N.K. Krishna Kumar Regional Representative Bioversity International

Seed World -2019

Hotel The Vivid Ashok, Bengaluru 20-09-2019

Crop Wild Relatives for multiple stress

breeding for Future

Major Centers of crop diversity

India – A Centre of Diversity

• Rich array - horticultural crops • One of the Vavilovian centre of origin • One of 12 mega biodiversity regions • 18 hot spots of biodiversity • 49000 plant species (141 genera) • 47 families • 50 indigenous fruits and their wild relatives (400 species in different agro-ecological region

But we don’t have all!

Primary Centre of Diversity (20)

• Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) • Aonla (Emblica officinale) • Bael (Aegle marmelos) • Banana (Musa balbisiana) • Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) • Citrus (Citrus indica) • Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) • Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) • Karonda (Carissa carandus) • Khirni (Manilkara hexandra) • Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) • Konkam(Garcinia indica) • Lasora (Cordia mixa) • Lemon (Citrus limon) • Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) • Mango (Mangifera indica) • Phalsa (Grewia subinequalis) • Pilu (Salvadora oleoides) • Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) • Wood apple (Feronia limonia)

Secondary Centre of Diversity (10)

• Malus spp.

• Mulberry

• Pomegranate

• Prunus spp.

• Pyrus spp.

• Rubus spp.

• Sweet orange

(Citrus sinensis)

Region wise fruit crops diversity 1. Western Himalayan Region:

Citrus, Punica, Carissa, Malus baccata, Pyrus pashia, P. pyrifolia, Prunus cornuta, P. cerasoides

2. North –Eastern Himalayan Region: Citrus, Musa, Artocarpus, Garcinia, Mangifera, a few taxa of Pyrus viz. P. sikkimensis, Malus sikkimensis

3. Eastern Peninsular Region: Musa,

Vitis, Tamarind, Carambola, Zizyphus, Limonia, Aegle, Emblica, Annona, Spondias, Syzygium, Elaeocarpus and Artocarpus

Region wise fruit crops diversity 4. Western Arid/Semi-arid Region:

Zizyphus, Carissa, Phoenix, Cordia, Capparis, Prosopis, and Grewia spp.

4. Central Region: Zizyphus,

Mangifera, Carissa, Phoenix, Cordia, Capparis, Prosopis and Grewia spp

6. Western Peninsular Region:

Mangifera, Artocarpus, Syzygium,Tamarind, Musa,Citurs, Emblica, Vitis, Carambola, Zizyphus, Limonia, Aegle, Emblica, Vitis, Garcinia

Variation in biodiversity of A & N Islands

Andaman group of Islands Nicobar group of Islands

Most of area surveyed

More species close to NE region of India

Most of area still not surveyed

More species close to Malaysian and Indonesian region

What is a Crop Wild Relative?

Wild plant species closely related to crops, including wild ancestors

Wild “cousins” of cultivated plants

Basis for the present day cultivated crops

Wild relatives of crop plants in India

Tapping ‘the wild’ for adapting the crops to climate change

Many wild species are tolerant to stress

Solanum chilense (tomato CWR)

Solanum incanum (eggplant CWR)

Oryza rufipogon (rice CWR) Many wild species are tolerant to stress

Why they are important ?

Salinity tolerance from Solanum cheesmaniae in tomato (Chetelat, 1995)

CWR utilisation

Solanum chilense (Dunal) Reiche-

Resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Manihot glaziovii Müll. Arg.–

improved cassava protein content

Musa itinerans Cheesman –

Water-logging resistance for banana

CWR are estimated to contribute genes to

cultivated crops worth US $115 -196

billion per annum

Economic losses on different vegetable crop by virus infection

Up to now wild relatives have been used in breeding of several crops, but this has been mostly restricted to specific traits (e.g., introgression of disease resistance), especially when looking at commercial varieties One extreme example is tomato

We need to shift the goal posts!

CLIMATE CHANGE ADOPTION

DISEASE RESISTANCE

But this is not an easy task:

Undesirable traits in wild relatives

Wild plants are difficult to manage under “domesticated”

Crossing barriers

Long time requirement

Protocols are needed for screening

Crop wild relatives accessions are much less represented

Access to germplasm (CWR, but also crops) collections

Information on already existing pre-bred materials is often missing or unavailable

Often few available evaluation data on crop wild relatives

The taxonomy of crop wild relatives is sometimes confusing

CWR Breeding – is Difficult but Possible

Steps for introgressiomics:

Identifying the target wild species: -

Primary, secondary and tertiary

genepools

Based on diversity: -

Genetic -Phenotypic -Evaluation -

Environments -Origins -Genepools

Crop wild relatives in different vegetable crops utilized for various biotic/ abiotic stress

tolerance

Interspecific hybridization: -Barriers to hybridization

(pre-zygotic, post-zygotic)

Techniques to overcome the interspecific hybridization :

Direction of the cross

Pollen mixture

Pollen irradiation

Differences among genotypes

Embryo rescue

3) Hybrids fertility:

Different number of chromosomes

Irregular pairing during meiosis

Use hybrid as maternal parent

Genome duplication to restore fertility

4) Backcrossing

Usually fertility is restored during the backcross

process

Some parts may not present recombination

Phenotypic selection (Focused strategy)

Marker assisted selection (Focused and non-

focused strategies)

Combination of genes from different wild species

Intercrossing of introgression lines from different wild species

Development of MAGIC Population

List of resistant varieties identified against viral disease of vegetable crop

Conservation of CWR

In situ Ex situ

BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL, BENGALURU.

GENETIC DIVERSITY PARK SITE.

STATUS OF PRESENT COLLECTION (As of 1-11-2016)

Families: 31

Genera: 55

Species: 102

Varieties: 175

Proportion of genetic variation in cultivated tomato and their crossable wild relatives (measured by DNA polymorphism)

Tomato an autogamous species in which germplasm is severely reduced by biotic pressure

GBNV WBNV TSWV M N

Wild type Sample 20.08.2018

GBNV on Tomato TSWV on Tomato

1kb 600bp Control line

Positive line

TSWV-Immunostrip Method RT-PCR for TSWV N-gene

Necrotic rings and ringspots

Concentric rings on fruit of tomato

Differences between the GBNV and TSWV on tomato fruit

C. annuum (hot and sweet pepper)

C. frutescens - source of - large root system

C. baccatum - source of - anthracnose - powdery mildew - mites, aphids

C. chacoense - source of - PMMV,TMV, ToMV

C. chinense - source of - anthracnose - CVMV,TEV,TSWV

Introduction of new genetic variation via interspecific crosses

Variability in Vigna

Wild and Semi-cultivated Cucurbits

Buffalo gourd Sharda melon Kachri

Malabar gourd Lemon cucumber

C. metuliferous C. africanus C. melo sp. agretis C. zeheri

C. segittatus Cucumis

dispaceous

L. graveolens

L. echineta Satputia round

Satputia long

Meetha Kerala C. histivus

M. subangulata M. dioica M. cochinchinensis

C. hardwikki Cucurbita

argyosperma

M. cochinchinensis

Meetha parval

Momordica charantia var. muricata

Variability in pumpkin

Variation in fruit shape

Blossom end rostration (faint to appreciable length) Leaf blade margin (smooth to dentate)

Variability in Momordica dioica

Spine gourd Arka Neelachal Sree: Clonal selection Fruits are light green fruit size - 3.93 x 2 cm Fruit weight - 10.50 g Fruit yield - 4-5 t/ha

Teasel gourd Arka Neelachal Gaurav

Mass selection Fruits are round, dark green fruit size - 6.0 x 3.8 cm Fruit weight – 36.89 g

Fruit yield 15-18 t/ha

Total: ~ 3,900

286

1775

770

1082 (118 spp.)

Indian varieties and parental lines

Tuberosum

Andigena

Wild sps.

National Potato Germplasm Repository

General More than

600 genera

30,000 species

1.25 lakh hybrids

7% of angiosperms

40% of monocotyledons

India 140 genera

1300 species

9% of flora

ORCHIDS

Wild species of okra: Diversity, distribution and utilization

A. ficulneus A. manihot A. moschatus A. crinitus

A. tuberculatus A. esculentus A. angulosus var.

purpureus

A. angulosus var.

grandiflorus

Diversity of Abelmoschus in India

Crop Wild Relative (CWR) of sweet potato for weCrop Wild Relative (CWR) of sweet potato for weevil resistance study

Crop Wild Relative (CWR) of sweet potato for weevil resistance study

Crop Wild Relative (CWR) of sweet potato for weevil resistance study evil resistance study

Ipomoea coccinea

Ipomoea nil Ipomoea aquatica

Ipomoea trifida Ipomoea batatas

Ipomoea palmata

ICA

R G

B M

eetin

g 2

9th

Novem

ber, 2

013

Enation Leaf Curl Virus

• Bacilliform Virus particles

• Transmitted by White Fly

• Not through Seed, Sap or Aphids

• Yield loss 30% to 100%

• Dhanju et al, 1995

ICA

R G

B M

eetin

g 2

9th

Novem

ber, 2

013

YVMV resistance broken-2001

ICA

R G

B M

eetin

g 2

9th

Novem

ber, 2

013

Incidence of bacterial wilt

Resistant to BW Susceptible to BW

Resistant to BW

Susceptible to BW

ICA

R G

B M

eetin

g 2

9th

Novem

ber, 2

013

Plant tall & spreading

Fruits are dark green

Fruit length 22-25 cm

Fruit diameter 3.0-3.5 cm

Fruit weight 60-70g

Resistant to bacterial wilt

Yield t/ha 65-70 t/ha

Bacterial wilt resistant hybrid

Arka Anand

ICA

R G

B M

eetin

g 2

9th

Novem

ber, 2

013

Solanum macrocarpon

Attributes:

1. Fruit borer resistance

2. Nematode resistance

3. Leaf hopper resistance

4. Bacterial wilt resistance

5. Drought tolerance

6. Edible fruits

Interspecific hybrid

Solanum macrocarpon X S. melongena

Sterile F1 interspecific hybrid

Solanum macrocarpon Solanum melongena (2 BMG-1)

↓

Χ

ICA

R G

B M

eetin

g 2

9th

Novem

ber, 2

013

F2- S.macrocarpon x S.melongena

ICA

R G

B M

eetin

g 2

9th

Novem

ber, 2

013

• Brinjal as rootstock for mitigating excess soil moisture/ flooding stress.

• Tomatoes grafted on brinjal rootstock could tolerate flash flood for 4 to 5 days

& yielded 40 to 50% of normal production while seedlings suffered wilting.

ICA

R G

B M

eetin

g 2

9th

Novem

ber, 2

013

Nagpur mandarin (>21 t/ha) Acid lime (> 13t/ha)

Citrus rootstock Alemow : Resistant to Phytophthora (root rot & gummosis)

Two times increased yield

ICA

R G

B M

eetin

g 2

9th

Novem

ber, 2

013

Parents : Arka Surya x V.Cauliflora

Number of progenies under evaluation (F5) :640

Evaluation of intergeneric hybrid progenies of

papaya for PRSV tolerance

Field view of inter-generic progenies evaluated

Dogridge rootstock

Most popular rootstock All table grapes and vine varieties grown on this rootstock

Trend in Area and production of Grape in India ( 1989-2005)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

89-9

0

90-9

1

91-9

2

92-9

3

93-9

4

94-9

5

95-9

6

96-9

7

97-9

8

98-9

9

99-0

0

00-0

1

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05

2005

-06

Years

Are

a (

000h

a)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Pro

dn

(000t)

Area Prodn

Dogridge Rootstock in Grapes

Gain Rs. 790 crores

Adoption

56 % area

BC Ratio

Domestic prodn :

2.3

Export prodn :

5.26

How can we consolidate their role as conserver, dynamic innovator and promoter of diversity?

Can such custodian farmers be recognized as community genebank and publicly supported?

Maintain rich diversity

Self-driven by conservation ideology

Knowledge holder

Highly motivated and self-directed

Recognition from community

Custodian Farmers

(Source: Vasudeva, 2011)

Innovations that Pickling industry can ..

Shaji , a farmer in the Tribal belt of Wayanad with one of his Dioscorea collections. He has 68 germplasm of tuber crops conserved.

BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL, BENGALURU.

GENETIC DIVERSITY PARK SITE.

STATUS OF PRESENT COLLECTION (As of 1-11-2016)

Families: 31

Genera: 55

Species: 102

Varieties: 175

www.bioversityinternational.org

Thank you

@BioversityInt