Crown of Monomakh

A Muscovite document written in the 1520s – and confirmed

as a story also told to the Habsburg ambassador,

Herberstein between 1517 and 1526 -- relates that this Crown was given to the Grand Prince

of Kiev by the Byzantine Emperor in the C12th. In fact, it

is a Tatar skullcap crown (tübe teke) given to a

Muscovite Grand Prince, most probably Ivan I Kalita (d.

1341), by the Tatar Khan of the Golden Horde, Özbek

(reigning 1313-1341).

Museum of the Moscow Kremlin Оружeйнная Палата

http://www.museum.ru/alb/

image.asp?19318

The Rise of Muscovy (1) •  First mention of Muscovy as a minor part of Iurii

Dolgorukii’s patrimony as Grand Prince of Vladimir’, mid C12th

•  Prince Daniil Aleksandrovich (?-1304), youngest son of Alexander Nevskii, who acquires Kolomna (1298) and Mozaisk and Pereiaslavl’ (1303), most probably through his father’s connections with the Tatars

•  Prince Iurii Daniilovich (1304-25): Tatars are starting to use the new minor Principality of Moscow as a foil to Tver’ briefly appoint him Grand Prince 1315-22, marries Özbek’s sister, long-time resident at Saraï.

Crown of Monomakh

A Muscovite document written in the 1520s – and confirmed

as a story also told to the Habsburg ambassador,

Herberstein between 1517 and 1526 -- relates that this Crown was given to the Grand Prince

of Kiev by the Byzantine Emperor in the C12th. In fact, it

is a Tatar skullcap crown (tübe teke) given to a

Muscovite Grand Prince, most probably Ivan I Kalita (d.

1341), by the Tatar Khan of the Golden Horde, Özbek

(reigning 1313-1341).

Museum of the Moscow Kremlin Оружeйнная Палата

http://www.museum.ru/alb/

image.asp?19318

The Rise of Muscovy (2) Prince Grand Prince Ivan I Daniilovich

‘Moneybags (Kalita Калита)’, 1325-41, Grand Prince 1332 but excluding Riazan’ and Suzdal’ (Tatars hedging bets?); capital of Rus’ Metropolitan, 1328 (Churchmen opt for Moscow; no bets hedged)

(era of Andrei Rublëv, ca 1360s to 1431) Grand Prince Semën Ivanovich ‘the Proud (Gordyi Гордый), 1341-53: Boyars (боярины) made to swear an oath of loyalty.

Grand Prince Ivan II Ivanovich ‘the Short (Krotkii кроткий)’, 1353-59

The Rise of Muscovy (3) Grand Prince Dmitri Ivanovich Donskoi, 1359-89 •  defeats his uncle Dmitri of Suzdal’ in civil war, reinforcing

principle of father-son succession •  1367-75: attempts to compel Tver’ and Riazan’ to accept him

as Grand Prince, defying Tatar Khan, Mamaï •  first coinage, 1370s, but over-stamped with embossed stamp of

Tatar Khan Toktamysh •  1380 defeats Mamaï at Battle of Kulikovo Field •  1382 new Tatar Khan Toktamysh sacks all of Moscow, except

the Kremlin •  1389: Testament (Zaveshchenie Завещение) Donskoi dares to

bequeath the Grand Principality to his son Vasilii I Dmitr’evich

Battle of Kulikovo Field,

1380

Grand Prince Dmitri Donskoi

defeats the Tatar Khan Mamaï

C17th Miniature from the Life of St Sergius of Radonezh

(Жития Сергия Радонежского), C14th

founder of the Monastery and Fort of Zagorsk and key clerical supporter of Grand Princely autocratic power in

Muscovy.

http://history.sgu.ru/img/x1-miatura-uz-gitiya-sergia-ra.jpg & http://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/sergiy17/index.html

‘Morning of the Battle of Kulikovo Field (Утро на Куликовом Поле)’, 1380

Soviet second-world-war-era painting by Alexander Pavlovich Bobnov (1908-64) painted in 1943-47

The Rise of Muscovy (3) Grand Prince Dmitri Ivanovich Donskoi, 1359-89 •  defeats his uncle Dmitri of Suzdal’ in civil war, reinforcing

principle of father-son succession •  1367-75: attempts to compel Tver’ and Riazan’ to accept him

as Grand Prince, defying Tatar Khan, Mamaï •  first coinage, 1370s, but over-stamped with embossed stamp of

Tatar Khan Toktamysh •  1380 defeats Mamaï at Battle of Kulikovo Field •  1382 new Tatar Khan Toktamysh sacks all of Moscow, except

the Kremlin •  1389: Testament (Zaveshchenie Завещение) Donskoi dares to

bequeath the Grand Principality to his son Vasilii I Dmitr’evich

Anonymous Silver Coin [of Dmitri Donskoi] inscribed simply as the

‘Grand Prince’s issue (Печать князя великого)’ still Tatar

oriented?

http://www.mosnumismat.ru/info/0003.php & http://www.mosnumismat.ru/ris/st003ris01.jpg &

http://ezhe.ru/ib/images/945.jpg

The Rise of Muscovy (4) Grand Prince Vasilii I Dmitr’evich, 1389-1425 •  his succession is not disputed by the Tatars, he exerts

unilaterally control over Nizhnii-Novgorod (1394) and links with Riazan’

•  Shock to Tatars of Timur’s conquest, 1385-95: destroys Saraï, new capital at Astrakhan

•  Vasilii I refuses to come to Astrakhan or remit tribute, 1400-09 •  new (Nogaï) Tatar Khan Edigei raids Moscow but fails to take

the Kremlin (1408) and re-exerts control over Nizhnii-Novgorod and Riazan’. Assassinated in 1419, Edigei’s descendants become Muscovite boyars (Yusupov)

•  Defeat for Muscovy in war with Grand Prince Vitovt’s Lithuanian Rus’, 1404-06

Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow Kremlin (Благовещенский собор, or Blagoveschenskii sobor 1403)

The major painter (1403-05) was Theofanes the Greek (1330s to ca 1410), born in Constantinople, but active in Russia since the 1370s, who worked with a young Russian master, Andrei Rublëv. The present version of the

Cathedral was built by masters from Pskov in 1485-86. http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4004/4481692350_01cc9a6633_z.jpg

Iconostasis in the Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow

Kremlin, built in 1403

This famous iconostasis is discussed and pictured in situ in

Marilyn Minto’s essay, ‘The Iconostasis: the Spiritual Face of Russia’ in Icons 88: To Celebrate

the Millenium of Christianity in Russia and Exhibition of Russian Icons in Ireland, ed. Sarah Smyth

& Stanford Kingston, Dublin, Veritas Publications and the

National Gallery of Ireland, 1988, pp. 98-105, including plan 1 and

colour plate v.

Marilyn Minto’s plan of the Iconostasis in the Church of the Annunciation, Moscow Kremlin C15th

The Rise of Lithuania •  Grand Prince Vitovt, born ca 1350, reigns 1392-1430. •  Eclipse of Teutonic knights: combined Lithuanian-Polish-Tatar forces led by

Vitovt and Polish King Władyslaw II Jagiellón defeat Teutonic Orders of Knights at Grünwald (Tannenberg), 15 July 1410:ca 400 knights killed, 8,000 troops killed, 14,000 captured and ransomed, death of the Grand Master (Ülrich von Jungingen), and their knights’ retreat to Königsberg (Калининград Kaliningrad) and Livonia Лифланд (Latvia and Estonia)

•  Vitovt defeats Muscovy in 1404-06, threatening to control Novgorod and Pskov, leading Riazan’ and Tver’ to prefer Lithuanian suzerainty, 1427-29

•  places his Tatar nominee on throne of Crimea, 1399 •  acts as ‘guardian’ to Muscovite Prince Vasilii Vasil’evich, infant son and only

successor of Grand Prince Vasilii I •  agrees (Union of Horodlo, 1413) to start to coordinate Polish (Catholic) and

Lithuanian (Orthodox) kingdoms, provided Lithuania stays Orthodox and keeps it representative institutions (Seim) and provided Lithuanian nobles acquire the same feudal powers as Polish nobles (szlachta), culminating from 1445-47 in the first single monarch of Poland and Lithuania and single Seim: Casimir IV.

Lithuania according to part

of a map of northern Europe

produced by Oleus Magnus in

1539

http://www.lituanus.org/1973/73_4_01.htm

Martin Bielski 1554 engraving of the Battle of

Grünwald, 1410 http://www.superstock.com/

stock-photos-images/1746-4360

Polish artist, Jan Matejko (1838-93) imagines (1874) the Battle of Grünwald (15 July 1410) which secured Slav control of the south Baltic, painted at a time when Poland had disappeared,

partitioned between Russia, Prussia and Austria-Hungary. National Museum of Warsaw, Poland http://www.ddg.art.pl/nm/index.html

http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/JM/GT.html & http://www.pinakoteka.zascianek.pl/Matejko/Images/Grunwald.jpg

Anonymous Polish-Lithuanian retrospective (C17th) imagined

coronation portrait of

Vytautas / Witóld / Vitovt / Витовт (1350-1430)

Grand Prince (Великий Князь) of the Orthodox Slav Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1392-1430), victor over

the Tatar Khan Toktamysh at Vorskla (1399) and over the Teutonic Order of Knights at

Grünwald (1410) http://pics.livejournal.com/isartorius/pic/

0014gx6a & http://lib.rus.ec/b/200461/read &

http://sojuzrus.lt/rarog/inforarog/54-russkie-hudozhniki-litvy.html

Seal of Grand

Duke of Lithuania,

Vitovt /Vytautas /

Witóld

early C15th

http://pics.livejournal.com/isartorius/pic/

0014ht9k

Lübeck master artist, Herman Rode’s altar portrait of St Nicholas, patron saint of Tallinn

mariners (1478-82), showing the world of Hanseatic trade in the Baltic.

Scene from the High Altar panel in the (then-Catholic) Church of Saint Nicholas (Niguliste

Kirik) in Tallinn (Revel, Ревель) in Estonia.

http://lib.rus.ec/b/200461/read & http://lib.rus.ec/i/61/200461/i_037.png &

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Niguliste_church.altar.jpg.

Muscovite ‘Central Asian’ Dress Codes: Kaftan: A depiction of the arrival in 1576 of the first delegation of Russian diplomats in the Habsburg

capital, Vienna, in the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II (reigning 1564-76).

http://photofile.com.ua/photo/semkov/376977/74289635.jpg

Classic Old Rus’ facing ‘Europe’: Views of Pskov River, Fort, Cathedral, Chancellery

The Rise of Muscovy (5) •  Grand Prince Vasilii II Vasil’evich (Tëmnyi Тëмный), 1425-62

•  Accedes at the tender age of 10 long civil war, 1432-47, which ebbs and flows, as his uncle’s family attempts to oust Vasilii II by intrigue with Tatars, and then by war with his uncle’s family and Tatar allies; forced blindings on all sides, including Vasilii II in Tatar captivity in 1446.

•  Ivan III Vasil’evich co-ruler (osudar’ осударь) from 1448 •  1447: annexes Riazan’ •  1448: installs own Metropolitan (Iona) without reference to Patriarch at

Constantinople; disgust at the Council of Florence (1438-39) trying to unite Catholicism and Orthodoxy; his ouster (1441) of Metropolitan Isidore (1436-41), а Uniate originally from St Demetrius in Constantinople

•  1440s his chroniclers and coins proclaim him ‘Sovereign of All Rus’ (Осподарь всея Русь)’ equating himself with Vitovt’s Lithuania Rus’ in correspondence in 1451 addressed to Constantine XI Paleologos, the last Byzantine emperor

•  1453: creates Tatar buffer state at Kasymov, south of Riazan’ •  1456: Novgorod is under Muscovite tutelage.

Rise of Muscovy (6): Key factors •  De facto primogeniture till the realm was well-

consolidated •  Financial clout via longer tenure of Grand

Principality through Tatars’ preferment •  Breakdown of East-West trade as Lithuania

moves into Polish orbit undermines Galicia and Kiev and northwest Rus’ rival cities (Novgorod, Pskov, Tver’)

•  Boyar cohesion: able to assimilate newcomers •  Manages steppe politics well

Fifteenth-century consolidation of Byzantine concepts of sovereignty in Muscovy

•  Eulogy to Vasilii II compiled in 1461 by Pakhomii the Serb at Mt Athos adapting Agapetos:

•  ‘Divine-ordained Tsar Боговенчайччый Царь θεόστεπτος Βασιλενς’

•  ‘Adorned by God богоукращëнный’

•  ‘Crowned by God боговенчайнный’

•  ‘Schooled by God богом научëнный’

Ihor Ševčenko, ‘A Neglected Byzantine Source in Muscovite Political Ideology’ Philo of Alexandria (C1st CE) and Agapetos of Constantinople (C6Th

CE) originally via Пчела. a C12th Slavonic text bound alongside the Laurentian version of the ‘Russian Primary Chronicle (Повесть Временных Лет)’ in his Byzantium and the Slavs in Letters and Culture, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and Naples, Italy: Harvard Ukrainian Research institute and Instituto Universitario Orientale, 1991.

Rare Scene of the Muscovite Court in 1498 enacting Palm Sunday:

Embroidered Shroud (Savan

Саван) of Grand Princess Elena (front row, second left), the

daughter-in-law of Ivan III, in the company of her spouse, Crown

Prince Dmitri Ivanovich with Metropolitan Simon (both rendered with haloes in the middle row) and her mother-in-law, Empress Zoe Paleologue (fourth from left in the front row) with her two other un-married daughters (who flank

Elena), in the company of other church hierarchs and boyars.

Michael Flier, ‘Breaking the Code’ in Medieval

Russian Culture, vol. 2, pp. 222-23; http://www.ellada-russia.ru/images/articles/

tefxos%2010/sofia%20palaiologou/Pelena.jpg.

Rise of Muscovy (7): Ivan the Great Grand Prince Ivan III Vasil’evich (born 1440,

co-ruler 1448, sole ruler 1462-1505 •  Long experience in rulership •  Minor gains against Lithuanian Rus’ •  Orthodox and Byzantine imperial mystique: marries Zoë Paleologos

(1471-72) •  Double eagle emblem (late 1480s) but NOT the title Tsar: ‘Sovereign of all

Rus (Gosudar Vseia Rusi Государь Всея Руси)’. •  Defeats Crimean Tatars, 1480; end of overlordship •  Filofei of Eleazar monastery @ Pskov: ‘Third Rome’, 1510 •  Assimilation (1460-71) of Novgorod (1488) and Pskov (1510) •  Fixed levies & conditional land tenure (pomest’ia поместья) •  Installs Tatar client rulers in Kazan, 1487 •  First comprehensive law code since C12th: peasants can only depart on St

Georges’ Day: Sudebnik Судебник 1492

Fifteenth-century consolidation of Byzantine concepts of sovereignty in Muscovy

•  Anti-Catholic text of 1479 (Slovo na Latyniu Слово на Латыню) declares Ivan III is “Prince of Muscovy and all Rus’ (князем Московским и всея Руси)

•  1480s: ‘[Ruling] with divine power (Bozhieiu Milostiiu Божиею милостию)’

•  Vas’ian of Rostov Velikii (adapting Agapetos) in 1481 after Ivan III defeats the Crimean Tatars irrevocably in 1480:

•  Quoting 1 Peter 2:17: ‘Fear God; Honour the Emperor (Tsar Царь)

– and he doesn’t mean to the Crimean Tatar Khan.

Ihor Ševčenko, ‘A Neglected Byzantine Source in Muscovite Political Ideology’ Philo of Alexandria (C1st CE) and Agapetos of Constantinople (C6Th CE) originally via Пчела. a C12th Slavonic text bound alongside the Laurentian version of the ‘Russian Primary Chronicle (Повесть Временных Лет)’ in his Byzantium and the Slavs in Letters and Culture, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and Naples, Italy: Harvard Ukrainian Research institute and Instituto Universitario Orientale, 1991; Andrei Pliguzov in Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 19 (1995) 513-30; AВ. Лаушкин in Вестник Московского Университета VII История 6 (Nov-Dec 1995) pp. 26-36

Icon: The Blessing of the Protective Veil of our Lady (Богородица), the Mother of God (Богоматерь). Icon originating from Novgorod, 1550s or mid-C16th. Like the holy white cowl (белый клобук), the icon honours another legitimating relic. This time it is the veil seen by St Andrei Iurodivyi (the Holy Fool) in the Blachernae church in Constantinople around 1000 BCE, and subsequently brought from Constantinople by Kievan prince Andrei Bogoliubskii to Rus’ in C12th. The icon shows the Muscovite-Byzantine ideal of the harmony of Church and State; the Tsar is among clergy and saints. They keep him straight and true. Покров Богородици or Покров Богоматери State Russian Museum, St Petersburg Государственный Русской Музей http://www.pravoslavie.ru/jurnal/4515.htm or http://hramznameniya.ru/photo/?id=160 detail right Tsar (Ivan IV?) and Tsarina (Anastasiia?) in Church

Cathedral of the Archangel Michael

Moscow Kremlin (1490s – 1508)

Архангельский Соборь

Cathedral of the Dormition (1508)

Uspenskii Sobor’ Успенский Соборь

The Patriarch’s Church in the

Moscow Kremlin

Early C15th icon: the

Archangel Michael as

victor Cathedral of Archangel Michael

(Архангельский Соборь) Moscow Kremlin (1490s – 1508)

Archangel Michael helps Gideon expel the Midianites (Judges, 6-8) Cathedral of the Archangel Michael (Архангельский Соборь) Moscow Kremlin

(1490s – 1508)

Blessed is the Host (i.e. Army) of the Tsar anointed by Heaven Благословенно воинство небесного Царя

Muscovite mid-C16th Icon, nearly 2 metres long, Cathedral of the Dormition (Uspenskii Sobor’ Успенский Соборь, Moscow Kremlin.

The Tsar [Ivan IV?] rides [back from a burning Kazan’ in 1551] amid his infantry and he heads [not towards a ‘Third Rome’ but] toward a ‘New Jerusalem’ where the Mother of God awaits with the infant, Christ. The Tsar doesn’t wear a battle helmet (шлем) but rather the monarch’s ‘armour of truth (броня веры)’. Two great Bible tsars precede him on horseback, David and Solomon, assisted in the rear by saintly monarchs of Kiev Rus’:

Vladimir, and the holy twins, Boris & Gleb. This ‘political’ icon is unique in Muscovy and may have influenced by Orthodox anti-Ottoman precedents in C15th and C16th Balkan churches (Ohrid in Macedonia and Petruca in

Romania).http://www.uer.varvar.ru/uspenskiy16.htm and Daniel Rowland essay in Picturing Russia: Explorations in Visual Culture, New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 2008, ch. 6 & plate 6.3 .

http://www.uer.varvar.ru/uspenskiy16.htm

Icon (1550s) at ‘Cathedral of the Dormition

(Успенский Соборь)’, Moscow Kremlin: ‘Church Militant (Церковь Воинствующая)’:

Blessed is the Host of the Heavenly Tsar (Благословенно воинство небесного Царя).

See also: http://www.ic-xc-nika.ru/ikons/Ioann_Vasilevich_IV_Groznyi/000.html.

‘Blessed is the Host of the Heavenly Tsar ()’: a second copy of the icon, later C16th, now with great Tsars labeled (Israelite: David & Solomon; Byzantine: Constantine & Leo; Rus’: St Vladimir and Boris & Gleb): Tret’iakov Gallery, Moscow: http://www.nasledie-rus.ru/img/870000/870408.jpg.

Details of the icon

Музей-Заповедник Московского Кремля: Вера и Власть: Эпоxа Ивана Грозного (Москва 2007), p. 10, and Daniel Rowland essay in Picturing

Russia: Explorations in Visual Culture, New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 2008, ch. 6 & plate 6.3, and illustration

10 at Ivan IV and http://www.ic-xc-nika.ru/ikons/

Ioann_Vasilevich_IV_Groznyi/000.html and Holy Monarchs of Kiev Rus’: St

Vladimir, St Boris and St Gleb http://www.pravenc.ru/text/159104.html.

Early C18th Russian Orthodox Church

sponsored map of the

world

Coronation Feast in the Facetted Palace (Грановитая Палата) in the Muscovite Kremlin of Tsar Mikhail Fëdorovich in 1613 as depicted in in an album of 1672-73 attributed to

the circle of leading boyar Artamon Sergeevich Matveev: ‘The Book of the Election and Coronation to Tsardom of Tsar and Grand Prince Mikhail Fëdorovich (Книги об

избрании и венчании на царство царя и великого князя Михаила Фёдоровича) http://ms-reenactor.livejournal.com/tag/XVII+%D0%B2. & http://photofile.ru/photo/semkov/322898/75768810.jpg.

Dress Code: Kaftan; Political Code: Pecking Order: A depiction of the arrival in 1576 of the first delegation of Russian diplomats in

the Habsburg capital, Vienna, in the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II (reigning 1564-76).

http://photofile.com.ua/photo/semkov/376977/74289635.jpg

Dress Code -- Kaftan: Andrei Petrovich Riabushkin (1861-1904)’s reconstruction of a meeting of the Boyar Duma in the presence of Tsar Mikhail

Fëdorovich Romanov, http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-13025/

Danish envoy, Adam Olearius’ depictions of Muscovite dress codes based on two visits to Muscovy between 1633 and 1636

(Left): image of a Muscovite boyar and his steward (Below): Church hierarch, boyar family, peasant.

http://1584.allrpg.info/index.php?kind=5&id=2501

Habsburg envoy to Muscovy (1661-62): Baron Augustin von Mayerberg (1612-88) Boyar’s estate at Nikol’skoe, the last post-horse station before they enter

Moscow in May 1661

http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/mayerb.html @ http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/images/mayerb54.jpg

Artist Johan Rudolf Storn © Daniel Clarke Waugh

A Muscovite Peasant at work at the Trinity-St Sergius Monastery

named for Saint Sergius of Radonezh

C17th Miniature from the Life of St Sergius of Radonezh (Жития Сергия Радонежского), C14th

founder of the Monastery and Fort of Zagorsk and key clerical supporter of Grand Princely

autocratic power in Muscovy.

http://annals.xlegio.ru/rus/zimin/rvig_v1.jpg

A Muscovite Peasant at work at the Trinity-St Sergius Monastery

named for Saint Sergius of Radonezh

C17th Miniature from the Life of St Sergius of Radonezh (Жития Сергия Радонежского), C14th

founder of the Monastery and Fort of Zagorsk and key clerical supporter of Grand Princely

autocratic power in Muscovy.

http://www.nkj.ru/upload/iblock/1fd/1fdd907907ab008e147afb61990b

5d7a.JPG

Early C17th House of the Romanov Boyars in Moscow

Tax collection C16th

Illustration from a

compendium of bible stories, church history

and old chronicle entries compiled by monks at

Alexandrovsk Sloboda as commissioned by Ivan IV

in 1570s

Litsevoi Svod Лицевой Свод

http://www.booksite.ru/trade/main/russian.htm

Timber towns: Apollinarii Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (1853-1933) imagines (in 1900) Kitaigorod (Китайгород), the market quarter of old Moscow, early C17th.

State Russian Museum, St Petersburg @ http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/rva/images/c0395-07/c0395-07x.html or http://historydoc.edu.ru/catalog.asp?cat_ob_no=13050&ob_no=15794.

Baron (Freiherr) Sigismund von Herberstein

(1486-1566) Habsburg envoy to Muscovy

(1517 and 1526)

Rerum Moscovitarum Commentarii (1549, and trans in Italian, German, and

Czech 1551, 1556, 1571 eds.) http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/mnemosyne/

word/slavlit.gif

Sled in which a Muscovite noblewoman would travel in Moscow streets in seclusion. Habsburg envoy to Muscovy (1661-62): Baron Augustin von Mayerberg (1612-88) Artist Johan Rudolf Storn © Daniel Clarke Waugh http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/mayerb.html @ http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/images/mayerb18.jpg.

WINTER TRANSPORT

The Family of Ivan IV arrives at Court for a ceremonial

occasion. Secluded Women. Serried

Boyars.

Illustration from a compendium of bible stories, church history and old chronicle

entries compiled by monks at Alexandrovsk Sloboda as

commissioned by Ivan IV in 1570s

Litsevoi Svod Лицевой Свод

http://history.sgu.ru/img/x1-groz13.jpg.

Map of Moscow from Georg Braun and Franz Hogenburg’s atlas of European cities, published in 6 vols between 1572 and 1617: (Civitates orbis terrarum). Moscow

appeared in vol. 2, map 47, published in 1575. The map is not their best and seems based on minimal information, reproducing Herberstein’s map but adding an image of

Muscovite gentry cavalry. http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/maps/braun_hogenberg_II_47.html and the detail @

http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html

The Tsar distributes alms for the poor