CROSS-ROAD:CROSS-ROAD: CROSSCROSS-layer -layer RRing ing OOverlay for verlay for ADAD

Hoc NetworksHoc Networks

Franca DelmastroFranca Delmastrofranca.delmastro@iit.cnr.itfranca.delmastro@iit.cnr.it

IIT-CNR PisaIIT-CNR Pisa

Cambridge, March 23Cambridge, March 23rd rd 20042004

Ring Overlay & Pastry Model

The ring overlay is a circular address space where nodes and data are logically mapped.

Pastry uses a DHT to convert nodes and data identifiers on logical addresses that are used to route messages through the network

There is no correspondence between logical and physical distances

It provides a subject-based data routing that often requires a multi-hop network routing to reach the destination.

Logical & Physical distances

Pastry Ring0 2128 - 1

The Pastry Ring

N1

X1 = H(N1)

N2

X2 = H(N2)

L1

X1

X2

L2

(K2 ,V)

L2 = H(K2 )

(K1 ,V)

L1 = H(K1)

0 2128 - 1

Pastry routing tables

0 2128 - 1

10233001

10233232

02212102

11301233

10323302

10233102

Pastry Multi-hop Routing

23000101

02212102

Route(23302121)

23301101

23301201

33301201

0 2128 - 1

22301203

10233102

bestMatch(RoutingTable[0], 23302121 ) =

22301203

Compare(10233102, 23302121) = 0

Joining the Ring

X has to know a own physical neighbor already present in the ring (node A)

A route a message with key equal to X

Pastry Routing table of node X is initialized using routing tables of contacted nodes:

LS(X) = LS(Z)

NS(X) = NS(A)

RT(X) is a join of the routing tables of other nodes, according to the prefix shared metric

A

B1

B2

Bk

Z

0 2128 - 1

X

Join(X)

Route(X)

X

Disconnection from the ring

Each node executes a polling procedure to discover “remote” nodes status (referred only to routing table knowledge).

A “remote” node is considered disconnected from the Pastry network if it doesn’t answer to a polling message before a timeout expiration

After a disconnection event, the sender of the polling message has to update its routing tables contacting other “remote” nodes to fill in entries related to that node.

Pastry Pros & Cons

Pros: DHT allows an uniform distribution of IDs and

workload on nodes taking part to the service The subject-based routing defines a logarithmic

lookup cost on the network dimension (O(log N)) A lot of application can adapt their contents to

this routing strategy

Cons: Routing tables management based on remote

connections can be a big overhead on ad hoc networks

Forcing the network routing with the subject-based policy can reduce network performances

NeSt

Applications

Middleware

Transport

Network

MAC

Using Cross-Layer to CROSS-ROAD

In order to build an overlay network, the middleware can directly use the Network Routing table.

Node ID = H(IPaddress)

Since each ring is associated to a service, the routing protocol has to provide Service Location

Using a proactive LINK-STATE routing protocol, each node knows the entire network

Middleware routing can send messages directly to their FINAL destination.

Efficient proactive Link-State Proactive routing protocols are usually

considered inefficient for ad hoc networks

An optimization has been studied: “Hazy Sighted Link State”* (HSLS)

Each node sends periodical LSU packets on the network with frequencies inversary proportional to the routing hops number.

“Hazy” knowledge of distant nodes. Their status is not frequently updated as the 1-hop neighbors.

Simulations showed that HSLS scales with the network size.

(*) C. Santivanez, I. Stavrakakis et al., “Making Link-State Routing Scale for Ad Hoc Networks”, MobiHoc 2001(*) C. Santivanez, I. Stavrakakis et al., “On the Scalability of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols”, INFOCOM 2002

Middleware level

A

B

CROSS-ROAD overlay

Nodes providing service S

Ad Hoc Network nodes

Network level

Working hypothesis:

The Network level gives a graph representing the network topology to the Nest

Each node has to be characterized by at least:

(IPaddress, Services, 1hop-neighbors)

The middleware level can access to this graph and recover relevant information for itself

A

B

Interactions with NeSt

NeSt

NetworkData

Abstraction

MiddlewareData

AbstractionMiddleware

Network

Node A

Middleware

Network

NeSt

NetworkData

Abstraction

MiddlewareData

Abstraction

Node BLocal

Provided services

LSU routing pkt containing services

publications and topology updates

Topology update and

remote servicesApplication

messages

CROSS-ROAD Routing Tables

Each node defines the ring autonomously

CROSS-ROAD routing table contains only nodes taking part to the service (Leafset and Neighborset disappear)

Middleware routing protocol is limited to a peer-to-peer connection

Messages forwarding is realized by the network routing protocol

Network Routing Table

Destination IP

address

Next Hop IP add.

Cost Services

CROSS-ROAD Routing Table

Destination ID = H(IP

address)

Cost

Pastry vs CROSS-ROAD PASTRY:

Join operation requires many remote connections to recover routing tables contents

CROSS-ROAD: Join operation does not

require remote connections: each node can build its ring autonomously

HIGH COST at middleware level

NO COST at middleware level

Pastry vs CROSS-ROAD PASTRY:

The detection of disconnection events requires polling cycles towards remote nodes

CROSS-ROAD: Disconnection events

are detected by the netwrok routing protocol through LSU packets

HIGH COST at middleware level

NO COST at middleware level

Pastry vs CROSS-ROAD PASTRY:

Routing table fixed size involves a not complete knowledge of the network

CROSS-ROAD: Routing table size

depends on the number of nodes taking part to the service

HIGH COST for tables management due to remote connections following topology

updates

NO COST at middleware level: local interactions with NeSt are sufficient to update routing tables

Pastry vs CROSS-ROAD PASTRY:

Subject-based routing involves a multi-hop middleware routing

CROSS-ROAD: Subject-based routing

involves a peer-to-peer connection

O(log(N)) middleware lookup cost

O(1) middleware lookup cost, the remaining is a

routing task

CROSS-ROAD Software Architecture

P2PCommonAPI

CROSS-ROAD

CROSS-ROAD Node

NodeHandle

CROSS-ROAD Routing Table

Endpoint

Hash ID Factory

CROSS-ROAD Messages

NeStService

Notification

TopologyAbstraction

(GRAPH)

Link-State Routing

Topology table Routing Table

Routing Messages

Socket Manager

Client/Server Manager

LSU Management

Further optimizations: Cost Metrics

Possible metrics to determine the best route from a source to a destination:

Number of routing hops

Path reliability based on nodes mobility

Mobility index: number of times that a node changed its position in a specified time interval.

It can be determined by the Network routing protocol consequently to LSU packets reception.

It can be used by CROSS-ROAD to define the best nodes for replicas storage.