cropredy cricket club cropredy oxfordshire

Cropredy Cricket Club Cropredy

Oxfordshire

Archaeological Watching Brief and Metal Detector Survey

for

Han van Reen

on behalf of

Cropredy Cricket Club

CA Project: 770684 CA Report: 18128

March 2018

Cropredy Cricket Club Cropredy

Oxfordshire

Archaeological Watching Brief and Metal Detector Survey

CA Project: 770684 CA Report: 18128

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third

party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

© Cotswold Archaeology

Document Control Grid

Revision Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for revision

Approved by

A 30/1/18 Sam Wilson Ray Kennedy

Internal review

General Edit Richard Greatorex


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Cropredy Cricket Club, Cropredy, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Watching Brief

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 3

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................ 4

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................... 10

4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 11

5. RESULTS (FIGS 2-3) ......................................................................................... 11

6. THE FINDS ........................................................................................................ 12

7 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 12

8. CA PROJECT TEAM .......................................................................................... 12

9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 13

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS .................................................................... 14

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS .............................................................................................. 15

APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM .......................................................................... 16

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Site location plan (1:25,000)

Figure 2 The site, showing location of groundworks (1:1,000)

Figure 3 Photographs


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SUMMARY

Project Name: Cropredy Cricket Club

Location: Cropredy, Oxfordshire

NGR: 447055 246363

Type: Watching Brief and Metal Detector Survey

Date: 29 January – 19 February 2018

Planning Reference: 17/01474/F

Location of Archive: To be deposited with Oxfordshire Museum Service

Site Code: CROP18

An archaeological watching brief and metal detector survey was undertaken by Cotswold

Archaeology during groundwork associated with the construction of a new cricket pavilion

and access road at Cropredy Cricket Club, Cropredy, Oxfordshire.

No features or deposits of archaeological interest were observed during groundwork, and no

artefacts pre-dating the modern period was recovered. A great deal of metallic contamination

associated with the Cropredy Festival was noted.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In January and February 2018 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an

archaeological watching brief and metal detector survey for Han van Reen on behalf

of Cropredy Cricket Club (centred at NGR: 447055 246363; Figure 1). The watching

brief was undertaken to fulfil a condition attached to a planning consent for

construction of a new cricket pavilion comprising of club room and changing facilities

(Planning ref: 17/01474/F).

1.2 The watching brief was carried out in accordance with a brief for prepared by

Historic England the archaeological advisors to the Cherwell district Council and with

a subsequent detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by CA

(2017) and approved by the Historic England. The fieldwork also followed Standard

and guidance: Archaeological watching brief (CIfA 2014).

The site

1.3 The Site comprises a roughly L-shaped field bordered by fences and hedgerows.

The proposed development area is bounded to the east and south by agricultural

fields, with further agricultural fields located north-east of Williamscot Road.

Bordering the Site to the north lies Cropredy Cricket Club, an area of open

manicured grass with sporting equipment paraphernalia and tennis courts to the

east and the current brick built pavilion building adjacent to Williamscot Road to the

north. The Site lies entirely within the Registered Battlefield of Cropredy Bridge

1.4 The Site measures approximately 1.5ha and is currently occupied by short pasture

and a seasonal cricket pitch.

1.5 The underlying bedrock geology of the area is mapped as Charmouth Mudstone

Formation, sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 183 to 199 million years ago

in the Jurassic Period, in an environment dominated by shallow seas. Superficial

deposits of clay, silt, sand and gravel alluvium formed up to two million years ago,

are also recorded (BGS Online, 2018).


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2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

The archaeological background given below is a succinct summary of information

garnered from the Heritage Impact Assessment by Cotswold Archaeology (2016)

Prehistoric (pre-43 AD)

2.1 The River Cherwell, which runs immediately to the west of the Site, may have

attracted settlement activity during the prehistoric period. The low-lying river bottom

on which the Site is located is unlikely to have been permanently settled, although

the riverine environment would have provided varied food and fuel resources, and

may have been utilised for hunting, fishing and seasonal stock grazing. It is possible

that local resources will have been used for production, with alluvial clays used for

pottery manufacture or reeds for basketry etc.

2.2 Later prehistoric activity is represented in the area by a rectangular enclosure,

identified from aerial photographs approximately 320m south-west of the Site.

Evidence of prehistoric activity is present within the wider landscape, and comprises

the Jurassic Way located approximately 1.6km east of the Site and an Iron Age

fortification, Arbury Banks, located c. 3km to the north-east. The Jurassic Way is

suggested to have originated in the Neolithic period and became a clearly defined

line of movement between Yorkshire and Somerset during the early Iron Age. Arbury

Banks may have its origins during the Bronze Age.

Roman (AD 43 – AD 410)

2.3 No evidence of Romano-British activity is recorded within the Site, and evidence

within the wider area comprises a single find spot of a coarse rim sherd of a

Romano-British storage jar, located approximately 330m north-east of the Site.

Evidence of Romano-British activity within the wider landscape comprises the

findspot of a silver Republican denarius and a copper alloy Sestertius located c.

560m north-east of the Site, and a Roman villa, located c. 4.4km to the north-east.

At present there is no evidence for settlement activity of Roman period date within

the Site or its immediate area, and it is probable that during this period the Site

comprised agricultural lands.


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Early medieval (AD410 – AD 1066) and medieval (AD 1066 – 1539)

2.4 The Site is located within the township of Wardington within the historic parish of

Cropredy, in the Hundred of Banbury. The ancient parish of Cropredy formerly

covered 8,716 acres lying between Northamptonshire on the east, Hanwell and

Banbury to the south, and Warwickshire to the west. Besides Wardington, the parish

included Prescote, the hamlets of Great and Little Bourton, and the chapelries of

Claydon and Mollington. The majority of the boundaries of the ancient parish

coincided with pre-inclosure hedges, excluding those to the south and west, and the

ancient parish boundary is demarcated by a boundary stone, approximately 150m

north of the Site.

2.5 The historic core of the village of Cropredy, to the west of the Site, comprises late

Saxon and medieval origins. Possible evidence of early medieval activity within the

wider environs of the Site comprises the suggested location of the reputed site of a

shrine of St Fremund, the martyred son of King Offa of Mercia. Located

approximately 170m south of the Site, documentary evidence suggests that the

shrine remained within the village from c. 1210 to 15th century, although no physical

evidence has been recorded within the landscape.

2.6 Cropredy is suggested to have derived its name from the combination of words,

‘Crop’ meaning sprot or top of a water-plant, and ‘Ridig’ meaning small stream,

perhaps referring to the River Cherwell which runs to the east of the village and the

presence of rushes adjacent to the river. Cropredy Bridge, 170m north of the Site,

was first documented in 1312 and formed part an ancient thoroughfare, running west

to east through the village.

2.7 During the medieval period, there were three estates in Cropredy, comprising

Cropredy Lawn, Thickthorn Farm and Manor Farm. Manor Farm, located

approximately 140m north-west of the Site, comprises a series of earthworks

suggested to represent a moat and possible fishpond with the site now being

occupied by a 17th century farmhouse. Further evidence of medieval settlement was

recorded during investigations at The Close, Station Road, c. 330m north-east of the

Site.

2.8 Ridge and furrow throughout the rest of the parish has been extensively well

preserved, and recorded during investigations c. 320m to the south-west, and to the

west of Claydon Road, c. 430m north-west of the Site.


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2.9 Further evidence of medieval activity within Cropredy comprises the Grade I Listed

St Mary the Virgin Church, located approximately 340m north-west of the Site, a

medieval cross, commonly known as a ‘cup and saucer’, c. 440m to the northwest

and an isolated findspot of a rectangular cast copper allow uniface weight, c. 280m

to the north-west.

2.10 During the medieval period, the Site appears to have been located on the periphery

of the settlement, adjacent to the River Cherwell and is likely to have comprised

riverside meadow

Battle of Cropredy Bridge 1644

2.11 The Battle of Cropredy Bridge took place on the 29th June 1644, between a

Parliamentary army under Sir William Waller, and the main Royalist army, with

Charles I and the Oxford garrison present. The exact sizes of the armies are not

recorded; but are thought to have numbered around 9,000 men on either side, with

around 5,000 cavalry and 4,000 infantry apiece. The geographical extent of the

battle, excluding the detail of individual fields or hedges, is well recorded in

documentary sources from both the Royalist and Parliamentary side, thus there is

no controversy as to where the battle happened. The area across which the battle

took place comprises a Registered Battlefield (as defined by Historic England).

2.12 By the summer of 1644, Parliament had three armies in the field in southern and

central England. The main force was controlled by Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex,

who was responsible for applying pressure to the Royalist capital at Oxford; the

second force, the Eastern Association, was controlled by Edward Montagu, Earl of

Manchester, and was responsible for holding the east of England against a likely

attack by the Royalist presence in Lincolnshire; and the third army was led by

William Waller, who had earlier in the year secured Hampshire for Parliament at the

Battle of Cheriton.

2.13 The manoeuvring that led to the Battle of Cropredy Bridge was a response by King

Charles I to the disaster inflicted to the Royalist cause by their defeat at Cheriton in

March 1644. This defeat had effectively thrown the Royalists onto the defensive and

left the King’s capital at Oxford dangerously exposed to Parliamentarian attack by

the two Parliamentarian armies under the commands of Sir William Waller and the

Earl of Essex respectively. In order to prevent Oxford coming under siege, King

Charles sought to draw these armies northwards towards Worcester by taking to the


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road with the bulk of his army, then concentrated at Buckingham. Unable to invest

Oxford with the Royalist army free to march to its aid, the Parliamentarians sought to

intercept the King. However, it was only the army under Sir William Waller that

prosecuted the pursuit; the army under Essex instead turning to the south to march

on Lyme (now known as Lyme Regis) to relieve a Royalist siege led by Prince

Maurice. The King, upon becoming aware of Waller’s movements, tricked Waller into

thinking he was heading from Shrewsbury, thus buying him time to rendezvous with

the forces of Oxford garrison and set up camp at Banbury.

2.14 Waller arrived at Banbury on the 27th June 1644, and set up camp on Crouch Hill.

Due to the strength of the position, Charles I was not prepared to attack and headed

north along the eastern bank of the River Cherwell with Waller following on the

western bank. On the 29th June, Waller had arrived at Great Bourton, less than one

mile from the Royalist rearguard, separated by the River Cherwell. With both armies

advancing northward, the course of the River Cherwell meant that the Royalists

would need to cross Hay’s Bridge to continue towards Daventry.

2.15 On the morning of the 29th, King Charles sought to seize the important crossing of

the Cherwell at Hays Bridge by throwing forward a sizeable force of cavalry as a

vanguard leaving his infantry to catch up. The King positioned a screening force of

dragoons to cover the smaller crossing at Cropredy in order to protect his line of

march from the Parliamentarian force, then concentrated to the south west on

Bourton Hill. As a result, the Royalist vanguard and main body separated from the

rearguard, and advanced well ahead. Seeing the Royalist army becoming

overextended along the Banbury to Daventry road, Waller chose to attack across the

crossings of the Cherwell at Cropredy, Cropredy Mill and Slats Mill and attack uphill

towards the Royalist army that was straggling along the Banbury to Daventry Road.

2.16 The Royalist covering force at Cropredy was quickly brushed aside and the Kings

vanguard approaching Hays Bridge threatened with being isolated from the

remainder of the army, leaving the centre and rear to be destroyed in detail.

However, this relatively innovative and daring attack, although initially very

threatening to the Royalists also led to Waller’s own attacking forces becoming

dangerously separated, allowing them to be dealt with in turn by the Royalists.

Principally it was the Royalist horse that effectively intercepted each of the three

attacks in turn, thus allowing the Royalist army to recover the initiative and finally

push the Parliamentarians back across the crossings at Cropredy and seizing much


8


of their artillery. In addition, an attack from within the rear of Waller’s army by James

Compton, Early of Northumberland, resulted in Waller’s retreat over the River

Cherwell.

2.17 The battle ended in the evening with no clear victor immediately apparent, although

the Parliamentarians had been very roughly handled and forced back onto the west

side of the Cherwell losing much of their artillery train.

2.18 Gaining control of the eastern banks of the River Cherwell, the Royalists did not

continue their attack. After learning of another Parliamentarian force marching

towards the Royalists from Buckingham, and rather than risk a chancy attack of his

own across the crossings at Cropredy King Charles I chose to abandon his own

position and retire upon Oxford.

2.19 Although considered to be an indecisive battle, the defeat at Cropredy Bridge did

have some significant implications for the Parliamentary force. As a result of the

attack, it is suggested as many as 2,000 men deserted Waller’s force following the

battle, and as a result, he was forced to withdraw to Northampton to quell a full

mutiny by lobbying Parliament for the army’s pay arrears. The Battle at Cropredy

came three days before the crushing defeat of Prince Rupert’s Royalist Army near

York at Marston Moor, and has since been overshadowed by this event. However,

the battle at Cropredy Bridge did give King Charles I breathing space in the south,

allowing him to deploy his troops south-west after the Earl of Essex, effectively

enclosing him between two Royalist forces at the Battle of Lostwithiel.

2.20 The action at Cropredy Bridge was fought over a very large area of ground

stretching from Bourton Hill to the west of the Cherwell in the southwest, to Hays

Bridge on the Cherwell in the northeast. Based on interpretations of the battle, as

derived from contemporary accounts, key encounters that defined the outcome of

the battle took place on the slope between Cropredy Bridge and the village of

Wardington and between Bourton Hill and Williamscott. As such, it appears that the

Site lies immediately within a key area of engagement.

2.21 Post-medieval evidence relating to the Battle of Cropredy Bridge 1644 comprise the

muzzle of Robinet (a very small artillery piece firing shot of c. ¾ pound), located

approximately 100m to the north of the Site; two incomplete cast copper-allow spurs,

c. 620m to the north-east; a lead musket ball, c. 320m to the north-east; a silver half-


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groat of Charles I, c. 1.8km to the south-east; a and a second lead musket ball, c.

1.4km to the south.

Post-medieval

2.22 Post-medieval evidence in the vicinity of the Site comprises the village of Cropredy

with its associated agricultural hinterland including land enclosed between c. 1762

and 1798. A number of post-medieval finds have been recorded in the locality

including a fragment of 17th century Bellarmine, or Bartmann vessel from

approximately 420m north-west of the Site.

2.23 Located approximately 170m north of the Site, Cropredy Bridge, an ancient

thoroughfare over the River Cherwell, was subject to alteration works during 1690

and 1780. An inscription on the bridge reads ‘bridge built 1314 by the Bishop of

Lincoln. Altered 1691-1780-1886. Rebuilt 1937’.

2.24 The Oxford Canal is located within the floodplain on the opposite side of the

Cherwell c. 20m to the west of the Site and includes a series of bridges spanning the

canal. The Oxford Canal was authorised by Act of Parliament in 1769 to link the

Coventry Canal at Hawkesbury with Oxford. Construction of the canal was designed

to link the industrial heartland of the midlands with London via the Thames at

Oxford. The canal was completed between Hawkesbury and Banbury in 1778, but

was not completed to Oxford until 1789.

2.25 After completion to Oxford in 1789, the Oxford Canal soon became one of the most

profitable canal concerns in the country with most of the freight traffic from the

Midlands using it to access the London markets and south coast ports. The goods

carried included pottery and coal from the Black Country as well as agricultural

produce, cheese and stone. Completion of the Oxford Canal almost halved the price

of coal for sale in Oxford overnight.

2.26 However, the Oxford Canal’s heyday was brought to an end in 1805 with the

completion of the Grand Junction Canal, which took away much of the Oxford

Canal’s London traffic. Despite this and competition from the railways, the Oxford

Canal remained profitable until after World War II.

2.27 With the rise of leisure boating in the 1960s the Oxford Canal gained a new lease of

life and is now regarded as one of the most scenic, popular and busiest inland


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waterways in Britain, especially in the summer months. The towpath of the Oxford

Canal is the Oxford Canal Walk which forms part of the UK’s network of national

long distance footpath and cycle routes.

Modern

2.28 Modern activity within the wider environs includes the presence of a number of

modern residential, commercial and industrial structures within Cropredy, and the

presence of underground services, scattered magnetic debris, ferrous objects and

fencing recording during investigations approximately 320m south-west of the Site.

Cropredy Bridge, 170m north of the Site, was subject to widening works in 1886 and

a complete reconstruction in 1937, during which remains of an earlier bridge were

incorporated within the structure.

2.29 The Birmingham and Oxford Junction Line, located approximately 370m west of the

Site, opened between Millstream Junction (Oxford) and Banbury in the mid-19th

century.

2.30 During the post-medieval period the Site continued to comprise agricultural land.

The historic map regression allowed the reconstruction of historical developments

within the Site from the late 18th century onwards.

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the archaeological works were:

to monitor groundworks, and to identify, investigate and record all significant buried

archaeological deposits revealed on the site during the course of the development

groundworks;

at the conclusion of the project, to produce an integrated archive for the project work

and a report setting out the results of the project and the archaeological conclusions

that can be drawn from the recorded data.


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4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 The fieldwork followed the methodology set out within the WSI (CA 2017). An

archaeologist was present during intrusive groundworks comprising topsoil stripping

and excavation of utilities trenches (Fig. 2).

4.2 The footprint of the proposed development was intensively metal detected using 2m

spaced transects in two perpendicular axes to ensure approximately 100% coverage

and to maximise artefact recovery. The same area was also re-detected once the

turf had been removed to try and locate any deeper signals.

4.3 Where archaeological deposits were encountered written, graphic and photographic

records were compiled in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork

Recording Manual.

4.4 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their

offices in Andover. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the site archive

will be deposited with Oxfordshire Museum Service under accession number. A

summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix C, will be entered

onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

5. RESULTS (FIGURES 2-3)

5.1 The natural geological substrate varied across the monitored area and was revealed

at an approximate depth of 0.5m below present ground level, where exposed. This

was overlain by a mid-orange brown clayey silt subsoil averaging 0.2m in thickness,

which was in turn sealed by 0.3m of turf and dark greyish brown clayey silt topsoil.

5.2 No features or deposits of archaeological interest were observed during

groundworks and, despite visual scanning of spoil, no artefactual material pre-dating

the modern period was recovered.

5.3 Metal detecting did not recover any artefacts associated with the 1644 Battle of

Cropredy or any other artefacts pre-dating the modern period. It was noted that the

hosting of the Cropredy Festival on the Site had introduced large quantities of

modern detritus into the topsoil.


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6. THE FINDS

6.1 Artefactual material recovered from the metal detecting survey is listed in Appendix B

and discussed further below. Finds of a modern date will not be retained.

Metalwork

6.2 A total of 42 metal items (337g) were recovered from the topsoil, all of a modern

date. The assemblage comprises 15 decimal coins, one pre-decimal coin (a

halfpenny) and one foreign coin. A total of 25 metal objects were also recovered,

comprising scrap metal, tent pegs and alcohol bottle caps consistent with the site’s

usage as a modern festival venue.

7 DISCUSSION

7.1 Despite the archaeological potential of the application area (see archaeological

background above), the watching brief and metal detector survey identified no

archaeological remains within the area of observed groundworks. The absence of

objects associated with the 1644 Battle of Cropredy is considered to be a result of

the limited size of the development area and is not necessarily an indication of the

archaeological potential in the vicinity of the Site.

7.2 It is clear even from the limited scope of the fieldwork undertaken, that the hosting of

the Cropredy Festival has introduced significant levels of contamination into the

topsoil. This has rendered the recovery of un-stratified metal objects from the battle,

also from within the topsoil, highly problematic.

8. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Sam Wilson, assisted by Francesco Catanzaro. The

report was written by Sam Wilson. The finds report was prepared by Katie Marsden.

The illustrations were prepared by Esther Escudero. The archive has been compiled

by Sam Wilson, and prepared for deposition by Hazel O’Neill. The project was

managed for CA by Ray Kennedy


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9. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological Survey), 2018, Geology of Britain Viewer

http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html Accessed 20 February 2018

CA (Cotswold Archaeology), 2016, Cropredy Cricket Club, Cropredy, Oxfordshire: Heritage

Impact Assessment, CA Report No. 16459

CA, 2017, Cropredy Cricket Club, Cropredy, Oxfordshire: Written Scheme of Investigation

for a Metal Detecting Survey, and Archaeological Watching Brief

http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html


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APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench No.

Context No.

Type Fill of Context interpretation

Description L (m) W (m) Depth/ thickness (m)

Spot-date

1 100 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish brown clayey silt - - 0-0.1+

2 200 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish brown clayey silt - - 0-0.25

2 201 Layer Subsoil Mid orange brown clayey silt - - 0.25-0.45

2 202 Layer Natural Mid brownish orange silty clay with occasional sub rounded chert

- - 0.45+

3 300 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish brown clayey silt - - 0-0.3

3 301 Layer Subsoil Mid orange brown clayey silt - - 0.3-0.5

3 302 Layer Natural Mid orange brown sandy gravel - - 0.5+


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APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Context Class Description Ct. Wt.(g)

100 Misc. modern metal 25 244

100 Decimal coinage 15 84

100 Pre-decimal coinage Halfpenny 1 5

100 Foreign coinage Modern 1 4


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APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Cropredy Cricket Club, Cropredy, Oxfordshire

Short description

An archaeological watching brief and metal detector survey was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology during groundworks associated with the construction of a new cricket pavilion and access road at Cropredy Cricket Club, Cropredy, Oxfordshire. No features or deposits of archaeological interest were observed during groundworks, and no artefactual material pre-dating the modern period was recovered. A great deal of metallic contamination associated with the Cropredy Festival was noted.

Project dates 29 January-19 February 2018

Project type

Watching Brief and Metal Detector Survey

Previous work

Heritage Impact Assessment (CA 2016)

Future work Unknown

PROJECT LOCATION

Site Location Cropredy Cricket Club, Cropredy, Oxfordshire

Study area (M2/ha) c.1.5ha

Site co-ordinates 447055 246363

PROJECT CREATORS

Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology

Project Brief originator Historic England

Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology

Project Manager Ray Kennedy

Project Supervisor Sam Wilson

MONUMENT TYPE Battlefield

SIGNIFICANT FINDS None

PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive (museum/Accession no.)

Content (e.g. pottery, animal bone etc)

Physical Oxfordshire Museum Service None

Paper Oxfordshire Museum Service Trench sheets, registers

Digital Oxfordshire Museum Service Digital photos

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2018 Cropredy Cricket Club, Cropredy, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Watching Brief and Metal Detector Survey. CA typescript report 18128

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Location plan of groundworks



77068420/02/20181:1000

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© Crown copyright and database rights 2018 Ordnance Survey 0100031673

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General view of stripped pavilion footprint looking south-west

Trench 3, representative section looking south-west (1m scale) General view of site looking south Cropredy Cricket Club, Cropredy,Oxfordshire

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