crop management of fibre flax in europe
TRANSCRIPT
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Summer School
21-27 July 2013, Catania-Italy
Crop management of fibre flax in Europe
1
K. Heller Institute of Natural Fibres & Medicinal Plants, Poznań, Poland
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Contents
1. Introduction - Integrated methods of
agricultural production
2. Fibre flax place in agriculture - main
differences between fibre flax and
linseed
3. Fibre flax growing technologies
according to integrated farming
4. Conclusions
2
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Poland in Europe
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On January 1st, 2009 r. Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal
Plants was established as a state-owned R&D organization.
The roots of INF&MP
•Institute of Natural Fibres (1930)
•Institute of Medicinal Plant & Products (1955)
The main area of focus of our Institute is producing (agriculture), processing (industry)
and the application (market) of fibrous and medicinal plants.
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Department of Botany,
Breeding and Agronomy
K.Heller,
Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants
ul. Wojska Polskiego 71B, 60-630 Poznań, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
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•Agronomy • Breeding
• Botany
•Gene banks
Fibrous plants
Medicinal plants
Energy plants
Oilseed plants
Area of activity
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Currently in the UE, there are 3 systems of agricultural
production:
•Conventional Agricultural Production (intensive, industrial and classic agriculture)
•Integrated Agricultural Production (sustainable,
harmonic, ecological-economic agriculture)
•Organic Farming (biological, ecological, natural) (< 10%).
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On one side we have intense conventional
farming, and on the other organic farming.
Integrated methods of agricultural production
can be treated as the golden mean between
organic and conventional farming.
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According to the directive of the UE
2009/128/EC from 21.10.2009 all
members of the UE were obligated
(until January 1, 2014) to introduce
integrated systems of agricultural
production.
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Integrated Production / Farming is a farming system that produces
high quality food and other products
by using natural resources and
regulating mechanisms to replace
polluting inputs and to secure
sustainable farming
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11
In Integrated Farming
biological, technical and chemical
methods are balanced carefully taking
into account the protection of the
environment, profitability and social
requirements
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Fibre flax - 2012 Linseed (oil flax) - 2011
Flax types (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Belarus 63 200 ha
Russia 55 000 ha
France 67 760 ha
Ukraine 2 184 ha
Belgium 500 ha
Poland 500 ha
China 50 000 ha
Russia 472 700 ha
China 350 000 ha
India 338 810 ha
Canada 273 200 ha
Kazakhstan 90 000 ha
France 77 292 ha
Ukraina 58 700 ha
Bialorus 49 981 ha
UK 36 000 ha
Italy 3 000 ha
Poland 2 160 ha
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Flax cultivars
Fibre flax (73 cultivars ) Linseed (oil flax) – 77 Cv
•Hermes [FR]
•Ilona [NL]
•Escalina [NL]
•Venica [CZ]
• Symphonia [UK]
TSW 3,4 – 5,3 g TSW 5,4 - 14,0 g TSW (Thousand Seed Weight)
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Morphology
Fibre flax Linseed
80-150 cm tall
Poorly branched
*the part of the stem with branches
is 1/6 of total stem length
45-80 cm tall
More branched
*the part of the stem with branches
is 1/3 of total stem length
Longer period of vegetation
The primary yield are seeds,
and straw is the secondary
yield
25% of the Amercian
dollar is made of
linen fibre, and 75%
is cotton
•96-106 days of
vegetation
The main yield is
fibre, seeds stand
only 1/7 of total
yield value
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Weather conditions
Fibre flax Linseed
Moderate climate
the best is cloudy, humid weather
– is not resistante to hot
temperatures, and drought)
Continental climate
(resistant to warm
temperatures and
periodic drought)
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Crucial (critical) moments (elements) in flax
growing
Fibre flax Linseed
•drought & hot temperature
•sowing density
•lodging
•weeds
•diseases
• insects
• weeds
•diseases
• insects
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Flax sowing
Fibre flax Linseed
•120 -140 kg/ha
•8-12 cm distance between rows
•depth– 2 cm
•50-60 kg/ha
•20-30 cm distance between rows
•depth 2-3 cm
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Time of flax sowing
Fibre flax Linseed
When soil temperature is >7-9 oC Linseed can be sown
later because the main
yield is seed
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Harvesting
Fibre flax Linseed
Stage BBCH 83 –
green yielow maturity of straw
BBCH – 89
yiellow maturity of straw
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Flax pulling machine - Czech Combine harvester (LK-4D - Russia) for fibre flax
pulling, decapsulling
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Technique of flax harvesting
Fibre flax Linseed
Pulling
Cutting - mowing
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Liebig's Law (1828) states that growth
only occurs at the rate permitted by the
limiting factor
In EU region the limiting
factor that affects flax yield
very often are weather
conditions (precipitation)
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Fibre flax resistance to water deficit In the soil
23
The effect of soil humidity to the fibre flax development
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Fibre flax cultivars resistance to stress of drought
Selena (PL) Alfonso (ARG)
Fibre flax should be grown in areas
where the annual precipitation is at least
600-650 mm, and where at least 110-150
mm of rain falls in the vegetation period.
Flax plants transpire very high amounts
of water. The transpiration coefficient is
the amount of water necessary to
produce one unit of dry matter. In flax,
this, is very high – 400-600.
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drought stress - 25 % FWC
optimal soil humidity - 45 % FWC
The effect of soil moisture on fibre quality
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The influence of humidity and type of soil on the yield of flax straw
(1967-2012 average from 312 field trials)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Grey brown
podzolic soil
Meadow black
earth
Dry years (<200 mm)
Medium humid years (200-300 mm)
Humid years (>300 mm)
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Dry years - < 200 mm (vegetation period)
Medium humid years – 200-300 mm
Humid years – > 300 mm
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18 - 19 October 2012 Kick-off meeting, Bologna 28
•Fibre flax does not require high temperatures.
•high temperatures during vegetation clearly have a
negative effect on growth and development.
•Moderate temperatures (18-20 oC) and the
accompanying cloud cover promote high yields (Xinwen,
1997).
•Mild solar operation contributes to good stem growth,
which results in a good anatomical stem structure and
high long fibre efficiency (Agosti et al., 2005).
Temperature
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Flax place in crop rotation
•the best forecrop (the crop before) for fibre
flax are cereals – especially wheat.
•another good choice is root crops (sugar
beet, patatos),
•Flax should not be grown on the same field
more than once in 7 years.
this is the time required for the soil to clean
itself of Fusarium pathogens. Following
this rule will ensure high yields and
pathogen free plants.
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The effect of forecrop on fibre flax yield (1967-2012) average from 312 field trials
6,28
56,31
7,88
66,45
9,57
68,2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
potato sugar beet winter wheat
Yield of seed (dT/ha)
Yield of deseeded straw (dT/ha)
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Soil requirements of fibre flax
fertile, medium-heavy soil, in good culture,
particularly humus sandy clay soils, that
create no crust, and with regulated
water/soil/air ratio
• The optimum pH of the soil for flax is 6,5-6,9
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The use of highly efficient cultivars is very important
The characteristic of highly efficient cultivars (acc.
M. Pavelek 2012)
• Resistance to pathogen complex: 8 p.
• Resistance to abiotic stresses (drought, high temp.): 5-6 p.
• Middle vegetation period;
• Yielding potential of unretted stem – 7-8 t.ha-1;
• Yielding potential of seeds – 1.10-1.30 t.ha-1;
• Long fibre content potential – 22-25 %
• Total fibre content potential – 39-41 %
• Long fibre yielding potential reached In trials: 1,25-1,40 t.ha-1;
• Total fibre yielding potential reached in trials: 2,50-3,50 t.ha-1
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Currently registred in UE are :
•73 fibre flax cultivars
•77 linseed cultivars
•6 varietes - "forma aestiva"
•4 varietes "forma hibernalis"
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Resistance to drought (51 genotypes)
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Cultivars
Fibre flax (36 cultivars) Linseed (15 cultivars)
Alba (PL), Artemida (PL), Modran (PL), Nike (PL),
Luna (PL), Selena (PL), Atena (PL), Eskalina (NL),
Elektra (NL), Ilona (NL), Sara (PL), Venica (Cz), Achay
(ARG), Temida (PL), Hermes. (FR), Agatha (NL), Ceasar
Augustus (NL), Diane (FR), Ariane (FR), Drakkar (FR),
Adelie (FR),Elise (NL),Evelin (NL), Alizĕe (FR), Melina
(FR), Argos (FR ), Vizin (LT), Aleksim (RUS), PEK 810
(PL), Ariadna (PL), Bryta (PL), Fortuna (PL), Izolda (PL),
Milenium (PL), Minerwa (PL), Svapo (PL)
Alfonso Inta (ARG), Giza
(Egipt), Symphonia (UK), Achay
( ARG), Bukoz (PL), Opal (PL),
Oliwin (PL),
Amon ( CZ), Jantarol (PL), Jeny
(PL), Marta (F ), Geria ( RO),
Szafir (PL), LCSD 200 (PL),
Szafir (PL)
Linum genotypes evaluated for drought tolerance Pętkowo Experimental Farm (2002-2012)
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The effect of drought stress on flax deseeded straw yield [g/pot] EF Pętkowo, 2002-2012
Decrease of flax straw yield: 34,3 - 42,3 %
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Fertilization requirements NPK- by a ratio of 1:2:3 (1:2:4)
• N - 10-20 kg/ha - on good (rich) soils (flax lodging)
•N = 40 kg/ha) (middle compact soils),
• (when we observe chlorosise syndrom - 10 kgha N in
post emergent application)
•P2O5 - 50-70 kg/ha -
[P effects on seed yields and fibre content (%) in flax straw]
•K2O - 100-140 kg/ha -
(K effects on fibre yield and its quality)
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Fertilization requirements
Nitrogen
• humus resources of the soil > 2 % N - 10-20 kg/ha
• humus 1%- 2 % N - 40 kg/ha
• humus < 1% N - 60 kg/ha
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N- has a critical impact on: • fibre content, •fibre lent and •stem diameter
Is necessary for growth, but excessive doses cause thickening of stems and reduce fibre strength. Excessive doses of nitrogen, however, lead to flax lodging particularly in high precipitation conditions and larg plant den sity.
Nitrogen
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Fertilization requirements Phosphorus resources of soil
• > 11 mg P2O5 in 100 g of soil P2O5 - 30 kg/ha
• 6-10 mg P2O5 in 100 g of soil P2O5 - 50 kg/ha
•< 5 mg P2O5 in 100 g of soil P2O5 - 70 kg/ha
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P – has impact on: proper length of straw,
proper number of fibre bundles in each
stem.
Excessive doses of phosphorus, however, lead to
shortening and branching of the stem, which
reduces the fibre’s tensile strength. .
Phosphorus
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• > 16 mg K2O in 100 g of soil 60 kg /ha K2O
• 10-15 mg K2O in 100 g of soil 100 kg/ha K2O
•< 9 mg K2O in 100 g of soil 140 kg/ha K2O
Fertilization requirements POTASSIUM resources of soil
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K - the beneficial effect of potassium is only revealed when nitrogen is correctly applied.
Potassium - has a beneficial influence on:
•fibre strength •fibre elasticity, •dew retting process.
POTASSIUM
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MgO - deficiency causes:
leaf chlorosis
stem shortening
When growing flax on soils with low magnesium
content, it is recommended to apply magnesium
fertilizers at 40-80 kg MgO per ha.
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47
Zn - is important for plant health.
On organic-mineral or half-bog soils, and on newly
cultivated fields, a supplement of copper in the form of copper
sulphite should be applied at 25 kg/ ha.
Zinc
Soil pH has a significant effect on zinc assimilation: the
more acidic the soil reaction, the better the uptake of zinc
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Cu – plays an essential role: in chlorophyll formation, in seed formation
Copper,
Cu - is essential for proper enzyme activity
When growing flax on soils with low copper content, it is
recommended to apply copper fertilizers at 6-10 kg Cu per
ha. (300 g/ha Cu in post emergent application)
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sowing time – in Europe, flax is sown in the period when
the upper layer of soil is warmed up to 7-9 oC [fenologically, when marsh marigold (Caltha sp.) and wood
anemone (Anemone nemorosa L.) bloom].
The best period is a few days after oat sowing and a
couple days before barley planting.
Depending on region, this
corresponds to the period from:
• 15th March-15th April in France
• up to first decade of May in
Northern Ireland. Caltha palustris
Anemone nemorosa L
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The effect of sowing time on fibre flax yield (1967-2012) average from 312 field trials
7,92
63,62
6,83
56,52
6,2
52,6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
before 20th
April
20th April-1st
May
after 1st May
Yield of seed (dT/ha)
Yield of deseeded straw
(dT/ha)
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(
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sowing density – 24 –28 mln seeds per 1 ha which
accounts to 120-140 kg/ha
Optimal plant density during harvesting day should
be 16-18 million plants/ha
depth of planting - 2 cm
High plant population density gives high
stem yields and fibre quality, suppressing
stem branching
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Flax seeder – Fiona
Technique of flax seeds sowing
(drilling and stripe sowing),
Sowing density (2 200 - 2 800 seeds m-2),(110 -140 kg/ha)
stripe sowing
row sowing
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
110 kg/ha [stripe] 110 kg/ha [row] 140 kg/ha [stripe] 140 kg/ha [row]
Yie
ld o
f fl
ax f
ibre
[kg/h
a] BBCH 65
BBCH 75
BBCH 83
The effect of sowing method and harvest date on fibre yield
Cv Modran (PL) - EF Pętkowo, EF Stary Sielec (2005-2006)
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The effect of plants density and harvesting time on the
linear mass (Tex) of fibre
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Line
ar m
ass [
tex]
2200 2800 2200 2800 2200 2800 2200 2700
Artemida (PL) Modran (PL) Hermes (F) Agata (NL)
■ ■ ■ ■ BBCH 65
■ ■ ■ ■ BBCH 75
■ ■ ■ ■ BBCH 83 EF Pętkowo, EF Stary Sielec - 2007
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600 fibre flax plants per 1 m2 - flax plants were branched
which lead to a low quality of flax fibre
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Control of soil crust
On heavy, crusty and confluent soils, the use
of a spiked roller or ring roller is
recommended, and sometimes a pre-sowing
light harrow.
Post emergent cultivation – plant protection
ring roller Cambridge
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BBCH 00 10 11 12 14 16 36 55 65 75 83 85
TRIPS
HALTICINEAE
HARVESTING
DISEASES
DISEASES
WEEDS
GRAPHIC SCHEDULE OF FIBRE FLAX PROTECTION
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The predominant weeds in flax cultivation in Europe are the
typical species that infest root crops and small grains. The
most frequent and most numerous species in fibre flax are:
dicotyledonous • Chenopodium album L.,
• Fallopia convolvulus (L) Löve,
• Viola arvensis Murr.,
• Stellaria media Vill.,
• Lamium amplexicaue L.,
• Thlaspi arvense L.,
• Polygonum nodosum Pers.
monocotyledonous • Elytriga repens (L.) Nevski, Poa annua L.,
• and Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) P.B. , Avena fatua L.
Weed control
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The effect of the level of weed infestation on fibre flax yield
(1967-2001) average from 301 field trials
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Herbicides can be divided depending on time of
application:
pre-emergence (applied on the soil before germination
of the crop)
and post-emergence treatments (applied after cultivated
plant germination).
Herbicides are classified by use:
some control dicotyledonous plants (so called broad-
leaf)
while others (graminicides) control monocotyledonous
weeds (grasses)
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Herbicides for weed control in fibre flax pre-emergence herbicides (for control dicotyledonous
weeds):
• linuron
• or mixture linuron + lenacil
Herbicides for weed control in fibre flax
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post-emergence herbicides (applied after
germination when flax is 6-12 cm tall)
for dicotyledonous weeds control: MCPA,
bentazone, chlorosulfuron, thifensulfuron methyl,
amidosulfuron, sulcotrione, bromoxynil, metsulfuron methyl,
flupyrsulfuron- methyl, linuron + chlorosulfuron and
clopyralid.
For monocotyledonous weeds (grasses)
graminicides are recommended : asulam, fluaizof-P-
buthyl, haloxyfop-R, diclofop-methyl, chizalofop-P-etyhl,
trialat, TCA-Na, chletodym, cykloksydym, EPTC, fenoxaprop-
P ethyl and other products
Herbicides for weed control in fibre flax
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Disease management in flax growing
Diseases can be divided into two groups:
root mycosis and diseases caused by soil resident
fungi, which attack root systems and plants in the
initial stage of vegetation, causing rotting and dying of
seedlings and older plants (Fusarium wilt, Septoriosis
[pasmo], Rhizoctonioze [Black scurf]).
diseases of stems and leaves on which the
mycelium or pericarp grow (Rust, Anthracnose, Gray
Mildew, Oidium ).
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Fibre flax diseases Degree * of
importance
Fusarium wilt - caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lini +++
Rust - caused by Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) ++
Anthracnose - caused by Colletotrichum lini ++
Septoriosis ( pasmo) - caused by Septoria linicola ++
Rhizoctonioze (Black scurf) - caused by Rhizoctonia solani ++
Gray Mildew - caused by Botrytis cinerea +
Oidium (powdery mildew) – caused by Oidium lini. +
Black mould - caused by Alternaria linicola, Alternaria tenuis -
Fomoza - caused by Phoma exiqua var. Desmas. var. Linicola +
Bacterial disease of flax – caused by Bacillus cerealium -
The degree of fibre flax infestation by disease in UE
*/ +++ very dangerous disease; ++ dangerous disease; + middle dangerous disease; - low important
disease
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Fusarium oxysporium f. lini
the economical damage threshold for fusarium wilt is reached when 5 %
of all plants (in the phase BBCH 32) are damaged by fungi
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Fibre flax affected by Fusarium wilt - caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lini
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Fusarium wilt
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Fursarium wilt is the most frequently encountered disease in
most countries in Europe, causing yield losses of 80-100%
Protection against Fusarium wilt comes down to preventive
measures namely;
• crop rotation (at least 7 year break in flax cultivation),
• use of resistant cultivars,
• treatment of seeds with products containing such a.i. as
carbendazim, tiuram, cyproconazole, fludioxonil, flutriazole,
thiabendazole, captam and mancozeb
• recommended products on leaf applications are based on :
benomyl, prochlorase, carbendazim + fluquinconazole and
flutriafol, (These substances effectively protect against
progressive tracheamycosis, providing they are used early, when
plants are 15-20 cm tall).
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Rust
Fibre flax plants damaged by Melampsora linii which caused rust
the economical damage threshold for rust– is 15 % of plants infected
by fungi (phase BBCH 32)
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Rust
70
Rust is common in regions where fibre flax is
cultivated. The disease is caused by Melampsora lini
(Ehrenb.)
Characteristic symptoms of rust are bright
orange and powdery pustules, which develop
on leaves, stems and bolls. Stems overgrown
by the mycelium produce very low value, bad
quality fibre.
The best method for controlling the disease is
the use of resistant cultivars.
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Anthracnose
Anthracnose symptoms
(caused by Colletotrichum lini)
on fibre flax plant
Fibre flax seed infected
by Colletotrichum lini
the economical damage threshold for anthracnose is reached
when 15 % of plants are infected in the phases BBCH 11-12
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Anthracnose
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Anthracnose, is caused by Colletotrichum lini (Westerdijk) Tochinai
It occurs all over the world in regions where flax is cultivated. It is
particularly a problem in Belarus, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Ukraine
and France.
Protection of plantations against Anthracnose comes down to preventive
measures:
correct crop rotation,
growing resistant cultivars,
using pathogen-free sowing seeds,
seed dressing treatments containing carbendazim + tiuram,
carbendazim, flutriafol + thiabendazole, cyproconazole +
fludioxonil and iprodione + carbendazim
During the vegetation period, the on-leaf application of chemicals
containing copper oxychloride, benomyl, prochlorase are used .
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Septoriosis (pasmo)
Septoriosis symptoms on fibre flax plants
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Septoriosis
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Septoriosis, commonly called flax pasmo, can have a significant financial
impact for flax growers. The disease is caused by Septoria linicola (Speg.),
Garassini
It is a fungus that develops in leaf tissue, seed bolls, and stems, where it
causes negative changes in fibre quality. In Poland, Septoriosis was a
quarantine disease until recently, and so does not occur there.
The effective protective methods against pasmo are:
•crop rotation (3-year break before cultivation of flax on the same field),
•early sowing,
•use of qualified, pathogen-free seeds.
•seed dressing: cyproconazole + fludioxonil, flutriazole, carbendazim, flutriafol,
azoksystrobin, fludioxonil + cyproconazole, tebuconazole + triadimefon,
flusilazole + carbendazim
Among the recommended treatments for flax protection against Septoriosis are
the following, which should in most cases be applied twice during vegetation
period: benomyl, carbendazim, prochlorase,
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Plantations of fibre flax can become infested by various pests, such as: flee
beetles, flax thrips, curworms, gamma moths. Polyphags, including crane flies
and nematodes, can also cause problems.
The biggest losses are caused by
flea beetles (Longitarsus parvulus Payk.
and Aphtona euphorbiae Schrank.)
thrips (Trips linarius Ladureu and T.
angusticeps Uz.)
Flea beetles
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flea beetles (Longitarsus parvulus Payk. i Aphtona euphorbiae Schrank.)
Spray until flax is 5 cm tall, if necceseery repeat the application after 7-10 days. If plants are higher than 5 cm tall these insects do not pose a threat
the economical damage threshold for flea beetles – 5-10 insects/ 1m2
To control flea beetles in fibre flax we can use such products as lambda-
cyhalothrin, acephate, alphamethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, delta-methrin,
esfenvalerate), metomyl omethoate, vamidithion and acetamipryd.
Flea beetles
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Trips (Trips linarius Ladureu and T. angusticeps Uz.)
the economical damage thresholdof for trips – 2 insects/ 10 flax
plants
Spray during BBCH 34 -51 phases [from flax is 40 cm tall till BBCH
51 (First flower buds visible)], if necessary repeat aplication after 10-
14 days.
For trips control in fibre flax we can use such a.i. as
lambda-cyhalothrin, acephate, alphamethrin, beta-
cyfluthrin, delta-methrin, esfenvalerate), metomyl
omethoate, vamidithion and acetamipryd.
Trips
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Critical elements of integrated plant protection are:
•Non-chemical methods
•Setting the economical damage threshold for the
increased appearance of diseases, pests, and weeds
•Effective systems to support farmers in making the right
decisions
•Protection of beneficial entomofauna
•Following the rules of Safety and Hygiene of the Work
during plant protection product application
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Methods of decreasing pesticide doses:
•Cultivars resistant to lodging, diseases and
drought
Seed dressing based on microelements
Appropriate time of plant protection
product application
Pesticide mixture application
Precise pesticide application
•Adjuvants
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•harvesting time – the optimum is the beginning of flax green -
yellow maturity stage (BBCH 83)
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Plants morphogenesis – fibre formation
To the left, a cross-section of flax stem at 20 cm lenght – no fibers formed; to the right a cross-
section when flax was 30 cm tall – first elementary fibres visible (magnification 250 times)
(INF&MP Poznan, 2004)
Elementary fibres no visible First elementary fibres BBCH 32 (20 cm) BBCH 33 (30 cm)
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Transverse section through
a fibre flax stem - ( gain 10 x 25)
BBCH 65 - Full flowering: 50 % of flowers
open
fibres
Flax fibres gain x 1000
Transfer section through flax fibres
gain x 500
BBCH 65 - Full flowering: 50 % of flowers open
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Transverse section through
a fibre flax stem - ( gain 10 x 25)
BBCH 71 - 10 % of flax capsules have reached final size
Bundles of fibres
“technical fibres”
Flax fibres gain x 1000
Transfer section through
flax fibres
gain x 500
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BBCH 77 - 70 % of flax capsules have reached final size
Transfer section through flax fibres
(gain 10 x 25)
Flax fibres
gain x 1000
Bundles of fibres
“technical fibres”
Dutch linen lace
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Fibre bundles very well formed
Flax fibres well formed gain x 1000
(Stems are yellow to 1/3 of height, leafs fallen
off from the bottom to 1/4 of height.
Bolls of flax begin to turn yellow)
BBCH 83 - green-yellow maturity of flax
Transfer section through flax fibres
gain x 500
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BBCH – 85 – yellow maturity of flax Flax fibres gain x 1000
BBCH 85 - yellow maturity of flax
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In Western Europe self propelling machines are
applied – type ARAHY (pulling, swathing) and
AECACHY (straw layer deseeding), produced by
DEPOORTERE Belgium. Another known fibre flax
harvesting machine producer is DEHONDT France.
Pulling and swathing of flax in central and eastern
Europe is mostly done by Russian hooked combines:
LKW–4T, LK–4T, LKW–4A and LK–4A.
The LKW–4T and LK–4T combines, allow pulling,
seed removal and swathing straw in layers. The
LKW–4A i LK–4A allow pulling, seed removal and
binding straw in bundles (optionally binding in
bundles may be eliminated).
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Self-propelled combine turning over the swath of straw
and deseeding flax
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Fibre flax pulling machine - Dehondt - France
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Czech Fibre flax pulling machine
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Fibre flax pulling machine - Czech
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Combine harvester (LK-4D - Russia) for fibre
flax pulling, decapsulling
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Turning machine for flax straw- Dehondt - France
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Harvesting and retting
•Pulling of flax and decapsulling (green-yellow maturity phase -BBCH 8.3)
•Retting of flax
• water retting
•dew retting (ground or field retting)
Retting - the process of stem preparation for fibre
extraction - decomposition of pectin
(fibre bundles are cemented to wood by
pectin)
Sclerenchyma
fibres are cemented
by pectin
• dew-retting is mainly caused by:
- fungi (Alternaria spp., Aspergillus,
Cladosporium, Mucor, Rhisopus)
- bacteria (Bacillus spp., Bacterium coli)
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Harvesting and retting
Process dew retting depends weather
conditions (moisture and temperature)
Turning of dew-retted straw
Pulling, decapsulling, and flax straw swathing
2 weeks of dew retting on the field
Balling of dew-retted straw
2 weeks of dew retting on the field
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Unit for fibre extraction - Czech Republic
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Unit for fibre extraction - Czech Republic
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The presented integrated crop
management systems of fibrous
flax cultivation are not simply
an imposed model or solution,
but rather, it is a process
constantly being updated and
perfected.
CONCLUSION