CROP CIRCLE REPORT

Bulbul Chutia

Mechanical Engineer

Assam Engineering College

1.Introduction

Crop circles are patterns that appear in fields. The pattern is created when certain areas of the crops

are tamped down, but others are left intact. The edge is so clean that it looks like it was created with

a machine. Even though the stalks are bent, they are not damaged. Most of the time, the crop

continues to grow as normal.

Sometimes, the patterns are simple circles. In other instances, they are elaborate designs consisting

of several interconnecting geometric shapes.

Every year over 200 designs appear in crops around the world. These patterns of flattened plants

have been reported on every continent, in around 30 countries, but most of them appeared in

southern England.

Figure-01. Milk Hill Wiltshire, England, 12 August 2001.

The largest crop pattern of all times, a 780 ft (240m) crop circle in the form of a double (six-sided)

triskelion composed of 409 circles.

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2. Objectives

The objective of the present report is

To gain a better understanding of the “Crop Circle” phenomenon.

To study the History of Crop Circles.

To look for evidence for Man/Woman Made Crop Circles, Crop Circles being made by

weather or other Atmospheric Phenomena, Crop Circles made by Extra Terrestrials or other

forms of Higher Consciousness.

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3. History of crop circles

The earliest representation of a crop circle occurs in a woodcut from 1678, which depicts the

‘Mowing Devil’ reaping a field of oats into a flattened circle. The story behind it is that a farmer

refused to pay the amount asked by a particular reaper, muttering that he would rather the Devil

took his oats. During the night strange sounds and lights were heard and seen, and the

following morning the farmer found part of his crop lying in neat circles.

Figure-02. 1678 pamphlet on the "Mowing-Devil".

In 1686 a British scientist, Robert Plot, published a book entitled A Natural History of

Staffordshire, which contained accounts of geometric areas of flattened plants found on both

arable land and pastureland. He describes not only circles but also spirals and squares within

rings, up to 150 feet across. He reports that the soil under them was much looser and drier than

normal, and that a whitish, musty substance or hoar, like that in mould bread, was sometimes

found on the plants. He hypothesized that the designs were created by lightning exploding from

the clouds.

In July 1880 the science journal Nature published a letter from a scientist who described finding

multiple circular areas of flattened wheat on a farm in southern England. He describes areas of

crop forming circular spots with a few standing stalks as a centre, some prostrate stalks with

their heads arranged pretty evenly in a direction forming a circle round the centre, and outside

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these a circular wall of stalks which have not suffered. He suggested they were the result of

‘some cyclonic wind action’ and enclosed a sketch of the most perfect of these circles which,

unfortunately, Nature did not publish.

Mentions of crop circles were sporadic until the 20th century, when circles began appearing in

the 1960s and '70s in England and the United States. But the phenomenon didn't gain attention

until 1980, when a farmer in Wiltshire County, England, discovered three circles, each about 60

feet (18 meters) across, in his oat crops. UFO researchers and media descended on the farm,

and the world first began to learn about crop circles.

By the 1990s, crop circles had become something of a tourist attraction. In 1990 alone, more

than 500 circles emerged in Europe. Within the next few years, there were thousands. Visitors

came from around the world to see them. Some farmers even charged admission to their

mysterious attractions

1990 saw the first pictograms, consisting of long chains of circles, rings, rectangles, straight

lines, and tridents, ‘keys’ or ‘claws’.That year also saw the first astronomy-related glyphs, which

include galaxies, asteroid belts and planetary orbits. Seven-fold geometry first appeared in 1998,

nine-fold geometry in 1999 and eleven-fold geometry in 2000.Since 1999 several crop

formations have created the illusion of being three-dimensional.

Figure-03 Alton Barnes, Wiltshire, 11 July 1990.

This huge pictogram gained worldwide publicity and attracted thousands of visitors.

In total, over 10,000 crop formations have been documented worldwide. Over 700 of them

appeared in 1991. Of the 229 formations reported from around the world in 2004, 33.9% of them

appeared in England, where crop circles tend to cluster around sacred megalithic sites such as

Stonehenge, Avebury and Silbury Hill. Other countries with crop circles included Germany

(13.2%), the USA (9.2%), the Czech Republic (8.4%), and Italy (8.4%).

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Figure-04 ‘Sun wheel’, 350 feet across, Silbury Hill, 19/20 June 2004.

This formation appeared in outline the first night, and was completed the next night. Some

researchers assume that this means it must be man-made, but there is no conclusive evidence.

4. The Doug and Dave scam

On 9 September 1991, the British tabloid Today ran a front-page story headlined: ‘The men who conned

the world’. The story claimed that all the crop circles in England were the work of two pensioners, Doug

bower and David Chorley, aged 67 and 62 respectively. Their tools included a four-foot plank of wood

and a ball of string, along with a piece of wire dangling from a baseball cap to serve as a sighting

device, enabling them to construct perfectly straight lines by focusing on a distant object – at dead of

night!

 

They showed that they could create crude circular designs in broad daylight – but lacking the

geometrical precision, complexity and beautiful crop lays found in the finest formations. At that time, the

‘circles’ had already evolved into complex pictograms, but Doug and Dave could not convincingly

explain how they had created these. They could not even duplicate on paper a Celtic cross design they

claimed to have made. Later on it was discovered by George Wingfield and Armen Victorian that the

D&D story was tied to the British Ministry of Defense- in collusion with the CIA. Evidence supplied by a

high-ranking informant in the British Ministry of Defense suggested that the government had every intent

to discredit the phenomenon by putting forward two hoaxers in an effort to quell growing public interest

in crop circles.

Figure-05. 600-ft-long formation, East Field, Alton Barnes, Wiltshire, 20 June 2004.

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5. Crop Circle Designs

Crop circles are not just circles -- they can come in many different shapes. The most basic (and the most

common) crop circle is the single circle. Circles may also come in sets of two (doublets), three (triplets) or

four (quadruplets). Circles also may be enclosed in a thin outer ring.

The stalks inside a crop circle are typically bent into what is known as a swirl pattern, and the circles may

spin clockwise or counterclockwise. In patterns with several circles, one circle may spin clockwise and

another counterclockwise. Even a single circle may contain two "layers" of stalks, each spinning in a

different direction.

Crop circles can range in size from a few inches to a few hundred feet across. Most early crop circles

were simple circular designs. But after 1990, the circles became more elaborate. More complex crop

patterns, called pictograms, emerged. Crops can be made to look like just about anything -- smiling faces,

flowers or even words. Crop circles are sometimes unique designs, but they can also be based on ancient

motifs.

Some of the more sophisticated patterns are based on mathematical equations. Astronomer and former

Boston University professor Gerald S. Hawkins studied several crop circles and found that the positions of

the circles, triangles and other shapes were placed based on specific numerical relationships. In one crop

circle that had an outer and an inner circle, the area of the outer circle was exactly four times that of the

inner circle. The specific placement of the shapes indicates that, whoever the circle makers are, they

have an intricate knowledge of Euclidean geometry (the geometry of a flat surface introduced by the

mathematician Euclid of Alexandria).

Some circles have thin lines leading away from them. These lines, called spurs, are not actually a part of

the circle. They are created by the farmer's tractor.

Figure-06 Solar system glyph, Longwood Warren, Hampshire, 22 June 1995.

It depicts the Sun, Mercury, Venus, the Earth’s orbit, Mars, and Jupiter’s orbit.

According to Gerald Hawkins, it shows a planetary alignment that occurred on 6 November 1903, the

day the Wright brothers proved that man could fly, and again on 11 July 1971, during Mariner 9’s

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journey to Mars.

6. Crop Circle Locations

Most circles are concentrated in the south of England, primarily in the counties of Hampshire and

Wiltshire. Many of them have been found near Avebury and Stonehenge, two mystical sites containing

large stone monuments.

But crop circles are not confined to England. They have been spotted in the United States, Canada,

Australia, Japan, India and other parts of the world.

The "season" for crop circles runs from April to September, which coincides with the growing season.

Circles tend to be created at night, hiding their creators (human or otherwise) from curious eyes.

Crop circles can be found in many different types of fields -- wheat, corn, oats, rice, oil-seed rape, barley,

rye, tobacco -- even weeds. Most circles are found in low-lying areas close to steep hills, which may

explain the wind theory of their creation.

Figure-07 ‘Magnetic fields’, Avebury Trusloe, Wiltshire, 22 July 2000.

7. Characteristics

In genuine formations the stems are not broken but bent and swirled; they are subjected to a short and

intense burst of heat that softens the stems to hover just above the ground, where they are re-harden

without damage. Research and laboratory tests suggest that microwave or ultrasound may be the only

method capable of producing such an effect. It has also been scientifically proven that soil samples taken

from within crop circles show changes in its crystalline structure and mineral composition. Expert analysis

concludes that that heat of 1500 degree Celsius would create such a change.

Crop circles also show evidence of ultrasound, and such frequencies are known to exist at ancient sacred

sites such as stone circles and pyramids. And like all temples, crop circles appear at the intersecting

points of the earth’s magnetic pathways of energy. Consequently, it is not unusual for people to

experience heightened states of awareness and healings in crop circles- a situation also common to

sacred sites and ancient temples. Biophysical evidence show the plants’ seed embryos are altered, and

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the liquid in the stems has been heated from inside. In genuine crop circles there is also a re-

organization of the plant’s crystalline structure. Other evidence from crop circles show how the floors of

laid plants are swirled in mathematical proportions relative to the Golden Ratio – the vortex used by

nature to create organisms. Mathematically, genuine crop circles encode obscure theorems based on

Euclidian geometry as well as the unalterable principles of sacred geometry (those harmonic ratios that

govern the relationships between the orbits of planets). Crop circles alter the local electromagnetic field;

affecting the proper function of compasses, cameras and cellular phones; the frequencies are also known

to affect aircraft equipments.

 

Figure-08 Crop lay resembling rippling water, typical of large, complex glyphs. Note how the crop is

elegantly laid in thin bundles. Roundway, 1999.

Figure-09 The floor lay of the 1994 galaxy formation (fig. 3.8)

showcases the circlemakers’ precision.

8. FORMATION THEORIES

Formations usually are made overnight, but have also been made during the day. While it is not known

how all crop circles are formed, various theories have been put forth ranging from natural phenomenon

and man-made hoaxes, to the paranormal and even animals.

8.1 Whirlwind/Plasma Vortex Theory

Probably the most scientific theory says that crop circles are created by small currents of swirling winds

called vortices (similar to "dust devils"). The spinning columns force a burst of air down to the ground,

which flattens the crops. Vortices are common in hilly areas such as parts of southern England.

Dr. Terence Meaden of the Tornado and Storm Research Organization (TORRO) in Wiltshire, England,

says the vortices that create crop circles are charged with energy (his idea is called the Plasma Vortex

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Theory). When dust particles get caught up in the spinning, charged air, they can appear to glow, which

may explain the UFO-like glowing lights many witnesses have seen near crop circles.

But the question remains -- how can a few seconds worth of spinning air create such intricate and

perfectly defined crop circles. Beside whirlwinds or Mini-tornadoes are not static, they travel around and it

is very unlikely that they would create such intricate and symmetrical patterns.

8.2 Electromagnetic field theory

Some researchers believe that the earth creates its own energy, which forms the circles. One possible

form of earth energy is electromagnetic radiation. In fact, scientists have measured strong magnetic fields

inside crop circles, and visitors have sometimes reported feeling a tingling sensation in their body while in

or near the circles.

8.3 Microwave transient heating theory

In the early 1990s, American biophysicist Dr. William Levengood discovered that crops in circles were

damaged much in the same way as plants heated in a microwave oven. He proposed the idea that the

crops were being rapidly heated from the inside by some kind of microwave energy.

8.4 Earth energy

Other researchers say that the energy comes from under the ground or in the soil. Either the energy is

natural, such as a fungus that attacks the crops and causes their stems to bend over, or it is a byproduct

of something man-made, such as bombs that exploded during World War II.

8.5 Humans

The easiest explanation for crop circles is that they are man-made hoaxes, created either for fun or to

stump the scientists. Among the most famous hoaxers are the British team of Doug Bower and Dave

Chorley, known as "Doug and Dave." In 1991, the duo came out and announced that they had made

hundreds of crop circles since 1978. To prove that they were responsible, they filmed themselves for the

BBC making a circle with a rope-and-plank contraption in a Wiltshire field .As an explanation of some of

the more complex formations, physicists have suggested the use of GPS, lasers, and portable microwave

generators.

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8.6 UFOs and Aliens

Possibly the most controversial theory is that crop circles are the work of visitors from other planets -- sort

of like alien calling cards.

People who agree with this theory say that the circles are either the imprint left by landing spacecraft or

messages brought from afar for us earthlings. Some eyewitnesses claim to have seen UFO-like lights and

strange noises emanating from crop circle sites.

9. Conclusion

The Crop Circle Phenomenon is complex in compiling this presentation, It has been found enormous

quantities of information to try and digest. Crop Circles have no single cause (like the UFO

phenomenon) to suggest this ignores the abundance of evidence for each of the sources. They are not

caused solely by board-stompers. Plant Abnormalities do not seem a reliable indicator of non-human

crop circle formation. The Complexity of patterns has increased in the last 20 years and again seems to

rule out board-stomping as the sole cause. The “Alien Head” is an extraordinary image and no one has

come forward to explain how it was made. Experimentation should be done in a blind manner. More

data and research methods should be provided. All possibilities should be exhausted before making

conclusions. Consciousness is an important aspect of the Crop Circle Phenomenon.

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Sources of reference

http://www.howstuffworks.com

http://www.cropcircleresearch.com

http://www.cropcirclesecrets.org/crop_circle_secrets.html .

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crop_circle&oldid=477145621

www.lucypringle.co.uk

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