in the first half of 1999 at the

Ross & Parry Fields for Talisman Energy (UK) Ltd.

Total FPSO Length 242.3m Breadth 42m DWT 105 000t,Water Depth 105-110m


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Side Loading System

Ship to Ship Ship to Terminal


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FPSO PFPSO PFPSO PFPSO P----48484848


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System STL

(Single Turret Loading)

Submerged turret Loading


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Strategy Covers Impacts from

ShippingCarbon Dioxide (CO2)

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Particulate Matter

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Particulate Matter Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

Ballast Water Ballast Water

Engine Room Bilge

Pump Room Bilge

Decanted Slops

Sewage

Grey Water

Engine Room Bilge

Pump Room Bilge

Decanted Slops

Sewage

Grey Water

Garbage

HazardousWaste

Sludge

Garbage

HazardousWaste

Sludge

FuelConsumption

FuelConsumption

Accidental Oil Spills Accidental Oil Spills

Ozone Depleting Substances(i.e., Halons, CFC’s)

Ozone Depleting Substances(i.e., Halons, CFC’s)

Hull Antifouling (i.e., TBT)Hull Antifouling (i.e., TBT)

Fore Castle, SubmergedTurret Loading or Bow

Thruster Space Bilges

Fore Castle, SubmergedTurret Loading or Bow

Thruster Space Bilges


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Overall, 3 Main Types of

Impacts

Emissions to AtmosphereDischarges/releases to Sea

Waste Disposal


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The Impact of Emissions

CO2 C t ib t t Gl b l W i


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CO2 Contributes to Global Warming

Greenhouse Gases(water vapour, carbon dioxide,methane and nitrous oxide)

Traps Infrared Radiation thatwarms the earth.

Result: Global Warming /Climate Change

Greenhouse Gases(water vapour, carbon dioxide,methane and nitrous oxide)

Traps Infrared Radiation thatwarms the earth.

Result: Global Warming /Climate Change

SOURCE : Shipboard Fuel Consumption resulting inrelease of CO2; Methane-VOC emissions

Gl b l W i


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Global Warming

SOURCE : Shipboard Fuel Consumption resulting inrelease of CO2; Methane-VOC emissions

Ave Global Temperatureincreasing

Atmospheric CO2

Concentration Increasing inthe same time period

Gl b l W i


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Global WarmingIMPACT: Climate Change (i.e., changes in temperature,precipitation/storms, sea level)

Drought,Severe Winter Weather

Flooding

Severe Storms

Tropical Cyclones

Global Warming


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Global Warming

IMPACT: Climate Change THEN Impacts Human Life,Wildlife & Natural Vegetation

Hurricane Katrina Photos from www.katrina.com; Wildlife/Vegetation Photos from WWF WebsiteHurricane Katrina Photos from www.katrina.com; Wildlife/Vegetation Photos from WWF Website

A few Examples:

Human Life Wildlife Vegetation

Changes intemperature candamage vegetationor prevent futuregrowth

Potential extinction due to

loss of habitat, foodsource, disruption inbreeding cycles


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OVERALL, SHIPS ARE THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION

The Impact of Emissions

This Slide taken from Intertanko ISTEC Committee, Distillates Presentation (Feb 2007)This Slide taken from Intertanko ISTEC Committee, Distillates Presentation (Feb 2007)

Other Examples


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Other Examples …

• 1000 Tonnes of CO2 is producedby:

•• 1000 Tonnes of CO2 is produced1000 Tonnes of CO2 is producedby:by:

Driving a Toyota Corolla 6

million kilometres (150 timesaround the earth’s equator

Driving a Toyota Corolla 6Driving a Toyota Corolla 6

million kilometres (150 timesmillion kilometres (150 timesaround the eartharound the earth’’s equator s equator

An individual flying from NewYork to Tokyo 400 times

An individual flying from New An individual flying from NewYork to Tokyo 400 timesYork to Tokyo 400 times

EXAMPLE Trans Atlantic Voyage


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EXAMPLE - Trans-Atlantic Voyage

• From Sarroch (Italy), Load in Arzew (Algeria), Discharge in Philadelphia(USA)

Ballast Passage: 100 MTLoad Port Consumption: 35 MTLaden Passage: 650 MT

+ Discharge Port Cons: 180 MT

TOTAL: 965 MTx 3.2 = Carbon Footprint of 3088 metric tonnes

How much fuel must be saved in order to reduce Carbon Footprint by 5%?

TOTAL: 965 MT HFO x 0.05 = 48.25 MT.

How can we save this much fuel?

What is Acid Rain?


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What is Acid Rain?

SOURCE : SOx, NOx, Soot Emissions from Engine DuringFuel Combustion

Acids can be blown to other areas by wind, thenWet Deposition: Acids fall to the ground with rain, fog, snowDry Deposition: Acids fall to the ground with dust or smoke

Acids can be blown to other areas by wind, thenWet Deposition: Acids fall to the ground with rain, fog, snowDry Deposition: Acids fall to the ground with dust or smoke

US EPAUS EPA

NOxSOxSoot

NOxSOxSoot

Water,

Oxygen, andOther

AtmosphericChemicals

Water,

Oxygen, andOther

AtmosphericChemicals

++

==

Mild Sulphuric

Acid and Nitric Acid

Mild Sulphuric Acid and Nitric Acid

Acid Rain


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Acid Rain

Lakes, Rivers and Streams

Disrupts lake ecosystems and kills

wildlife Depletes natural oxygen levels in lakes.

Destroys food source (micro organismsor larger marine life)

Harms birds that live or feed in affectedwaters.

Soil / Vegetation

Washes away soil nutrients.

Damages tree roots affecting nutrientabsorption

Changes the colour of leaves affectingphotosynthesis.

Lakes, Rivers and Streams

Disrupts lake ecosystems and kills

wildlife Depletes natural oxygen levels in lakes.

Destroys food source (micro organismsor larger marine life)

Harms birds that live or feed in affectedwaters.

Soil / Vegetation

Washes away soil nutrients.

Damages tree roots affecting nutrientabsorption

Changes the colour of leaves affectingphotosynthesis.

IMPACTS: Deterioration/destruction of forests and waterways;Effects to wildlife and human life

Acid Rain


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Acid Rain

Human Life:

Lung disorders, such as asthma andbronchitis.

Sickness from contaminated seafoodfrom affected lakes or rivers.

Can leach metals (i.e., copper, lead oralumnium) into potable water sources

Deterioration of buildings, statues,

bridges, etc.

Human Life:

Lung disorders, such as asthma andbronchitis.

Sickness from contaminated seafoodfrom affected lakes or rivers.

Can leach metals (i.e., copper, lead oralumnium) into potable water sources

Deterioration of buildings, statues,

bridges, etc.

IMPACTS: Deterioration/destruction of forests and waterways;Effects to wildlife and human life

LEGISLATION UPDATE


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LEGISLATION UPDATE

CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Legislation


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CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Legislation

• Currently, CO2 emissions not regulated inshipping.

• Worldwide focus on global warming• Public perception that shipping has not

done much to reduce emissions.• Expect IMO regulations perhaps in 4-5

years

NOx Legislation


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NOx Legislation

• Regulated by Marpol Annex VI since May2005

• Proposed amendments to be finalized in2008

SO L i l i


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SOx Legislation• Regulated by Marpol Annex VI since May

2005

• Proposed amendments to be finalized in2008

VOC Legislation


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VOC Legislation

• Regulated by Marpol Annex VI since May 2005. Noreduction targets stated

• Proposed Amendment – VOC Management Manual

• Vapour Emission Control Systems (VECS) fitted but lackof port reception facilities to collect VOC’s

• Shuttle tankers in the North Sea must adhere to

reduction targets for cargo loading in the NorwegianContinental Shelf.

• Emissions during transit not addressed

NOTE: Global warming potential of methane from VOC’sis 20 TIMES HIGHER THAN CO2.

Strategies for Reducing


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Strategies for Reducing

Emissions

* Reducing CO2 Emissions is a PRIORITY from 2008-2012* Reducing CO2 Emissions is a PRIORITY from 2008-2012

Optimizing Fuel Consumption (CO2 Emissions)


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• Vessel Performance Program for Optimizingengine/equipment efficiency

Opt g ue Co su pt o (CO ss o s)

Trim Optimization Tool~60 MT of fuel saved per vessel/year

Trim Optimization Tool~60 MT of fuel saved per vessel/year

Use Vessel Performance System

(VPS) and CASPER to monitorperformance

Use Vessel Performance System

(VPS) and CASPER to monitorperformance

Trim Optimization Tool


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Success Stories:

Trim Optimization Tool

Optimizing Fuel Consumption (CO2 Emissions)


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SFOC vs Pmax

132.0

132.5

133.0

133.5

134.0

134.5

135.0

135.5

115 117.5 120 122.5 125

Pmax in Bar

S F O C 1.8%

reduction

10 bar increase in Pmax10 bar increase in Pmax 1.8% drop in Specific Fuel Consumption1.8% drop in Specific Fuel Consumption

Source: MAN B&WSource: MAN B&W

==

1.211

1.134

1.05

0.984

0.925

0.819

0.75

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

S C O C i n g m s / b h p h r

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Fleet Average Cylinder Oil Consumption

Specific Fuel Oil Cons.Specific Fuel Oil Cons.

SFOC units in gms/bhp hr SFOC units in gms/bhp hr

Optimizing Cylinder Oil Consumption~30% reduction in Ave consumption since 2001. $3.7 Million saved

Optimizing Cylinder Oil Consumption~30% reduction in Ave consumption since 2001. $3.7 Million saved

Going forward:

Retrofit with AlphaLubricators

Going forward:Going forward:

Retrofit with AlphaRetrofit with AlphaLubricatorsLubricators

Examples of Optimization


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p p

Example of a vessel with silicone

coated propeller and rudder to improve

performance and avoid fouling

Example of a vessel with silicone

coated propeller and rudder to improve

performance and avoid fouling

Model testing benefits

establishment of improvedguidelines on vessels draft and

trim condition for optimization of

fuel consumption and speed

Model testing benefits

establishment of improvedguidelines on vessels draft and

trim condition for optimization of

fuel consumption and speed

Examples of Alternatives


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p

Propellers• Propeller Boss Cap Fin (PBCF)

Reduces stern vibrations, propeller noise and rudder erosion.

(Estimated 5% fuel savings or 2% increase in speed)

• Teekay Model Tests followed by on board test to come

Environmental Leadership Program


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6-year study onboard Dania SpiritPlant decommissioned, study ongoing

MONITOR & RESEARCH: Other NOx technologies(i.e., slide valves, Exhaust Gas Recirculation)

Onboard test: Selective Catalytic Reduction Plant

ELP OBJECTIVE: Reduce NOx Emissions




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•Use Low Sulphur (1.5%) Fuelsused where required in SulphurEmission Control Areas (SECA)

•Baltic (May 2006)•North Sea (Aug/Nov 2007)

•Teekay policy that purchasedbunkers not exceed 3.5% sulphur(this is 1% below Marpolregulation)•Research Seawater Scrubbers

ELP OBJECTIVE: Reduce SOx and Particulate MatterEmissions

Seawater Scrubber(Mainly for SOx but can removeNOx & Particulate Matter)

Seawater Scrubber(Mainly for SOx but can removeNOx & Particulate Matter)

p g



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Shuttle Tanker VOC Plants Conventional Tanker Methods Vapour Emission Control

Systems (VECS), but lack of

shore reception facilities VOCON Procedure (SVP)

RESEARCH: Teekay Norway, Technologies and Projects Group VOC reduction during transport, w/ GBA recirculation system and tank

overpressure

ELP OBJECTIVE: Reduce VOC emissions from cargo

Stena Sirita Plant used during loadingOther Shuttle Tanker Plant types:

Absorption

Adsorption

Condensation

The Impact of Vessel


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p

Discharges/Releases

Potential Oil Pollution


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HAZARDS: Discharge of treated bilge water; DecantedSlops; Cargo/Bunker Spill

Potential Oil Pollution


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IMPACTS: Potential Contamination of the Seas/Shorelines;Effects to Marine Life; Criminal Charges

TREND: WORLDWIDE CRIMINALIZATION OF MARINERS


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USA• Department of Justice

CANADA

• Bill C-15

European Union• Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship-Source Pollution

FRANCE – Perben 2 Law – Captain Mathur of ERIKA

– VANCOUVER SPIRIT / AEGEAN SPIRIT

SPAIN• Captain Mangouras of PRESTIGE

Penalties


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PenaltiesIncarceration

• prison sentences for vessel personnel (maximum to date – 5years)

• shore side personnel (maximum to date – 37 months)

Fines

• both individuals and companies

• maximum individual to date - $100,000

• maximum company to date - $40,000,000


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Ballast Water, when discharged at load port


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IMPACTS: Disruption or changes to marine ecosystems

EcologicalNew bio-invasion every 9 weeks

EconomicalLosses in 100s of billions USD per

year globally

Human healthParalytic shell fish poisoning

Cholera outbreaks

Strategy / Practices for Minimizing


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Discharges


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Ensuring overboard discharge contains less than 15 ppm oil.

ELP OBJECTIVE: Efficient Bilge Management System

Alfa Laval, EcostreamCentrifugal Separator

Alfa Laval, EcostreamCentrifugal Separator White BoxesWhite Boxes

Legislation Update – Ballast


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Water • Proposed international convention.

• Still awaiting ratification by IMO member states.

Ballast Water


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ELP OBJECTIVE : Minimize the transfer of invasivemarine organisms

In place today:

Ballast Water ManagementPlans

Ballast exchange

2008 ELP Evaluate Alfa Laval Pureballast

System (IMO Approved) and

others

Advanced Oxidation Technology (AOT)

Alfa Laval Pureballast System Alfa Laval Pureballast System


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GarbageIMPACT: Potential Pollution of the Seas Depletion of


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IMPACT: Potential Pollution of the Seas, Depletion ofLand Fills and Natural Resources, Disruption toMarine Life

photo’s by: Dirk Bruin, SBB Vlieland

Visual Pollutionand Disruption toMarine Life

Visual Pollutionand Disruption toMarine Life

EntanglementEntanglement

IngestionIngestion

Garbage


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industrial

plastic

user

plastic

non plastic rubbish

pollutants

chemical ?

Litter types in Fulmar stomachs

Strategies / Practices for Waste


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Management

* Reduce Garbage Disposed at Sea Where Possible* Reduce Garbage Disposed at Sea Where Possible

Minimizing Garbage Disposed at Sea


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Categories 2, 3 and 4Categories 2, 3 and 4Food Wasteis OK, butshould still

minimize.

Food Wasteis OK, butshould still

minimize.

Minimizing Garbage Disposed at Sea


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• 2006, Teekay averaged fleet wide adisposal of approximately 12 m3 of

category 2, 3 and 4 waste overboard.• 2007, our objective/target was to reduce

this to 8 m3. Achieved: 8.16 m3 Great !!

• 2012 Target 6 m3

Ave per ship


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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

M.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Łukasz Lewkowicz

Dr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Grzegorz RutkowskiDr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Andrzej Królikowski


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KONCEPCJA OBSŁUGISTATKÓW DO PRZEWOZU LNG

W REJONIE ZATOKI GDAŃSKIEJ

dr inż. kpt. ż. w. Andrzej Królikowski

dr inż. kpt. ż. w. Grzegorz Rutkowski


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Schemat terminalu odbiorczego LNG z funkcją regazyfikacji


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Schemat terminalu LNG


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Przykłady magazynowania LNG


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Crude Oil Export & Import

Crude Oil Daily Consumption


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Crude Oil Top Producing


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Pump room Bilges

ELP OBJECTIVE: Efficient Bilge Management System

Deck Bilge Water


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Pump room Bilges

• Approval to transfer to slop tanks

• Dispose Ashore

• CANNOT be combined with engine room bilges

RESEARCH/PILOT: Deck retention tanks for pump room and other options

for STL and Bow Thruster Space

Fore Castle Clean up spills/leakages and dispose of contaminated

materials accordingly

Submerged Turret Loading, Bow Thruster Space Discharge to sea permitted

EXERCISE: How can you contribute to achieving the Strategy?

Split up into 8 groups. Use flip charts to identify ways toreduce energy consumption and minimize garbage


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p p g p p y yreduce energy consumption and minimize garbage

onboard in below areas. Choose the best option in each

area as per below (15 minutes). Nominate a speaker to

present.

Reduce Energy Minimize Garbage

Cargo Ops

Engine Room

Accommodations

crude oil transport and offshore loading corrected logoum1-1

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