criteria for selecting species and a preliminary list of ... species or genera and their phenophases...

16 February 2009

Criteria for Selecting Species and a Preliminary List of Species for the Wildlife Phenology Program of the USA National Phenology Network and The Wildlife

Society

Contact: Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Coordinator, Wildlife Phenology Program Email: [email protected] I. Required characteristics of monitored species:

Ease of identification. Selected species or genera and their phenophases (e.g., eggs, larvae, etc.) must be readily identifiable and not easily confused with similar species. In most cases, species identification should be possible without the need for capture (trapping, netting). For species that are readily identifiable throughout most of their range but that may be confused with another species in some areas, observers in areas of potential confusion should be notified. This filter could help avoid errors in data collected by citizen scientists.

Observability and ease of data collection. Selected species and pertinent

phenophases generally should be readily observable without the need for specialized methods or equipment, except in the case of specialized sampling stations that are already established and maintained in conjunction with other ongoing purposes, or when needed equipment is cheap or simple to construct. Secretive species generally should be avoided, whereas species that are regularly encountered during routine field work are better candidates. A monitoring program probably will not last very long if too much investment is required for data collection.

Current knowledge about the species’ natural history. Natural history information

about a species must be adequate to allow development of suitable monitoring protocols.

Relative abundance. Selected species must be relatively common, such that

multiple individuals can be reliably encountered during routine surveys timed for particular phenophases. This will ensure that monitoring efforts are adequately productive. In the case of species of conservation concern, which often are relatively rare, the species should be locally abundant enough to be reliably encountered during surveys.

II. Optional but desirable characteristics of monitored species:

Existence of legacy data sets. Species for which there are historical data sets that could be compared to modern data should receive high priority for phenological monitoring.

Wildlife Phenology Program

Taxonomic stability/clarity. Although it is difficult to anticipate future taxonomic revisions (e.g., based on phylogeographic analyses of genetic data), selected species should exhibit a high degree of taxonomic stability such that changes in species allocation are of low probability. For example, species with substantial geographic variation in morphology (or that are represented by two or more widely recognized subspecies) may not be good choices for monitoring because of the increased likelihood that the species will be split into multiple species. This could interefere with acquisition of adequate data sets for a particular species. If polytypic species are selected, then people monitoring in contact zones or zones of intergradation should be notified of the potential for taxonomic confusion.

Existence of ongoing long-term sampling stations. Species for which phenophases

could be monitored in conjunction with already-existing sampling/monitoring stations that are likely to be continued over the long term should receive high priority.

Regulatory status. Species that cannot be studied without a special collecting or

research permit should be avoided, except in special cases (e.g., phenology monitoring participant is actively engaged in permitted, long-term studies or management of an endangered or threatened species). In any case, most such species would be excluded from phenology monitoring because they do meet the relative abundance criteria.

Distributional characteristics. Selected species should have a broad distribution

in North America or a wide distribution within an ecoregion. This will allow replication (collection of data from multiple locations) that will facilitate statistical analyses.

Broad distribution. Some of the selected species should have a broad distribution

across at least two-thirds of the continental United States.

Occurrence in Alaska, Hawaii, or U.S. island territories. To provide opportunities for participation in the NPN program throughout U.S. jurisdictions, some of the selected species should occur outside the contiguous United States in Alaska, Hawaii, or U.S. island territories.

Potential to stimulate partnerships. Species that meet other criteria and that also

have good potential to generate monitoring interest among professional or amateur membership organizations should receive high priority.

Sensitivity to climate change. It may be appropriate for phenological monitoring

to include some species for which a strong response to climate is predicted, or for which climate change is likely to threaten the species’ conservation status. For example, species with a high degree of abiotic environmental specificity (narrow climate envelope) may be more likely to show phenological responses to climate change than are widespread, generalist species. Also, species with time-sensitive, specialist relationships, such as specialist plant-pollinator or predator-prey


relationships, may be particularly vulnerable to climate-driven shifts in phenology. NatureServe has developed a Climate Change Vulnerability Index to help identify these species.

Ecological importance. Selected species should include some that are known to

have a high level of ecological importance. Monitoring of ecologically important (e.g., keystone) species will be useful in indicating the impacts of climate change beyond those affecting the monitored species.

Economic importance. Selected species should include some that are known to be

economically important (e.g., harvested species, pests, species that attract nonconsumptive recreational uses). Monitoring of these will facilitate our understanding of the economic impacts of climate change.

Relationship to monitored plants. Animal species selected for monitoring should

include some that have strong ties to particular monitored plant species (e.g., as pollinators, seed dispersal agents, or obligate herbivores). This will enable a comparison of the independent responses of both members of the association. For example, monitoring of pollinator species will be useful in conjunction with monitoring of plant flowering phenology, and monitoring of the migratory phenology of seed dispersal agents will be useful in relation to the timing of fruit maturation of various plant species.

Known time-sensitive specialist interactions with other species. Species that

exhibit specialized time-sensitive interactions with other species have a high potential to be affected by climate-change-related changes in phenology. These species warrant special attention by the NPN.

Species of conservation concern. Species that been identified as being of

conservation concern warrant special attention because of their importance in the activities of federal and state agencies and nongovernmental conservation organizations. Examples of such species include but are not limited to the following: listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) as endangered or threatened; listed as a Candidate for listing under the ESA; listed by IUCN as Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable; ranked by NatureServe as Critically Imperiled (G1), Imperiled (G2), and Vulnerable (G3).

III. Optional but desirable characteristics of monitored groups/guilds:

Taxonomic representation. Within each major group (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, insects), selected species should represent multiple taxonomic orders. Some evolutionary lineages may be more responsive to climate change than are others. Additionally, to the extent possible, selected species should be representative of a broader group of species sharing the similar life history patterns.


Geographic representation. The suite of selected species for each major taxonomic group should have distributions that collectively encompass most regions of North America.

Ecological representation. To the extent possible, the suite of selected species

should represent a diversity of terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic habitats. This will facilitate detection of climate change responses that may be restricted to particular habitats.

Temporal diversity of phenophases. The suite of selected species should

collectively include phenophases that are distributed throughout different times of the year. This will facilitate detection of climate change responses that may be limited to a particular season.

IV. Supplemental Taxon-specific Criteria for Animals Insects and other invertebrates

Selected species may include those for which the egg, larval, or pupal stages are distinctive and conspicuous, even if the adult stages are not.

For multiple-brooded species, especially butterflies, the spring brood must be

easily found, or the second brood must be clearly separable from the first such that its phenology can be monitored. In the mid latitudes, spring broods of many familiar species are rarely seen away from breeding habitats, which are not gardens, while later broods are routinely seen in gardens.

Species that exhibit large annual fluctuations in population size should be seen

easily enough in off years that first detection date is unlikely to be affected much by abundance or scarcity. However, in some cases recording an event other than the year’s first observation, such as the first date of # or more individuals observed, might be suitable to eliminate bias from early stragglers in peak years.

Fishes

Selected species should focus on those that exhibit distinct, detectable seasonal migrations. Most fishes do not meet the general criteria; most are difficult to observe without specialized methodology, and phenophases suitable for monitoring are very restricted. However, anadromous species often can be monitored at established riverine fish-counting stations and through commonly collected fisheries data.

Appropriate species for monitoring may include the few that deposit conspicuous

egg masses.


Amphibians

Eggs should be visible without destructive searching (e.g., in open sites, not under rocks or logs). For example, many pool-breeding salamanders and frogs are good candidates for monitoring whereas terrestrial and aquatic plethodontid salamanders are not.

Species having loud vocalizations are good candidates for monitoring. Monitored

anuran species should have calls that are audible from a distance of at least 30 meters under normal conditions.

Reptiles

Species with relatively well-defined seasonal activity patterns provide good opportunities for monitoring.

Neonates of selected species should be readily identifiable as such. Reptiles offer

a few suitable phenophases suitable for monitoring. One of these—seasonal appearance of neonates—requires that hatchlings or newborns be readily identifiable as such. For some species, inexperienced observers may have difficulty with this.

Species with conspicuous oviposition sites/behavior may be good candidates for

monitoring. Thus the suite of selected species probably should include certain turtle species.

Birds

The suite of selected bird species should include some of the 139 species identified as focal species warranting heightened attention over the short term within the USFWS Migratory Bird Program’s list of Birds of Management Concern. USFWS will place priority emphasis on these 412 species during the next ten years. These species are believed to meet at least one of the following criteria: 1) high conservation need, 2) representative of a broader group of species sharing the same or similar conservation needs, 3) high level of current Program effort, 4) potential to stimulate partnerships, and 5) high likelihood that factors affecting status can realistically be addressed.

Species selected for reproductive phenology should have easily found nest sites

and/or distinctive, easily recognized fledglings.

The selected bird species should represent a variety of migratory distances, as much as possible. Length of migration has been linked to phenological responsiveness to climate change. Thus it would be good to have some representatives that winter in South America (long-distance migrants), Central America and the Caribbean (mid-distance migrants), and the United States (short-


distance migrants) in addition to some nonmigratory species. Long-distance migrants also include arctic nesters that winter mostly in the southern United States and farther south.

Mammals

True hibernators should receive high priority, as these exhibit distinct seasonal emergence (and sometimes disappearance) patterns.

Strictly diurnal species should receive high priority whereas nocturnal species

should be avoided.


V. Species List and Criteria Met * = See associated note in subsequent table. Migratory status: N = nonmigrant; S = short-distance migrant; M = mid-distance migrant; L = long-distance migrant U.S. ESA status: T = Threatened; E = Endangered; C = Candidate; * = partial status (as for a subspecies or population) IUCN status: CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened; LC = Least Concern; DD = Data

Deficient; NE = Not Evaluated

Required Desirable Other

Species

Ease

of i

dent

ifica

tion

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Mammals White-tailed Prairie Dog

Cynomys leucurus x x x x ? x x x x x x G4 LC

Black-tailed Prairie Dog

Cynomys ludovicianus x x x x ? x x x x x x G4 NT

Yellow-bellied Marmot

Marmota flaviventris x x x x ? x x x G5 LC

Woodchuck Marmota monax x x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

California Ground Squirrel

Spermophilus beecheyi x x x x ? x x x x x G5 LC

Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel

Spermophilus lateralis x x x x x x x x G5 LC



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus x x x x ? x x x G5 LC

Least Chipmunk

Tamias minimus * x x x ? x x x G5 LC

Eastern Chipmunk

Tamias striatus x x x x ? x x x G5 LC

Townsend's Chipmunk

Tamias townsendii * x x x ? x x x G5 LC

Black Bear Ursus americanus x x x * x x x x x AK x x x T* G5 LC

Northern Elephant Seal

Mirounga angustirostris x x x x x x x x AK x G5 LC

Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina x x x x x x x x AK x G5 LC

Raccoon Procyon lotor x * x x ? x x x x G5 LC

Moose Alces americanus x x x x x x x x AK x x G5 LC

Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus x x x x x x x x AK x x x G5 LC

White-tailed Deer

Odocoileus virginianus x x x x x x x x x x x x E* G5 LC

Elk Cervus elaphus x x x x x x x x x x x G5 LC



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Pronghorn Antilocapra americana x x x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadensis x x x x x x x x x x E* G4 LC

Birds

Snow Goose Chen caerulescens x x x x x x x x AK L x x x G5 x

Brant Branta bernicla x x x x x x x x AK L x x x G5 LC x

Northern Bobwhite

Colinus virginianus x x x x x x x x N G5 LC

Common loon Gavia immer x x x x x x x x x AK SM L x G5 LC

Osprey Pandion haliaetus x x x x x x x x x AK

SM L x G5 LC

Swainson's Hawk

Buteo swainsoni x x x x x x x x L x G5 LC

American Kestrel

Falco sparverius x x x x x x x x x AK

NS ML x G5 LC

Killdeer Charadrius vociferus x x x x x x x x x AK SM x G5 LC

Piping Plover Charadrius melodus x x x x x x x x SM x ET G3 NT x



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

American Avocet

Recurvirostra americana x x x x x x x x SM x G5 LC

American Woodcock

Scolopax minor x x x x x x x x S x x G5 LC x

Least Tern Sternula antillarum x x x x x x x x ML x E* G4 LC x

Common Nighthawk

Chordeiles minor x x x x x x x x x AK L x G5 LC

Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura x x x x x x x x x

NS M x x G5 LC x

Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica x x x x x x x x L x G5 LC

Ruby-throated Hummingbird

Archilochus colubris x x x x x x x x M x x x ? G5 LC

Red-cockaded Woodpecker

Picoides borealis x x x x x x x x N x E G3 VU

Olive-sided Flycatcher

Contopus cooperi x x x x x x x x x AK L x G5 LC x

Eastern Phoebe

Sayornis phoebe x x x x x x x x x SM x G5 LC

Say's Phoebe Sayornis saya x x x x x x x x AK

NS M x G5 LC

Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus x x x x x x x x x L x G5 LC



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor x x x x x x x x x AK SM x G5 LC

Violet-green Swallow

Tachycineta thalassina x x x x x x x x AK M x G5 LC

Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota x x x x x x x x x AK L x G5 LC

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica x x x x x x x x x AK ML x G5 LC

Carolina Chickadee

Poecile carolinensis x x x x x x x x N x G5 LC

Black-capped Chickadee

Poecile atricapillus x x x x x x x x x AK N x G5 LC

House Wren Troglodytes aedon x x x x x x x x x SM x G5 LC

Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis x x x x x x x x x

NS M x x G5 LC

Western Bluebird

Sialia mexicana x x x x x x x x

NS M x x G5 LC

Mountain Bluebird

Sialia currucoides x x x x x x x x AK

NS M x x G5 LC

Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina x x x x x x x x L x x G5 LC x

American Robin

Turdus migratorius x x x x x x x x x AK

NS M x x G5 LC



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis x x x x x x x x x

NS M x x G5 LC

Northern Mockingbird

Mimus polyglottos x x x x x x x x x NS x x G5 LC

Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia x x x x x x x x x AK ML x G5 LC

Scarlet Tanager

Piranga olivacea x x x x x x x x L x ? G5 LC

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus x x x x x x x x x L x G5 LC x

Red-winged Blackbird

Agelaius phoeniceus x x x x x x x x x AK

NS M x x G5 LC

Yellow-headed Blackbird

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus x x x x x x x x SM x G5 LC

Bullock's Oriole Icterus bullockii x x x x x x x x M x G5 LC

Baltimore Oriole

Icterus glabula x x x x x x x x x

SM L x G5 LC

American Goldfinch

Carduelis tristis x x x x x x x x x NS x G5 LC

Reptiles

Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina x x x x x x x x x x x G5 NE



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Northern Painted Turtle

Chrysemys picta x x x x x x x x x x G5 NE

Spotted Turtle Clemmys guttata x x x x x x x x x G5 VU

Diamond-backed Terrapin

Malaclemys terrapin x x x x x x x x x x G4 NT

Pond Slider Trachemys scripta x x x x x x x x x x G5 NT

Loggerhead Sea Turtle

Caretta caretta x x x x x x x x x T G3 EN

Eastern Collared Lizard

Crotaphytus collaris x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Common Sagebrush Lizard

Sceloporus graciosus x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Western Fence Lizard

Sceloporus occidentalis x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Eastern Fence Lizard

Sceloporus undulatus x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Side-blotched Lizard

Uta stansburiana x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Five-lined Skink Plestiodon fasciatus x x x x x x x x x G5 LC



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Six-lined Racerunner

Aspidoscelis sexlineata x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Tiger Whiptail Aspidoscelis tigris x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

North American Racer

Coluber constrictor x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Northern Watersnake

Nerodia sipedon x x x x x x x x x T* G5 LC

Gophersnake Pituophis catenifer x x x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Pinesnake Pituophis melanoleucus x x x x x x x x x C* G4 LC

Terrestrial Gartersnake

Thamnophis elegans * x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Common Gartersnake

Thamnophis sirtalis * x x x x x x x x AK x E* G5 LC

Eastern Diamond-backed Rattlesnake

Crotalus adamanteus x x x x x x x x x x G4 LC

Timber Rattlesnake

Crotalus horridus x x x x x x x x x x G4 LC

Western Rattlesnake

Crotalus oreganus x x x x x x x x x x G5 LC



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

American Alligator

Alligator mississippiensis x x x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Amphibians Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad

Gastrophryne carolinensis x * x x x x x x x G5 LC

Couch's Spadefoot

Scaphiopus couchii x * x x x x x x x G5 LC

Eastern Sapdefoot

Scaphiopus holbrookii x * x x x x x x x G5 LC

Plains Spadefoot

Spea bombifrons x * x x x x x x x G5 LC

Cascades Frog Lithobates cascadae x x x x x x x x x

G3 G4 NT

Bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus * x x x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Green Frog Lithobates clamitans x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Pickerel Frog Lithobates palustris x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Northern Leopard Frog

Lithobates pipiens x x x x x x x x x x x G5 LC



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Mink Frog Lithobates septentrionalis x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Southern Leopard Frog

Lithobates sphenocephalus x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Wood Frog Lithobates sylvaticus x x x x x x x x x AK x G5 LC

American Toad Anaxyrus americanus x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Great Plains Toad

Anaxyrus cognatus x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Fowler's Toad Anaxyrus fowleri x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Woodhouse's Toad

Anaxyrus woodhousii x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Green Treefrog Hyla cinerea x x x x x x x x x G5 LC Cope's Gray Treefrog

Hyla chrysoscelis * x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Pine Woods Treefrog

Hyla femoralis x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor * x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Spring Peeper Pseudacris crucifer x x x x x x x x x G5 LC



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Boreal Chorus Frog

Pseudacris maculata x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Southern Chorus frog

Pseudacris nigrita x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Ornate Chorus Frog

Pseudacris ornata x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Northern Pacific Treefrog

Pseudacris regilla x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

California Newt Taricha torosa x x x x x x x x G4 LC

Rough-skinned Newt

Taricha granulosa x x x x x x x x AK x G5 LC

Eastern Newt Notophthalmus viridescens x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Spotted Salamander

Ambystoma maculatum x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Barred Tiger Salamander

Ambystoma mavortium x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Fishes

Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus x x x x x x x x x x x G5 LC

Green Sturgeon

Acipenser medirostris x x x x x x x x AK x x T* G3 NT



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Atlantic Sturgeon

Acipenser oxyrinchus * x x x x x x x AK x x

T,C* G3 NT

White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus x x x x x x x x x x E* G4 LC

Shovelnose Sturgeon

Scaphirhynchus platorynchus * x x x x x x x x x G4 VU

American Eel Anguilla rostrata x x x x x x x x x x G5 NE

Alabama Shad Alosa alabamae x x x * x x x x x G3 EN

Blueback Herring

Alosa aestivalis * x x x x x x x x x G5 NE

Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus * x x x x x x x x x G5 NE

American Shad Alosa sapidissima x x x x x x x x x x G5 NE

White sucker Catostomus commersonii x x x x x x x x ~ x x G5 NE

Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta x x x x x x x x AK x x x T* G5 NE

Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha x x x x x x x x AK x x x G5 NE

Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch x x x x x x x x AK x x x E,T* G4 NE



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Sockeye Oncorhynchus nerka x x x x x x x x AK x x x E,T* G5 LC

Chinook Salmon

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha x x x x x x x x AK x x x E,T* G5 NE

Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss x x x x x x x x AK x x x E,T* G5 NE

Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar x x x x x x x x x x E,C

* G5 LC

Striped Bass Morone saxatilis x x x x x x x x x x G5 NE

Yellow Perch Perca flavescens x x x x ? x x x G5 NE

Insects Coleoptera Six-spotted Tiger Beetle

Cicindela sexguttata x x x x x x x

Punctured Tiger Beetle

Cicindela punctulata x x x x x x x

Odonata Common Whitetail

Plathemis lydia x x x x x x x x

Seaside Dragonlet

Erythrodiplax berenice x x x x x x x ? ?



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Common Green Darner Anax junius x x x x x x x x Ebony Jewelwing (Black-winged Damselfy)

Calopteryx maculata x x x x x x x ?

Orthoptera

Carolina Locust Dissosteira carolina x x x x x x ? x x ? G5

Hymenoptera (bees)

A common bumble bee

Bombus impatiens or other x x x x x x x x AK x x x x G5

Eastern Carpenter Bee

Xylocopa virginica x x x x x x x ? x x x x G5

Lepidoptera (butterflies) Silver spotted skipper

Epargyreus clarus x x x x x x x x x G5

Tiger Swallowtails

Papilio glaucus, P. canadensi, P. rutulus x x x x x x x x AK x G5



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Mellissa Blue complex

Plebejus melissa complex x x x x x

in part x x ?

Eastern Tailed Blue

Cupido (Everes) comyntas x x x x x x x x x ? G5

Spring Azures

Celastrina lucia, ladon, idella x x x x x x x AK ?

G4 -

G5 Great Spangled Fritillary

Speyeria cybele x x x x x x x x ? G5

Monarch Danaus plexippus x x x x x x x x AK x G5

Common Wood-Nymph

Cercyonis pegaia (all subspecies) x x x x x x x x x G5

Lepidoptera (moths)

Tent Caterpillar

Malacosoma americana, M. californica x x x x x x ? x x ? x ? G5

Luna moth Actias luna x x x x x x x ? G5 Io Moth Automeris io x x x x x x x ? G5



Species Ea

se o

f ide

ntifi

catio

n

Obs

erva

bilit

y

Nat

ural

his

tory

kno

wn

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

Lega

cy d

ata

sets

Taxo

nom

ic s

tabi

lity/

clar

ity

Reg

ulat

ory

stat

us

Dis

tribu

tiona

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Bro

ad d

istri

butio

n

AK

, HI,

or U

.S. i

slan

ds

Mig

rato

ry s

tatu

s (b

irds)

Pot

entia

l for

par

tner

ship

s

Eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtanc

e

Eco

nom

ic im

porta

nce

Rel

atio

n to

NP

N p

lant

s

Kno

wn

time-

sens

itive

in

tera

ctio

ns

U.S

. ES

A s

tatu

s

Nat

ureS

erve

Ran

k

IUC

N s

tatu

s

US

FWS

Mig

rato

ry B

ird S

p

Bicolored Sallow (moth)

Sunira bicolorago x x x? x x x x x ? G5


Species NOTES Mammals Least Chipmunk Tamias minimus *Ease of identification applies to areas in which other Tamias species do not occur. Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus Townsend's Chipmunk Tamias townsendii *Ease of identification pertains to areas away from contact zones with other species.

Black Bear Ursus americanus *This species may make up for low abundance by its conspicuousness. Northern Elephant Seal

Mirounga angustirostris

Reproductive phenology is easily monitored at multiple existing research areas and public viewing facilities.

Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina Raccoon Procyon lotor *Timing of juvenile dispersal/independence may be readily detectable via road kills

Moose Alces americanus Seasonal appearance of neonates with their mothers is easy to detect, though actual birth dates are not. Phenological data also could include date of first detection of antler loss in males.

Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus

Seasonal appearance of neonates with their mothers is easy to detect, though actual birth dates are not. Phenological data also could include date of first detection of antler loss in males.

White-tailed Deer

Odocoileus virginianus

Seasonal appearance of neonates with their mothers is easy to detect, though actual birth dates are not. Phenological data also could include date of first detection of antler loss in males.

Elk Cervus elaphus Seasonal appearance of neonates with their mothers is easy to detect, though actual birth dates are not. Phenological data also could include date of first detection of antler loss in males.

Pronghorn Antilocapra americana Seasonal appearance of neonates with their mothers is easy to detect.

Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadensis Seasonal appearance of neonates with their mothers is easy to detect. Birds

Piping Plover Charadrius melodus Federally listed but can be observed without a permit.

Least Tern Sternula antillarum Ongoing long-term studies of multiple nesting populations will facilitate phenological monitoring. American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis Molt phenology is easily documented.


Reptiles Terrestrial Gartersnake

Thamnophis elegans *Amateurs may have trouble with identification in some region.

Common Gartersnake

Thamnophis sirtalis *Amateurs may have trouble with identification in some region.

Amphibians Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad

Gastrophryne carolinensis *Highly observable only when breeding

Couch's Spadefoot

Scaphiopus couchii *Highly observable only when breeding

Eastern Sapdefoot

Scaphiopus holbrookii *Highly observable only when breeding

Plains Spadefoot Spea bombifrons *Highly observable only when breeding

Bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus *In absence of vocalization, potential confusion with pig frog and river frog in some areas.

Cope's Gray Treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis

*To facilitate identification, monitoring should be geographically constrained to areas in which only one member of the species complex occurs.

Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor *To facilitate identification, monitoring should be geographically constrained to areas in which only one member of the species complex occurs.

Boreal Chorus Frog

Pseudacris maculata Recent taxonomic change.

Northern Pacific Treefrog Pseudacris regilla Recent taxonomic change. California Newt Taricha torosa Recent taxonomic change has reduced the geographic scope of this species. Barred Tiger Salamander

Ambystoma mavortium Taxonomy unstable

Fishes Atlantic Sturgeon

Acipenser oxyrinchus *Some possible confusuion with shortnose sturgeon


Shovelnose Sturgeon

Scaphirhynchus platorynchus *Some possible confusuion with pallid sturgeon

Alabama Shad Alosa alabamae *May be too rare for effective monitoring. Blueback Herring Alosa aestivalis

*Blueback herring and alewife are difficult to distinguish from one another and could pose identification problems in some areas. The two are often referred to collectively as river herring.

Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus

*Blueback herring and alewife are difficult to distinguish from one another and could pose identification problems in some areas. The two are often referred to collectively as river herring.

Yellow Perch Perca flavescens Egg masses are readily detectable. Insects Coleoptera Six-spotted Tiger Beetle

Cicindela sexguttata Spring species. Most common forest tiger beetle.

Punctured Tiger Beetle

Cicindela punctulata Common summer species; extremely widespread.

Odonata Common Whitetail Plathemis lydia Perhaps most common non-migratory dragonfly.

Seaside Dragonlet

Erythrodiplax berenice

Among our few insects to breed in salt water; very common along entire Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Appears to be an important predator on biting tabanid flies in New Jersey, but more data needed. Will be affected (not necessarily negatively) by sea-level rise and possibly by Phragmites invasion.

Common Green Darner Anax junius

Probably the most familiar dragonfly in North America, and strays to other continents. In many places has both resident and migratory populations.

Ebony Jewelwing (Black-winged Damselfy)

Calopteryx maculata

The most easily identified and familiar US damselfly, and among the most widespread and common. Occurs along shaded streams.

Orthoptera

Carolina Locust Dissosteira carolina

Perhaps the most familiar North American grasshopper and the most easily identified (in flight). Occasionally a minor pest, but not one of the problem locusts.

Hymenoptera (bees)


Eastern Carpenter Bee Xylocopa virginica

A very large technically solitary bee, but they nest in groups. A pest because they bore nest holes in any exposed wood, which over years or decades can cause significant damage. Although they very commonly nest in the outside walls of houses, they do not attack people. Almost certainly an important pollinator, possibly a grossly under-appreciated one. As one example, this bee is a perfect fit for Passiflora incarnata flowers and they often become covered with pollen of this species. Common in spring at blueberry. Easily observed on flowers, or around wood buildings. Usually abundant in spring before bumblebees become numerous, but easy to identify even if co-occurring.

Lepidoptera (butterflies)

Tiger Swallowtails

Papilio glaucus, P. canadensi, P. rutulus

May be unsuitable for NPN monitoring in northern parts of the range (e.g. central MI, northern PA, MA northward) because of identification issues involving P. canadensis, but P. glaucus would likely appear earlier in spring. Papilio appalachiensis, even if it is a valid species, should not be an identification problem because it appears later in the spring. P. glaucus australis is included as suitable for NPN regardless of its taxonomic status.

Mellissa Blue complex

Plebejus melissa complex

While the taxonomy of this group is hopelessly confused at present, in very many places only one taxon will be present (although which one may vary with altitude), and as a group these butterflies, at least the males, are conspicuous and easy to recognize. However, in most places collection of a voucher series of specimens (not photographs) from the monitored population would improve future usefulness of observations. The eastern taxon is the Federally Endangered Karner Blue and is already being monitored and is usually locally numerous where found at all. This complex is very widespread and common in various habitats in most of the western USA.

Eastern Tailed Blue

Cupido (Everes) comyntas

Common, vagile, uses many kinds of habitats. Larvae use a wide array of legumes. Multiple broods, the first in mid spring.

Spring Azures Celastrina lucia, ladon, idella

As a group, spring azures are very familiar butterflies and a welcome sign of spring in most places. The species level taxonomy of this group is unsettled in the west and northeast, although eastward this should not hinder monitoring except maybe in northern New England. Where several species occur together one consistently appears earlier than the others. In much of the east (except the highest ridges and outer coastal plain south of 41o North, and farther north in the Midwest), only C. ladon occurs in early spring. On the outer coastal plain from New Jersey to South Carolina this is largely replaced by C. idella which is equally suitable for monitoring. We are uncertain at this time how practical the western taxa are for monitoring where more than one occurs. Where this group is to be monitored, voucher specimens (not photos) are very strongly recommended early in the process and there would be no harm in vouchering all records if the observer is willing. At least in New Jersey a phenological shift of C. lucia is already obvious in the last 12 years, and some C. lucia probably now eclose too early (late February) for successful reproduction in mild winters. This is probably true of other species in other places.


Great Spangled Fritillary Speyeria cybele

Some experts believe Speyeria as a whole are declining. In the East, S. aphrodite and perhaps S. atlantis have contracted northward in the last 50 years. S. cybele is the most common species in the East and is reasonably widespread in the West. Although subspecies are recognized, all are probably good candidates for NPN monitoring. Eastern species of this genus do not seem to occur very often in warm-winter climates, such as the coastal plain and below about 35 degrees North. The range may be contracting.

Monarch Danaus plexippus

Our best known butterfly. In most of the US, monitoring would be the first arrivals in spring. In coastal southern California phenology of wintering aggregations would be appropriate. In major migratory flyways like along the Atlantic coast and staging areas like at Cape May, Point Pelee, etc. data are already being kept on the fall migrations as the eastern population returns to Mexico. Last observations in fall probably are not useful because in the mid latitudes some late individuals always get stranded, and individuals observed in mid November to early January have no chance of surviving until spring. It is unlikely the introduced Hawaiian populations would be useful for monitoring.

Common Wood-Nymph

Cercyonis pegaia (all subspecies)

Easily identified in most of range, although there are similar species in some western areas. Widespread; ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific over much of US and Canada, but does not occur in much of the southwest and becomes localized in those arid regions where it does occur. Subspecific taxonomy is not of concern for NPN, and if some western taxa get split off as species they can still be monitored and old records should be easily assignable. The eastern subspecies intergrade widely.

Lepidoptera (moths)

Tent Caterpillar

Malacosoma americana, M. californica

Egg hatch or construction of the first nests within a couple of days in early spring would be very easy to monitor any place wild black cherry is common and locally elsewhere. The species is a minor pest of apple, crabapples and related ornamentals. The nest may be considered unsightly and a lot of foliage may be consumed, although trees are seldom seriously damaged and fruits are not eaten. Wild cherry (Prunus serotina) is the primary foodplant, although Malus angustifolia and a few other native fruit trees are also used. The species does periodically crash, but not over large areas to the extent monitoring would become difficult.

Luna moth Actias luna

In most places monitoring would require operation of some sort of light to attract moths, although occasionally existing building lights may suffice or newly eclosed adults might be found reliably enough. One could also easily monitor cocoons of local stock housed outdoors. Charismatic, widespread, and common in much of eastern US.

Io Moth Automeris io

Except in some parts of New England where the species declined in the mid 20th century, this is a common moth familiar to anybody who knows local moths from about Latitude 42 southward in eastern North America. Adults come to blacklights even as small as 15 Watts (a major reason why this species is selected). The males do so very punctually, e.g. about 10:40-11PM PM at Latitude 39 North in mid June, earlier by July. Eclosion of the first (northward only) generation of adults is more synchronized than most moths and numbers quickly build to peak which lasts about 2-3 weeks and then they taper off.


Bicolored Sallow (moth) Sunira bicolorago

While not a well-known moth, this might be the most common noctuid, occasionally perhaps even the most common moth, in many eastern forests. Several to scores of adults can usually be observed along any thicket or edge in the woods, and in many backyards before sunset (while it is still easy to see them) in autumn about the time of peak fall color. Dozens to occasionally thousands of adults will almost always come to sugar baits around dusk and they can often be seen on flowers or damaged fruit. There are no similar species in the eastern US and identification in rapid flight is very easy. Due to the abundance of this species, perhaps the fifth adult seen each year rather than the first is the suitable metric. Possibly no native moth would be easier to observe as adults. Despite the abundance of this species, its larval biology is not well-known. Almost anybody who lives near even a small patch of woods and has a few shade trees (especially maples or boxelder) could monitor this moth effectively in their back yard.

criteria for selecting species and a preliminary list of ... species or genera and their phenophases...

Documents