crowdsourcing as human networkmappers.isig.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/cnr_crowd-sourcing.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Co-financed by the EU
CROWDSOURCING AS HUMAN NETWORK FOR CRISIS AND PREVENTION
Analysis of literature review and
MAppERS activity
Co-financed by the EU
CROWDSOURCING IDEA “Crowdsourcing can be used to solve problems and produce information by asking a distributed group of people, often volunteers, to perform certain tasks […] it has been used to refer to two distinct models: one in which information is sought directly from affected communities […] and another in which technical or information management tasks, such as mapping or geo-tagging, are outsourced to a “crowd” of volunteers that can live anywhere (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 2013)”
“[…] an individual, an institution, a non-profit organization, or company proposes to a group of individuals of varying knowledge, heterogeneity, and number, via a flexible open call, the voluntary undertaking of a task […] the crowd should participate bringing their work, knowledge and/or experience, always entails mutual benefit. The user will receive the satisfaction of a given type of need, be it economic, social recognition, self-esteem, or the development of individual skills, while the crowdsourcer will obtain and utilize to their advantage, that what the user has brought to the venture […] (Estellés-Arolas & González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, 2012)”
Co-financed by the EU
CROWDSOURCING FAMILY WEB TECHNOLOGY AND SMARTPHONE DEVICE EXPLODED IN THE GLOBAL MARKET
CROWDSOURCED VOLOUNTEERS SOLUTIONS RISE FOR DISASTER SUPPORT AND PREVENTION
VALUABLE SUPPORT FOR TERRITORIAL AGENCIES FOR THEIR HUGE CONTRIBUTION
UPCOMING VOLUNTEER TECHNICAL COMMUNITIES (VTC)
INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL ORGANIZATION/AGENCIES ARE INCREASINGLY JOINING CROWDSOURCING
…
ALMOST REAL-TIME
COST - EFFICENCY
LOW COST
TIMELINESS
HUGE DATA SET
VOLUNTEERS BASED
GEOLOCATED
SELF-KNOWLEDGE
…
clipartpanda.com
Co-financed by the EU
CROWDSOURCE RISES QUESTIONS For a detailed analysis and consequent solutions:
Who are the players (crowd-crowd users) behind emergency/prevention?
How is crowdsourcing used to support emergency and decision making?
How is crowdsourcing integrated in existing network?
What are the opportunities and risks?
Is there a place for complex analytical crowdsourcing tasks in emergency response?
Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre http://www.climatecentre.org/
Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) https://www.gfdrr.org/
Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team [HOT] http://hot.openstreetmap.org/
iRevolution http://irevolution.net/
Google Crisis Response https://www.google.org/crisisresponse/
Crowdcrafting http://crowdcrafting.org
Co-financed by the EU
CROWDSOURCING SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES
RESPONSIBLE
EVALUATORS
STAKEHOLDERS TECHNICIANS
RESEARCHERS
CITIZENS
DECISION
MAKERS
MAP-BASED PLATFORMS BY VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTION
bigarise.com - sostariffe.it - siliconangle.com - allinonesrl.net - protezionecivile.gov.it
MAP-BASED PLATFORMS BY SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE TEAMS
CROWD ROLE DATA TYPE
Sensor Raw
Social Computer Unstructured
Reporter Semi-structured
Microtasker Structured
(Poblet et al. 2014)
CO
MPLE
XIT
Y
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATION
VOLUNTEER TECHNICAL COMMUNITIES (VTC)
Co-financed by the EU VOLUNTEER TECHNICAL COMMUNITIES (VTC)
#1
MA
PPIN
G S
ERV
ICES
MapAction (2004)
Non-governmental organisation
Volunteer GIS-experts trained in disaster response
Gathers data and updates situation maps to support
local aid agencies
Google Map Maker (2008)
Detailed digital maps in lacking countries
Users have geo-spatial editing role for features and
info supported by other contributions (event-started)
First used in June 2008 after the cyclone Nargis
(Myanmar)
OpenstreetMap (OSM) (2004) Accessible mapping platform with free editing for all
Often kept within governments disaster management
Linked to Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT)
GISCorps (2003) GIS services in short-term projects for
underprivileged communities
Co-financed by the EU VOLUNTEER TECHNICAL COMMUNITIES (VTC)
#2
MA
PPIN
G S
ERV
ICES
The Global Earth Observation
and Catastrophe Assessment
Network (GEO-CAN) (2010)
Network of scientists and other expert volunteers
Analyze small image patches ImageCat
Comparison of post- and pre-disaster satellite
imagery
Building-by-building assessment of the damage
Standby Task Force (SBTF)
(2010)
Permanent experts volunteer online community
Organized into individual teams (Monitoring, Geo-
Location, Media Monitoring, Verification, Analysis)
Transparent and open-source model
Co-financed by the EU VOLUNTEER TECHNICAL COMMUNITIES (VTC)
#3
TAG
GIN
G
MapMill (2012)
Microtask the analysis and geotag HR areal images
Classify infrastructure damage
Tomnod (2012)
Slice HR satellite imagery into small squares to group separately
volunteers on geotag
Geotag by multiple volunteers to identify the locations of
maximum agreement with statistical algorithms
MicroMappers (2012) Mass of tweets in the free and open-source crowdsourcing
platform
Machine learning algorithms to filter tweets
App to check and geotag tweets on field by volunteer
Co-financed by the EU VOLUNTEER TECHNICAL COMMUNITIES (VTC)
#3
TweetClicker app ImageClicker app Meier 2013
Hörler 2014
Co-financed by the EU VOLUNTEER TECHNICAL COMMUNITIES (VTC)
#4
ON
LIN
E C
RIS
IS
PLA
TFO
RM
Ushahidi(2008)
Open-source crowdsourcing crisis information platform
Created by volunteer citizen reporters and bloggers
Report human right violations via social media
Time stamped and geo-tagged crisis map, where the public could
receive early warnings before the mainstream with no censorship
Random Hacks of
Kindness
(RHoK)(2009)
Mobilize volunteer expert programmers to create open
technology solutions
During a RHoK event expert developers sit together to
brainstorm, program and find solutions that can have a tangible
impact (App)
Heinzelman & Waters, 2010
Patrick, 2011
Blanchard & Chapman, 2012
Co-financed by the EU VOLUNTEER TECHNICAL COMMUNITIES (VTC)
#4
Libya Ushahidi
Haiti OpenStreetMap
http://libyacrisismap.net
http://neis-one.org/
Co-financed by the EU
CROWD AS SENSOR
electronicsnews.com.au - techoctavo.com – indiatimes.com
SMARTPHONE SENSORS
Light
Proximity sensor
Microphones (ultrasound)
Touch
Position
• GPS – Wifi (fingerprints)
• Cellular (tri-lateration)
• NFC, Bluetooth (beacons)
Accelerometers (50Hz uniform sampling)
Magnetometer (50Hz uniform sampling)
Gyroscope (50Hz uniform sampling)
Pressure
Temperature
Humidity
Barometer (20Hz uniform sampling)
Ambient light sensors
MAppERS advantage
Easy-to-use for case studies
Scale adaptable
Contextually relevant
Co-financed by the EU
CROWD AS SENSOR - EXAMPLES
electronicsnews.com.au - techoctavo.com – indiatimes.com
Density mapping
SMARTPHONE UTILITIES
Heating real-time distribution
Density population
Traffic analysis
Air quality hotspot
GPS position emergency devices
Emissions measures Goldman, et al., 2009
Mun, et al., 2009
Pan, Zheng, Wilkie, & Cyrus, 2013
Schmid, 2013
http://spectrum.ieee.org/
http://wesenseit.eu/
Crowd-mapping Civil Protection measurements
Co-financed by the EU
CROWD AS A SOCIAL COMPUTER / REPORTER
psychlopedia.wikispaces.com/
Access to on-time information is fundamental for disaster responders
Tweets by crisis-affected volunteers
Social media filtering by algorithms:
Standardize information
Filtering “noise”
Analysis for emergency/crisis management
Machine-learning techniques
MAppERS advantage
Easy-to-use for case studies
Scale adaptable
Contextually relevant
MICROBLOGGERS
Co-financed by the EU CROWD AS A SOCIAL COMPUTER / REPORTER
EXAMPLES
psychlopedia.wikispaces.com/
Cross-referencing algorithm
Triangulation with eyewitnesses reports
Scoring
Training online guide
Automated data mining
Continually updated list
Stream of content-filtered media
Co-financed by the EU
CROWD AS A MICROTASKER
psychlopedia.wikispaces.com/
Active crowdsourcing with specific tool and high-quality information
Actions by external volunteers
Specific-context supercomputer
Image observation
Mapping labeling and editing
Translation
Parallel actions
MAppERS advantage
Easy-to-use for case studies
Scale adaptable
Contextually relevant
MICROBLOGGERS
ANALYSIS
MONITORING
GEO-LOCATION
MEDIA MONITORING
VERIFICATION
Co-financed by the EU
CROWD AS A MICROTASKER - EXAMPLES
Barrington, L., Ghosh, S., Greene, M., Har-Noy, S., Berger, J., Gill, S., et al. (20.
October 2011). Crowdsourcing earthquake damage assessment using remote
sensing imagery. Annals of Geophysics (54)
Co-financed by the EU
SMARTPHONE SOLUTIONS IN MAPPERS ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC AIM AND DBMS SOLUTIONS WITH PROJECT PARTNERS
THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) DESIGN PROCESS BASED ON APP REVIEW
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) STATE-OF-THE-ART
THE DEVELOPMENT
TESTING AND FEEDBACK
TRAINING AND PILOTING
FIRS APP DRAFT – FEBRUARY 2015
1. REPORT ON DBMS
2. REPORT ON DESK-BASED GRAPHIC SOLUTIONS
AND SMARTPHONE APPLICATIONS
http://mappers.isig.it/partner-area/
Co-financed by the EU
(GUI) DESIGN IN MAPPERS 1/6
GUI design process
Two sets of elements:
1. Visible content of the GUI (images,
texts and menus that the user sees
2. Structure beneath it (how the
elements are linked together, and
what options are presented to the
user)
Co-financed by the EU
(GUI) DESIGN IN MAPPERS 2/6 - USABILITY
Usability and its components
Three general guidelines for information
design:
1. Organize: providing users with clear,
simple, and consistent conceptual
structure
2. Economize: maximizing the
effectiveness of a minimal set of
graphical items
3. Communicate: matching the
presentation to the capabilities of the
user.
Co-financed by the EU
(GUI) DESIGN IN MAPPERS 3/6 - LAYOUT
Left: disorganized screen layout; right: organized screen layout
(source: [Marcus et al.97])
The layout is the spatial organization of
the elements on the screen. It determines
what graphical element is displayed
where. Three rules in defining the
disposition of graphical elements on the
screen:
1. Using a grid structure
2. Standardizing the screen layout
3. Grouping related elements together
Co-financed by the EU
(GUI) DESIGN IN MAPPERS 4/6 - NAVIGATION
Left: a screen with two toolbars (top and
right) (source: [Marcus et al.97]); right:
toolbar with subsections
Navigation regards the link between the
elements, and the process that allow the
user to go from a function of the software
to another.
Co-financed by the EU
(GUI) DESIGN IN MAPPERS 5/6 - USE OF COLOR
Color and usability
Each principle of information
design can be applied to the
use of color [Marcus et
al.97]:
1. Organize: consistency
should be followed in
the use of color – color
can be used to group
elements together
2. Economize: no more than
5 +- 2 colors
Communicate: strong
contrast between colors
should be created to
focus the users’ attention
[Garrett11].
Co-financed by the EU
(GUI) DESIGN IN MAPPERS 6/6 - ICONS
Left: MAppERS website; right: color-blind version of MAppERS
website, created with etre.com
Left: icon for 'zoom' that does not follow
external consistency; right: icon for
'zoom' that follows external consistency
[Marcus et al.97])
Co-financed by the EU
(GUI) DESIGN REVIEW Analysis smartphone app on “hazards – emergency – prevention”
Selection criteria of 51 app based on criteria:
Simplicity
Innovativeness
Clarity to the user
Categorize by:
Type of natural hazard
Kind of issue they tackle (preparedness, emergency, etc.)
Type of users they are addressed to (volunteers, technicians, etc.)
Filtered over 100.000 user
Android SDK availability
American Red Cross First Aid (more than 500.000 users)
Disaster Alert (more than 500.000 users)
Simple Weather Alert (more than 500.000 users)
American Red Cross: Earthquake (more than 100.000
users)
American Red Cross: Hurricane (more than 100.000 users)
American Red Cross: Tornado (more than 100.000 users)
NOAH Project (more than 100.000 users)
Co-financed by the EU
(GUI) DESIGN REVIEW – EXAMPLES 1/2
1. Standardized layout, with elements displayed on a
grid structure.
2. Navigation is easier by a toolbar, that shows where
the user currently is (by putting a red bar on the tab
currently open) and what are the alternatives.
1. Interactive elements in the middle of the screen (‘Call 911’)
that follow identical “flat” style
2. Color use is consistent (red for highlighted elements, and
black and white for the rest), economic (three colors)
3. A light, neutral background
Co-financed by the EU
(GUI) DESIGN REVIEW – EXAMPLES 2/2
1. Not-standardized layout, the three pages use different spatial organization of the elements.
2. The first screenshot presents a grid-like structure that is totally missing from the second screenshot, and is partially
present in the third screenshot. This causes confusion in the user
3. Navigation is made harder by the lack of a toolbar: it is not clear how the user can go back to previous menu,
nor what choices the user have.
Co-financed by the EU
SMARTPHONE FOR MAPPERS AIM Volunteer mapping editing (Mapping-Geotagging) in field
activity
Classify damage or buildings by aerial images then verify with people
Sensor data by internal/external tools (real-time hydrometer for flood modeling) – link with DMI ?
Distribution of people real-time
Increase accuracy with cross-referencing (triangulation or eyewitness)
Crowd density for huge events
Use web platform like Ushaidhi to check report (triangulate reports)
….
MAppERS advantage
Easy-to-use for case studies
Scale adaptable
Contextually relevant
HCRD
FHFRS
EASS CNR
Co-financed by the EU
THANK YOU…
Hörler, R. (2014). Crowdsourcing In The Humanitarian Network – An Analysis Of The Literature Classify damage or buildings by aerial images then verify with people. Bachelor Thesis. Department of environmental science (D-USYS), ETH Zurich.
McClendon, S., & Robinson, A. C. (2012). Leveraging Geospatially-Oriented Social Media Communications in Disaster Response. Proceedings of the 9th International ISCRAM Conference, (S. 10). Vancouver, Canada.
J. Frascara: “Communication Design: Principles, Methods, and Practice”, Allworth Press, New York, 2004.
J. J. Garrett: “The Elements of User Experience: User-Centered Design for the Web and Beyond, 2 nd Edition”, New Riders, Berkeley CA, 2011.
B. Wong: “Color blindness”, Nature Methods, 8.6: 441, 2011
S. Fowler & V. Stanwick: “Web Application Design Handbook – Best Practicesfor Web-Based Software”, Elsevier, San Francisco, 2004.
W. Quesenbery: ”The Five Dimensions of Usability”, in Albers, M. J. and Mazur, B. (Eds.), Content and Complexity: Information Design in Technical Communication, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 2003
Barbier, G., Zafarani, R., Gao, H., Fung, G., & Liu, H. (September 2012). Maximizing benefits from crowdsourced data. Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory (18), p. 257-279.
Foulser-Pigott, R., Spence, R., Saito, K., Brown, D., & Eguchi, R. (2012). The use of remote sensing for post-earthquake damage assessment: lessons from recent events, and future prospects. WCEE
Beland, P. (17. November 2013). Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team. Retrieved 7. August 2014 from http://hot.openstreetmap.org/updates/2013-11-17_r%C3%A9ponse_dopenstreetmap_au_typhon_haiyan_yolanda
Starbird, K., & Palen, L. (2011). "Voluntweeters": Self-Organizing by Digital Volunteers in Times of Crisis. Vancouver, Canada
Atkinson, G. M., & Wald, D. J. (June 2007). "Did You Feel It?" Intensity Data: A Surprisingly Good Measure of Earthquake Ground Motion. Seismology Research Letters (78).