critical thinking what are the perspectives? can i verify their statements? how do i build my own...
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Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking
What are the perspectives?Can I verify their statements?
How do I build my own understanding?
What are the perspectives?Can I verify their statements?
How do I build my own understanding?
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What are the perspectives?What are the perspectives?
• Who is making statements in the article?
• How does their perspective shape the position they take?
• Who is making statements in the article?
• How does their perspective shape the position they take?
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Can I verify the statements?
Can I verify the statements?
• Are the statements in the article accurate?
• How might they be presenting information to support their points while excluding information that does not?
• Are the statements in the article accurate?
• How might they be presenting information to support their points while excluding information that does not?
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How do I put together my own version?
How do I put together my own version?
• Develop an understanding of the competing viewpoints.
• Establish the accuracy of the statements.• Wikipedia?
• Use multiple sources.• Remember that the sources will follow the
perspective of the authors, so you have to take the authors’ intentions into account.
• Develop an understanding of the competing viewpoints.
• Establish the accuracy of the statements.• Wikipedia?
• Use multiple sources.• Remember that the sources will follow the
perspective of the authors, so you have to take the authors’ intentions into account.
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Exam QuestionExam Question• As a result of the cooperation between the
Federal Housing Authority and real estate developers, what is TRUE about the conditions of African-Americans today?• Civil Rights legislation eliminating discrimination in
housing has led to equality of opportunity for whites and minorities.
• African-American net worth (wealth) lags behind whites.• African-Americans who have similar wealth and income
as whites still lag behind whites in rates of college graduation.
• b and c.
• As a result of the cooperation between the Federal Housing Authority and real estate developers, what is TRUE about the conditions of African-Americans today?• Civil Rights legislation eliminating discrimination in
housing has led to equality of opportunity for whites and minorities.
• African-American net worth (wealth) lags behind whites.• African-Americans who have similar wealth and income
as whites still lag behind whites in rates of college graduation.
• b and c.
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Access to EducationAccess to Education
• When we looked at the FHA, their policies had direct impacts on the opportunities for minorities.
• Some are still able to manipulate the system.
• http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/16/us/16scottsdale.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
• When we looked at the FHA, their policies had direct impacts on the opportunities for minorities.
• Some are still able to manipulate the system.
• http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/16/us/16scottsdale.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
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Affirmative Action in Michigan UniversitiesAffirmative Action in Michigan Universities
• Michigan Ballot Measure bans the use of Race or Gender in college admissions.
• Similar bans in other states have had dramatic effects.• A decade after the California ban, only 2 percent of
this year's freshmen at the University of California, Los Angeles, are black: a 30-year low.
• At Berkeley, the number of blacks in the freshman class plunged by half the year after the ban, and the number of Hispanics nearly as much.
• NY Times “Colleges Regroup After Voters Ban Race Preferences”
• Michigan Ballot Measure bans the use of Race or Gender in college admissions.
• Similar bans in other states have had dramatic effects.• A decade after the California ban, only 2 percent of
this year's freshmen at the University of California, Los Angeles, are black: a 30-year low.
• At Berkeley, the number of blacks in the freshman class plunged by half the year after the ban, and the number of Hispanics nearly as much.
• NY Times “Colleges Regroup After Voters Ban Race Preferences”
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What was left inWhat was left in• 10 points - Michigan
resident• 6 points -
Underrepresented Michigan county
• 2 points - Underrepresented state
• 20 points - Socio-economic disadvantage
• 10 points - Michigan resident
• 6 points - Underrepresented Michigan county
• 2 points - Underrepresented state
• 20 points - Socio-economic disadvantage
• 4 points - "Legacy" (parents, step-parents)
• 1 point - Other (grandparents, siblings, spouses)
• 20 points - Scholarship athlete
• 20 points - Provost's discretion
• 4 points - "Legacy" (parents, step-parents)
• 1 point - Other (grandparents, siblings, spouses)
• 20 points - Scholarship athlete
• 20 points - Provost's discretion
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White PrivilegeWhite Privilege• Legacies constitute a significant
proportion of students accepted to universities, especially Ivy league schools (10-15%) according to the Economist
• http://economist.com/world/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3518560
• “Harvard accepts 40% of applicants who are children of alumni but only 11% of applicants generally.”
• http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/timep.affirm.action.tm/index.html• http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/golden3.htm
• Legacies constitute a significant proportion of students accepted to universities, especially Ivy league schools (10-15%) according to the Economist
• http://economist.com/world/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3518560
• “Harvard accepts 40% of applicants who are children of alumni but only 11% of applicants generally.”
• http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/timep.affirm.action.tm/index.html• http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/golden3.htm
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How do we right historical wrongs?How do we right
historical wrongs?• Why do people attack affirmative action?
• Why do you think people do not attack legacies as vigorously?
• Given the historical inequalities and white privilege, what can be done to provide more equitable access?
• Why do people attack affirmative action?
• Why do you think people do not attack legacies as vigorously?
• Given the historical inequalities and white privilege, what can be done to provide more equitable access?
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Why not attack legacies?
Why not attack legacies?
• "Without legacy preference, there would be a significant decrease in giving from a core body of traditional support -- families in which at least a second generation has gone to the institution.”
• http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/golden3.htm
• "Without legacy preference, there would be a significant decrease in giving from a core body of traditional support -- families in which at least a second generation has gone to the institution.”
• http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/golden3.htm
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Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
• Doesn’t affect too many people
• Economic benefits• Improves chances
for success• Compensation for
ancestors’ contributions
• Doesn’t affect too many people
• Economic benefits• Improves chances
for success• Compensation for
ancestors’ contributions
• Special treatment• Should be based
on merit• People are passed
over• Focuses on a
single group• People benefit who
are less qualified
• Special treatment• Should be based
on merit• People are passed
over• Focuses on a
single group• People benefit who
are less qualified
LegaciesLegacies
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How many people affected?
How many people affected?
• Whites constitute about 70% of the college population according to the US Census.
• At Berkeley, the number of blacks in the freshman class plunged by half the year after the ban, and the number of Hispanics nearly as much.
• NY Times “Colleges Regroup After Voters Ban Race Preferences”
• Legacies constitute a significant proportion of students accepted to universities, especially Ivy league schools (10-15%) according to the Economist
• http://economist.com/world/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3518560
• Whites constitute about 70% of the college population according to the US Census.
• At Berkeley, the number of blacks in the freshman class plunged by half the year after the ban, and the number of Hispanics nearly as much.
• NY Times “Colleges Regroup After Voters Ban Race Preferences”
• Legacies constitute a significant proportion of students accepted to universities, especially Ivy league schools (10-15%) according to the Economist
• http://economist.com/world/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3518560
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Special Treatment - PastSpecial Treatment - Past
http://www.farmworkers.org/bracintx.html
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Special Treatment - Present
Special Treatment - Present
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Equalityvs
Social Justice
Equalityvs
Social Justice
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What to do?What to do?• Tax breaks• Improve/equalize funding for schools• Counter discriminatory policies• Social programs to help disadvantaged
• Be color-blind in selection process• Make selection process equal• Base on merit / qualifications• Life’s not fair / Nothing we can do
• Tax breaks• Improve/equalize funding for schools• Counter discriminatory policies• Social programs to help disadvantaged
• Be color-blind in selection process• Make selection process equal• Base on merit / qualifications• Life’s not fair / Nothing we can do
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Equality and MeritEquality and Merit• Equality means the same standard
• Equality does not mean that disadvantaged people should no longer be disadvantaged
• Merit ignores inequality that exists.
• Merit implies inferiority is reason for inequality.
• Absolves majority of their white privilege.• Excuses more than just racial inequality.• Powerful maintain their positions in society.
• Equality means the same standard
• Equality does not mean that disadvantaged people should no longer be disadvantaged
• Merit ignores inequality that exists.
• Merit implies inferiority is reason for inequality.
• Absolves majority of their white privilege.• Excuses more than just racial inequality.• Powerful maintain their positions in society.
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Equality?Equality?
• Women’s restrooms
• Emergency rooms
• Wheelchair access
• Women’s restrooms
• Emergency rooms
• Wheelchair access
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Fairness over “Equality”Fairness over “Equality”• In our society, we have made changes
when someone’s potential or life could be harmed if we do not deal with barriers to access.
• Not about disability, but about fairness of access and being conscious of barriers!
• In our society, we have made changes when someone’s potential or life could be harmed if we do not deal with barriers to access.
• Not about disability, but about fairness of access and being conscious of barriers!
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Social JusticeSocial Justice
• Recognizes a problem / inequality
• Takes positive steps to resolve it
• Address income and educational inequalities / discrimination
• Recognizes a problem / inequality
• Takes positive steps to resolve it
• Address income and educational inequalities / discrimination
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Social JusticeSocial Justice• The US education system does not teach
social justice.
• We learn about individual achievement and sameness that we confuse for equality.• Color-blindness is NOT equality.• Claims that things must be equal ignore
inequality.
• The US education system does not teach social justice.
• We learn about individual achievement and sameness that we confuse for equality.• Color-blindness is NOT equality.• Claims that things must be equal ignore
inequality.
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Social JusticeSocial Justice
• Social Justice is more than equality.• Social Justice demands that we recognize
inequality and barriers so that we may overcome them to allow everyone to pursue their full potential.
• Social Justice is more than equality.• Social Justice demands that we recognize
inequality and barriers so that we may overcome them to allow everyone to pursue their full potential.
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Situated in TimeSituated in Time
• Equality focuses on the present.
• Social Justice acknowledges the past and looks to the future.
• Equality focuses on the present.
• Social Justice acknowledges the past and looks to the future.