critical thinking using situational awareness and decision making thinking about thinking
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CRITICAL THINKINGUSING SITUATIONAL AWARENESS AND DECISION MAKING
Thinking About Thinking
SITUATIONAL AWARENESSGood situational awareness requires:
1.Gathering data (sensing, perception), seeking cues in the environment
2.Assembling information to give understanding (comprehension)3.Thinking ahead (projection)
Thinking about situational awareness involves:• Directing our attention to seek data; scanning a range of sources
• Evaluating information without bias, for accuracy and relevance
• Understanding, using our knowledge and previous experiences
• Comparing and checking, visualizing future events — ‘What if?’
• Planning ahead, considering possible outcomes
Gathering data
Understanding
Play
Defense
Offense
FutureNowSituation
SCAN
EVALUATE
ANTICIPATE
CONSIDER
PlanningAhead
Decision MakingDecision making requires an understanding of the situation and controlled thinking. Decision making involves assessment and choosing a course of action.The situation determines the urgency of the decision, risks and limits of action.
Controlled thinking:Reduces riskModerates behaviorManages time constraintsUses knowledge; seeks optionsJudges relevance and the quality of the choicePrepares for action, evaluates the outcome or a future situation
O A D A Observe Analyze Deduce Act
Critical ThinkingCritical thinking provides the mental control and
discipline required for situational assessment and decision making. It involves several skills that can be learned, practiced and improved.
Control your mind by:Seeking and understanding information, facts and dataEffective planning, briefing and communicationIncreasing knowledge; gaining experienceLearning within a context (situation)
Maintain discipline by:Being aware of how you think; affects possessionEvaluating your actions; having self regulationBeing aware of all available resourcesBeing sensitive to feedback
Critical thinking is the skill of thinking about your thinking
Think inside the box before you think outside of the box
“Are we in charge of our thinking, or is our thinking in charge of us?“
Critical Thinking — Self awareness Self awareness — self questioning, self
monitoringAm I biased in my thinking?
Have I made a plan for what I want to do?
Are my ideas or knowledge on this issue correct?
Am I aware of my thinking; what am I trying to do?
Am I using all of the resources for what I want to do?
Am I evaluating my thinking; what would I do differently next time?
Am I aware of how well I am doing; do I need to change my actions or intentions?
Monitoring is checking the quality or testing the accuracy of a situation on a regular
basis. It is keeping a close watch over parameters and supervising the outcome.
It is checking for threats
in our thinking.
CRITICAL THINKING — KNOWLEDGE Improving your thinking — Knowledge
About yourselfCommitment: training, not letting feelings or individual preference detract from the game
Positive attitudes: seeing the big picture, persistence, resourcefulness, learning from set-backs
Attention to detail: determining relevance, assessing affects
About the thinking processesKnowing the facts necessary to do a task by seeking information
Knowing how to do a task, how to scan, understand and think ahead
Knowing why certain strategies work, when to use them, why one is better than another
Knowledge to control the thinking processesSelf evaluation: assessing current technical knowledge, setting objectives, selecting resources
Self regulation: checking progress; reviewing choices, procedures, objectives, resources
Planning: choosing and planning a path to the objective, using procedures
Planning is the process of thinking about what you will do
in the event of something happening or not happening.
Critical Thinking — Habits
Critical Thinking — HabitsImproving your thinking — Habits
Changing our thinking habits requires effort; clear thinking is an essential part of officiating and has to be developed throughout our
careers.5 Levels of skill:Unskilled: Basic training only provides those skills necessary to be on the field.Skilled: Continuation training and experience enable effective management.Effective: More technical knowledge, practiced skills and experience give an
efficient operation.Efficient: Skillful command in controlling the game and crew leadership move
toward a precision operation.Precision: An official who has gained and maintains precise technical and non-
technical skills as a result of great personal effort.
Expert thinkers
Focus on central issues
Identify relevant information
Consider information on merit
Test and check the basis of their awareness and decisions
Critical Thinking — Personal briefing
Improving your thinking — BriefingBefore games, self-briefing reinforces memory cues and
knowledge, which aid the recall of information for use in situational assessment and decision making.
Know what, who, where and when to prioritize your attentionAlways brief routine situations — repetition aids memoryStructure the briefing along game situationsVisualize your actions (position, players, calls)Consider the significant game situationsRecall lessons from trainingRefresh mechanics and rules
What if questions
Do not rush: Your thoughts control your actions.
Critical Thinking — Personal debrief
Improving your thinking — Debrief After each game, consider the following points: Plus, Minus, Interesting
Plus:What was goodWhat went according to plan
Minus:What was not so good, and whyWhat didn’t you know; find the answer before the next game
Interesting:Have you changed the way you see things:
situations, penalties, players, mechanics
What did you learn, why, and where did theinformation come from?
Will you share this with others; if not why not?Anything for a commissioner, assignor to report?Any issues for confidential reporting?Did you experience:
Administration, field, supply issues?Poor attitudesBiased opinionsMismanaged timeUnanswered questions
Thinking about Situational Awareness and Decision MakingSituational awareness and decision making depend on our ability to think.Thinking enables humans to be very successful, but this ability also enables errors that, if not controlled, present risks in our daily activities.
Value your ability, use it wisely
Game Players Situations
Working memory
Long-term memory - knowledge, biases,
beliefs
Situational Awareness
Decision Making
Senses:
See
Hear
Pattern recognition
Comparison
ChoiceSelection
Responses
Review
Monitor
Action
CRITICAL THINKING — FOR SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Critical thinking for situational awareness — seek
informationEssential components:
Accuracy — Is the information true?
Clarity — Can the information be understood?
Precision — Seek detail to understand the situation.
Relevance — Is the information connected to the situation?
Depth — Does the information address the complexity of the
situation?
Breadth — Are there other points of view or other ways to consider
this situation?
Logic — Does your understanding of the situation make sense?Whenever you do not understand something,
ask yourself a question for clarification
Critical Thinking — for Decision Making
Critical thinking for decision making — the choice of actionEssential components:
State the objective of the decision to be made
Identify information to be used in making the decision
Gather the evidence and information required to make a decision
Make a decision based on criteria (a safe outcome), information and risks
Ask what the evidence and information mean, considering the objective
Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is at the center of all safety processes and
human activity.
Situational
Awareness
Safety, Game, Player Management
Decision
Making
Critical Thinking