crop evolution - university of idaho › ... › ppts › class-2-evolution-i.pdf · 2014-09-22 ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Crop Evolution
How did the worlds land become
inhabited with plants?
Why did agriculture begin?
Where and when did our agricultural
crops evolve?
What events have molded the genotypes
of our crops since cultivation?
Bacteria
Algae
Liverwort Club Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Tracheophytes
(vascular plants)
Bryophytes (non-
vascular plants)
Seeded
Seedless
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
FernsClub mosses
Mosses
Hornworts
Liverworts
Fresh
water
alga
Time
Period
Event
2,500 m. 1st bacteria
500 m. 1st land plants (fungi & liverwort)
400 m. 1st gymnosperms
200 m. 1st angiosperms, 1st mammals,
dinosaurs rule the world
25 m. Monkeys and apes
3 m. Lucy
1 m. Homo sapiens
Time Scales
Event Date & Time
1st bacteria Jan. 1, 12 midnight
1st land plants Oct. 12, 12 midnight
1st gymnosperms Nov. 27, 9:30 am
1st angiosperms & mammals Dec. 3, 4:45 am
Monkeys and apes Dec. 27, 3:30 pm
Lucy Dec. 31 10:30 am
1st homo sapiens Dec. 31 8:30 pm
1st farmers Dec. 31, 11:05 pm
Why did agriculture begin?
Where were crop plants first grown?
When did all this happen?
Why did humans become farmers and
not remain hunter/foragers?
It was easier to grow food than to find it or catch it.Human labor to collect sorghum in the
Sudan returns 14 kcal for every 1 kcal expended.Traditional hand agriculture growing
sorghum returns 4 kcal for every 1 kcal expended.Mechanized wheat farming returns <2 kcal
for every 1 kcal expended.
The earth had recently come through a mini-iceage.
Mass extinction of large ‘easy to catch’ mammals.
Most settlements were located near large rivers or along the coast line.
Men remained hunters while women became farmers?
Did the earliest farmers grow crops and later domesticated livestock?
Did the earliest farmers grow crops so that they could feed their livestock?
What are the benefits of livestock to mankind?
When Did Crops Evolve
Time
period
Evidence of crop cultivation
> 5,000
years
pea, barley, wheat, maize, millet,
lentil, beans, millet, rice, potato.
1,000 to
5,000
years
Sugar beet, sunflower, soybean,
alfalfa, onion, cotton.
< 1,000
years
rapeseed, coffee, rubber, macademia
nut.
Where did Farming begin?
Where did Farming begin?
barley, wheat,
lentil, pea
.
sugarbeet,
rapeseed
..
rice,
soybean.
millet,
coffee
.
cotton,
rubber
.
.
potato,
maize, bean
.
sunflower
.
alfalfa,
apple
.
.
Macademia
Crop type Near East/
Europe
Asia Africa America Total
Cereals &
Pulses11 5 6 10 32
Veg’s &
Fruit18 21 5 13 57
Other
Crops12 12 8 6 38
Total 41 38 19 29 127
Where Did Crops Evolve
Potato
Solanum tuberosum ssp tuberosum
2n = 4x = 48
Named Solanum
tuberosum by Casper
Banhin in 1596
South American
Indian called the
crop papa. The
name potato comes
from the Caribbean
Aeawak Indian
word batata
Sir Walter Raleigh Elizabeth I
First commercialized in Ireland around 1700’s
Major food source by 1750’s
Potato Blight
Phytophthora infestans
1840’s
English Absentee Landlords
The Real Irish Potato Blight
Why are the world record potato
yields in Idaho and Holland?
How did the potato crop evolve
so quickly?
How did the potato evolve
from this to this is a very short
period of time?
1992
Crop Evolution