Criminal Law

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page i

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page ii

Criminal Law

eighth edition

Paul MarcusWilliam and Mary Law School

Linda A. MaloneWilliam and Mary Law School

Geraldine Szott MoohrUniversity of Houston Law Center

Cara H. DrinanCatholic University of America

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page iii

Copyright © 2017Carolina Academic Press, LLCAll Rights Reserved

ISBN: 978-1-5221-0547-3ebook ISBN: 978-1-5310-0042-4LCCN: 2016956307

Carolina Academic Press, LLC700 Kent StreetDurham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page iv

Contents

Table of Cases xvPreface xxxix

Chapter 1 · The Province and Limits of the Criminal Law 3§ 1.01 The Decision to Criminalize 3

Commonwealth v. Jones 3Comments and Questions 5D.P. v. State 7Comments and Questions 11Problem 12Lawrence v. Texas 12Comments and Questions 19

§ 1.02 The Decision to Punish 20Regina v. Jones 20Comments and Questions 23Regina v. Dudley & Stephens 23Comments and Questions 26Kant, The Metaphysical Elements of Justice 26United States v. Bergman 27Comments 31United States v. Jackson 32Comments and Questions 34Posner, Optimal Sentence for White- Collar Criminals 35Richards, Human Rights and the Moral Foundation of the

Substantive Criminal Law 38Bibliographical Note 42Jones v. City of Los Angeles 43Comment 57

§ 1.03 Making Conduct Criminal 59[A] The Sources of the Criminal Law 59

Weishaupt v. Commonwealth 59Comments and Questions 65

[B] Constitutional Limitations 66[1] Free Expression 66

People v. Barton 66Potts v. United States 70

v

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page v

Comment and Questions 72[2] Equal Protection 72

Lawrence v. Texas 72[3] Due Process 75

Kolender v. Lawson 75Comments 77

[4] Freedom from Cruel and Unusual Punishment 81Gregg v. Georgia 81Comments and Questions 92Roper v. Simmons 94Comments and Questions 106

Chapter 2 · The Act Requirement 109§ 2.01 Introduction — Actus Reus: Of Acts and Omissions 109

Denno, Crime and Consciousness: Science and Involuntary Acts 109§ 2.02 The Voluntary Act 110

Kilbride v. Lake 110Comments and Questions 114State v. Hinkle 115Comments and Questions 118

§ 2.03 Act of Omission 119Commonwealth v. Pestinikas 119Comment 122People v. Campbell 123Questions 125

§ 2.04 Possession 125People v. Valot 125Comments and Questions 128Commonwealth v. Buckley 129Problems 130

Chapter 3 · The Mental State 133§ 3.01 Introduction 133

Morissette v. United States 133Comments and Questions 137United States v. Bailey 138Comments 140Model Penal Code 141

[A] Purposefulness 143State v. Smith 143Comments 147People v. Hood 148Comments and Questions 151

[B] Knowledge 152[1] In General 152

vi CONTENTS

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page vi

Fabritz v. Traurig 152Comments and Questions 155

[2] Statutory Interpretation 155 Flores- Figueroa v. United States 155Comments and Questions 158United States v. International Minerals & Chemical Corp. 158Comments and Questions 161

[3] Willful Blindness 161United States v. Giovannetti 161Comments and Questions 164

[C] Recklessness 167Commonwealth v. Welansky 167Comments and Questions 173

[D] Negligence 176People v. Howk 176Comments and Questions 178United States v. Hanousek 179Comments and Questions 182

§ 3.02 Mistake 183[A] Mistake of Fact 183

California v. Russell 183Comments and Questions 187Problem 188

[B] Mistake or Ignorance of Law 189United States v. Mancuso 189Comments and Questions 192Ratzlaf v. United States 192Comments and Questions 195United States v. Clegg 195Comments and Questions 197

§ 3.03 Strict Liability 198Staples v. United States 198Comments and Questions 203State v. Miller 203Comments and Questions 205

§ 3.04 Vicarious Liability 205Davis v. Peachtree City 205Comment 207State v. Zeta Chi Fraternity 208Comments and Questions 210

Chapter 4 · Parties to Crimes 213§ 4.01 The Old 213

Standefer v. United States 214Comments and Questions 217

CONTENTS vii

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page vii

§ 4.02 The New 218[A] The State of Mind 219[1] The Proof Problem 219

State v. Gladstone 219Comments and Questions 223

[B] What Is Enough Aid? 225[1] The Proof Problem 225

United States v. Garguilo 225Comments and Questions 230

[2] Words Alone 232United States v. Kelley 232Comments and Questions 234

[3] Facilitation 236Commonwealth v. Feinberg 236Comments and Questions 238

[C] The Scope of Responsibility 239People v. Poplar 239Comments and Questions 241

[D] No Criminal Responsibility 243[1] Withdrawal 243

State v. Formella 243Comments and Questions 246

[2] Exceptions 247Regina v. Tyrell 247Comments and Questions 248

[E] After the Fact Assistance 249People v. Duty 250Comments and Questions 253

Chapter 5 · Principal Offenses 255§ 5.01 Theft Offenses 255[A] Larceny 255[1] “Trespass” 255

Topolewski v. State 255Fletcher, The Metamorphosis of Larceny 259Comments and Questions 261Hufstetler v. State 262Comments and Questions 262

[2] “Take and Carry Away” 263People v. Olivo 263Comments and Questions 266Caruso v. State 267Comments and Questions 268

[3] “Personal Property” 268People v. Ashworth 269

viii CONTENTS

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page viii

Comments and Questions 271Lund v. Commonwealth 272Comments and Questions 275Regina v. Stewart 276Comments and Questions 280United States v. Farraj 281Comments and Questions 282

[4] “Intent to Deprive Permanently” 284State v. McGraw 284Comments and Questions 287

[B] False Pretenses 288Brown v. Commonwealth 288Comments and Questions 289State v. Clermont 290Comments and Questions 291People v. Whight 291Comments and Questions 294

[C] Embezzlement 294Briggs v. State 295Questions and Comments 295Batin v. State 296Comments and Questions 299State v. Lough 299Comments and Questions 301

§ 5.02 Robbery 303State v. Sein 303Comments 306

§ 5.03 Extortion 307Rendelman v. State 307Maryland Law of Extortion 310Federal Hobbs Act 311Comments and Questions 315State v. Greenspan 315

§ 5.04 Burglary 318§ 5.05 Arson 322

State v. Rosales 322Comments and Questions 324

§ 5.06 Sex Offenses 325[A] Rape 325[1] Context 325

State in Interest of M.T.S. 327Comments and Questions 330Rape Statutes 332Model Penal Code 332

[2] By Force 334

CONTENTS ix

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page ix

People v. Iniguez 334Comments 339Commonwealth v. Berkowitz 341Comments and Questions 342In the Interest of M.T.S. 344Comments and Questions 349People v. Thompson 352Comments and Questions 355

[3] By Coercion and Fraud 356Commonwealth v. Caracciola 356Comments and Questions 358State v. Bolsinger 360Comments and Questions 363

[4] Mens Rea, Mistake, and Consent 364Commonwealth v. Lopez 364Comments and Questions 368Commonwealth v. Fischer 368Comments and Questions 373

[5] Post- Penetration Rape 373State v. Robinson 373Comments and Questions 375Kansas v. Flynn 376Comments and Questions 381

[B] Statutory Rape 381People v. Hernandez 381Comments 384Garrison v. Elo 385Comments and Questions 386

[C] Prostitution 387Commonwealth v. Dodge 387Comments and Questions 390

§ 5.07 Homicide 392[A] The Killing of a Human Being 392

State v. Fierro 392Comments and Questions 395Washington v. Glucksberg 399Vacco v. Quill 406Comments and Questions 409Keeler v. Superior Court 412Comments and Questions 418

[B] Murder 420[1] Malice Aforethought 420[a] Intent to Kill 421

State v. Myers 421Notes and Questions 424

x CONTENTS

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page x

[b] Intent to Inflict Great Bodily Harm 425State v. Thompson 425Comments and Questions 428People v. Geiger 428Comments and Questions 431

[c] Abandoned and Malignant (or Depraved) Heart 431People v. Knoller 431Comments and Questions 436State v. Hemphill 439Comments and Questions 441

[2] Felony Murder 444[a] Which Felonies 445

People v. Howard 446Comments and Questions 449Barnett v. State 450Comments and Questions 454

[b] During the Commission of a Felony 456People v. Johnson 456Comments and Questions 460State v. Maudlin 463Comments and Questions 465

[c] The Extent of Responsibility 466Jackson v. State 466Comments and Questions 470

[d] The Dissenting View 476People v. Aaron 476Comments and Questions 485

[3] The Degrees of Murder 486Austin v. United States 487Comments and Questions 493

[4] The Corpus Delicti 498People v. Scott 498Comments and Questions 504

[C] Manslaughter 506[1] Voluntary Manslaughter 506

State v. Soto 507Comments and Questions 510People v. Najera 511Comments and Questions 515State v. Faulkner 522Comments and Questions 524

[2] Involuntary Manslaughter 524Commonwealth v. Welansky 525Comments and Questions 525Commonwealth v. Konz 529

CONTENTS xi

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xi

Comments and Questions 535People v. Nelson 539Comments and Questions 543

[D] Causation 544Commonwealth v. Root 545Comments and Questions 548Brackett v. Peters 551Comments and Questions 555

Chapter 6 · The Inchoate Offenses 559§ 6.01 Solicitation 559

Dickerson v. City of Richmond 560Comments and Questions 563People v. Gordon 566Comments and Questions 569People v. Latsis 572Comments and Questions 574People v. Rubin 574Comments and Questions 578

§ 6.02 Attempt 581[A] The Mental State 581

State v. Casey 583Comments and Questions 589Problem 593

[B] The Act Requirement 594United States v. Lee 595Comments and Questions 602People v. Mahboubian 604Comments and Questions 611People v. Brown 614Comments and Questions 617

[C] The Completed Offense 620Lightfoot v. State 621Comments and Questions 624

[D] Abandonment 627People v. Staples 627Comments and Questions 629

[E] Impossibility 632Commonwealth v. Henley 633Comments and Questions 635People v. Dlugash 636People v. Dlugash 637Comments and Questions 640United States v. Oviedo 642

xii CONTENTS

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xii

Comments and Questions 647§ 6.03 Conspiracy 650[A] The Mental State 651

People v. McChristian 651Comments and Questions 654United States v. Feola 658Comments and Questions 662United States v. Bruno 662Comments and Questions 663

[B] The Agreement 665Direct Sales Co. v. United States 665Comments and Questions 670State v. St. Christopher 675Comments and Questions 679

[C] Object of the Agreement 681Commonwealth v. Donoghue 681Comments and Questions 684

[D] The Completed Offense 685Albernaz v. United States 685Comments and Questions 690Pinkerton v. United States 692Comments and Questions 696

Chapter 7 · Defenses 701§ 7.01 Privileges to Defend 701[A] Self- Defense 701

People v. Goetz 701Comments and Questions 707State v. Rupp 709Comments and Questions 714Commonwealth v. Shaffer 715Comments and Questions 717Bechtel v. State 721Comments and Questions 733State v. Pride 741Comments and Questions 743People v. Cherry 746Comments and Questions 750

[B] Defense of Others 753State v. Fair 753Comments and Questions 756

[C] Defense of Property 757People v. Ceballos 757Comments and Questions 760

CONTENTS xiii

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xiii

[D] Defense of Habitation 762C. Carpenter, Of the Enemy Within, the Castle Doctrine,

and Self- Defense 762Comments and Questions 765

[E] Prevention of Crime 768Tennessee v. Garner 768Comments and Questions 776

§ 7.02 Duress and Necessity 777Problems 777State v. Metcalf 778Comments and Questions 780United States v. Bailey 782Comments and Questions 792State v. Warshow 795Comments and Questions 799

§ 7.03 Entrapment 802Sherman v. United States 802Comments and Questions 810United States v. Russell 811Comments and Questions 818Jacobson v. United States 819Comments and Questions 829

§ 7.04 Intoxication 830Heideman v. United States 830State v. Stasio 833Comments and Questions 840

§ 7.05 The Insanity Defense 843[A] The Formulations 844

M’Naghten’s Case 844Comments and Questions 848State v. Johnson 850Comments and Questions 857

[B] Raising the Question 864Frendak v. United States 864Comments and Questions 869

[C] Diminished Capacity 871State v. Joseph 871Comments and Questions 876

Index 881

xiv CONTENTS

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xiv

AAaron, People v. 299 N.W.2d 304(Mich. 1980), 476

Acosta, People v. 578 N.Y.S.2d 525(1991), 612

Adams, State v. 880 P.2d 226 (Haw. Ct.App. 1994), 351

Addo, United States v. 989 F.2d 238(7th Cir. 1993), 696

Agnew, Commonwealth v., 398 A.2d209 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1979), 524

Agueci, United States v. 310 F.2d 817(2d Cir. 1962), 663

Ahmed, United States v. 94 F. Supp. 3d394 (E.D.N.Y. 2015), 620

Alamo, People v. 315 N.E.2d 446 (N.Y.1974), 268

Albernaz v. United States, 450 U.S. 333(1981), 685

Albrecht v. United States, 273 U.S. 1(1927), 688

Ali, State v. 886 A.2d 449 (Conn. App.Ct. 2005), 307

Allen v. People, 485 P.2d 886 (Colo.1971), 620

Allen, State v. 875 A.2d 724 (Md.2005), 462

Almeida, Commonwealth v., 362 Pa.596, 68 A.2d 595 (1949), 469, 471

Alston, State v. 312 S.E.2d 470 (N.C.1984), 355

Altamirano v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 586(9th Cir. 2005), 230

American Tobacco Co. v. United States,328 U.S. 781 (1946), 687, 688

Anderson, People v. 51 Cal. 4th 989(2011), 188

Anonymous, State v. 516 A.2d 156(Conn. Super. Ct. 1986), 418

Arab, United States v. 55 M.J. 508 (A.Ct. Crim. App. 2001), 349

Archie, State v. 943 P.2d 537 (N.M. Ct.App. 1997), 302

Ashworth, People v. 220 A.D. 498 (4thDep’t 1927), 269

Ashworth, People v. 222 N.Y.S. 24 (App.Div. 1927), 274

Astronomo, United States v. 183 F.Supp. 2d 158 (D. Mass. 2001), 595

Atencio, Commonwealth v., 189 N.E.2d223 (Mass. 1963), 548, 549

Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002),94, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102

Atkins, State v. 78 N.J. 454, 396 A.2d1122 (1979), 834

Atkinson, State ex rel. v. Wilson, 332S.E.2d 807 (W. Va. 1984), 418

Auman, People v. 67 P.3d 741 (Colo.App. 2002), 460

Austin v. United States, 382 F.2d 129(D.C. Cir. 1967), 487

Ayala, United States v. 35 F.3d 423 (9thCir. 1994), 57

B B.H., State v. 183 N.J. 171, 870 A.2d273 (2005), 738, 739

Baby, State v. 946 A.2d 463 (Md.2008), 375

Backun v. United States, 112 F.2d 635(4th Cir. 1940), 238

xv

Table of Cases

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xv

Bailey v. State, 688 P.2d 320 (Nev.1984), 589

Bailey, People v. 322 N.E.2d 804 (Ill.1975), 654, 655, 656

Bailey, United States v. 444 U.S. 394(1980), 138, 782

Bair, State v. 166 S.E. 369 (W. Va.1932), 320

Baker, State v. 598 S.W.2d 540 (Mo. Ct.App. 1980), 793

Balint, United States v. 258 U.S. 250(1922), 134, 181, 198

Ball v. State, 699 A.2d 1170 (Md.1997), 307

Balliro, Commonwealth v., 209 N.E.2d308 (Mass. 1965), 445

Balzourt v. State, 75 So. 3d 830 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 2011), 497

Barker, United States v. 546 F.2d 940(D.C. Cir. 1976), 197

Barnes, People v. 42 Cal. 3d 284, 228Cal. Rptr. 228, 721 P.2d 110 (1986),328, 336

Barnett v. State, 263 P.3d 959 (Okla.Crim. App. 2011), 450

Barnett v. State, 783 So. 2d 927 (Ala.Crim. App. 2000), 455

Barrett v. State, 675 N.E.2d 1112 (Ind.Ct. App. 1996), 740

Bartlett v. State, 711 N.E.2d 497 (Ind.1999), 589

Barton, People v. 12 Misc. 3d 322(Monroe Cty. Ct. 2006), 68

Barton, People v. 8 Misc. 3d 291(Rochester City Ct. 2004), 68

Barton, People v. 861 N.E.2d 75 (N.Y.2006), 66

Batchelder, United States v. 442 U.S.114 (1979), 79

Batin v. State, 38 P.3d 880 (Nev. 2002),296

Bauer, People v. 350 N.Y.S.2d 745 (2dDep’t 1974), 247

Bauer, United States v. 626 F.3d 1004(8th Cir. 2010), 642

Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35 (2008), 107

Beale, State v. 376 S.E.2d 1 (N.C.1989), 418

Bearcub, State v. 465 P.2d 252 (Or. Ct.App. 1970), 249

Bechtel v. State, 840 P.2d 1 (Okla.Crim. App. 1992), 721

Becker, State v. 818 N.W.2d 135 (Iowa2012), 860

Beeman, People v. 674 P.2d 1318 (Cal.1984), 225

Behrman, United States v. 258 U.S. 280(1922), 134

Bellotti v. Baird, 443 U.S. 622, 99 S. Ct.3035 (1979), 11

Benson v. Superior Court of L.A. Cty.,368 P.2d 116 (Cal. 1962), 566

Bergman, United States v. 416 F. Supp.496 (S.D.N.Y. 1976), 27

Berkowitz Supreme Court of Pa.,Commonwealth v., 641 A.2d 1161(1994), 341

Berrigan, United States v. 482 F.2d 171(3d Cir. 1973), 632, 642, 644

Berry, People v. 556 P.2d 777 (Cal.1976), 517

Bethel, State v. 275 Kan. 456, 66 P.3d840 (2003), 862

Bethel, State v. 66 P.3d 840 (Kan.2003), 860

Beverley v. Bos. E.R. Co., 194 Mass. 450(1907), 171

Bias, State v. 195 S.E.2d 626 (W. Va.1973), 428

Bifulco v. United States, 447 U.S. 381(1980), 689

Bigelow, United States v. 914 F.2d 966(7th Cir. 1990), 164

Bilderbeck, United States v. 163 F.3d971 (6th Cir. 1999), 593

Billa, People v. 79 P.3d 542 (Cal. 2003),474

Billinger, State v. 714 S.E.2d 201 (N.C.Ct. App. 2011), 128

Bingham, State v. 719 P.2d 109 (Wash.1986), 497

xvi TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xvi

Bishop v. People, 439 P.2d 342 (Colo.1968), 428

Bishop, State v. 431 S.W.3d 22 (Tenn.2014), 506

Black, United States v. 116 F.3d 198(7th Cir. 1997), 55

Black, United States v. 530 F.3d 596(7th Cir. 2008), 165

Blankenship v. State, 719 P.2d 829(Okla. Crim. App. 1986), 756

Blankenship, United States v. 970 F.2d283 (7th Cir. 1992), 670

Blitch, United States v. 773 F.3d 837(7th Cir. 2014), 830

Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S.299 (1932), 686, 687, 688

Bohmer, People v. 120 Cal. Rptr. 136(Ct. App.), 234

Bolsinger, State v. 699 P.2d 1214 (Utah1985), 436

Bolsinger, State v. 709 N.W.2d 560(Iowa 2006), 360

Bonowitz v. United States, 741 A.2d 18(D.C. 1999), 70, 71

Boone v. State, 233 A.2d 476 (Md. Ct.Spec. App. 1967), 624

Booth v. State, 398 P.2d 863 (Okla.Crim. App. 1964), 635

Booth, Commonwealth v. 766 A.2d 843(Pa. 2001), 418

Booth, State v. 588 P.2d 614 (Or. 1978),880

Bordeaux, United States v. 980 F.2d 534(8th Cir. 1992), 516

Borelli, United States v. 336 F.2d 376(2d Cir. 1964), 664

Boro v. Superior Court, 163 Cal. App.3d 1224, 210 Cal. Rptr. 122 (1985),363

Bottone, United States v. 365 F.2d 389(2d Cir. 1966), 282

Bowden, Commonwealth v. 309 A.2d714 (Pa. 1973), 436

Bowen v. State, 791 So. 2d 44 (Fla.2001), 254

Bowen, United States v. 527 F.3d 1065(10th Cir. 2008), 230

Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186, 106S. Ct. 2841, 92 L. Ed. 2d 140(1986), 13, 17, 18, 72

Bowling, State v. 427 P.2d 928 (Ariz.Ct. App. 1967), 684

Boyce Motor Lines, Inc. v. United States,342 U.S. 337 (1952), 159

Brackett v. Peters, 11 F.3d 78 (7th Cir.1993), 551

Bradley v. State, 277 S.W. 147 (Tex.Crim. App. 1925), 118

Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, 89S. Ct. 1827, 23 L. Ed. 2d 430(1969), 576

Braverman v. United States, 317 U.S. 49(1942), 688, 692

Brawner, United States v. 471 F.2d 969(D.C. Cir. 1972), 859

Bray, State v. 365 S.E.2d 571 (N.C.1988), 319

Bretherick v. State, 135 So. 3d 337 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 2013), 767

Bretherick v. State, 170 So. 3d 766 (Fla.2015), 767

Bridgehouse, People v. 303 P.2d 1018(Cal. 1956), 510

Briggs v. State, 463 S.W.2d 161 (Tenn.Crim. App. 1970), 295

Broadrick v. Okla., 413 U.S. 601(1973), 68, 73, 74

Brooks v. State, 552 A.2d 872 (Md.1989), 306

Brooks, United States v. 681 F.3d 678(5th Cir. 2012), 165

Browder v. United States, 398 F. Supp.1042 (D. Or. 1975), 32, 45

Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161 (1977),687

Brown v. Palmer, 441 F.3d 347 (6th Cir.2006), 223

Brown v. State, 127 Wis. 193, 106 N.W.536 (1906), 328

Brown v. State, 755 S.E.2d 699 (Ga.2014), 510

TABLE OF CASES xvii

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xvii

Brown, People v. 234 Cal. App. 3d 918,285 Cal. Rptr. 824 (1991), 450

Brown, People v. 38 P. 518 (Cal. 1894),284

Brown, People v. 394 N.E.2d 63 (Ill.App. Ct. 1979), 614

Brown, People v. 94 P.3d 574 (Cal.2004), 738

Brown, State v. 364 A.2d 27 (N.J.1976), 349

Brown, State v. 836 S.W.2d 530 (Tenn.1992), 496

Brubaker, State v. 385 P.2d 318 (Wash.1963), 525

Brumfield, People v. 390 N.E.2d 589(Ill. App. Ct. 1979), 841

Bruno, Commonwealth v. 407 A.2d 413(Pa. Super. Ct. 1979), 858

Bruno, United States v. 105 F.2d 921(2d Cir.), 662

Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184(1998), 195

Bucklew v. State, 206 So. 2d 200 (Miss.1968), 627

Buckley, Commonwealth v. 238 N.E.2d335 (Mass. 1968), 129

Bufalino, United States v. 285 F.2d 408(2d Cir. 1960), 672, 675

Bugger, State v. 483 P.2d 442 (Utah1971), 114

Buggs, State v. 995 S.W.2d 102 (Tenn.1999), 462

Bunyard, State v. 281 Kan. 392 (2006),377

Bunyard, State v. 31 Kan. App. 2d 853(2003), 379

Burdeau, United States v. 168 F.3d 352(9th Cir. 1999), 841

Burleson, People v. 50 Ill. App. 3d 629,8 Ill. Dec. 776, 365 N.E.2d 1162(1977), 616

Burns, Commonwealth v. 187 A.2d 552(Pa. 1963), 504

Burns, State v. 161 Wash. 362 (1931),317

Burrage v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 881(2014), 551

Burrel, People v. 253 Mich. 321 (1931),127

Burt, People v. 288 P.2d 503 (Cal.1955), 570

Burton, State v. 464 So. 2d 421 (La. Ct.App. 1985), 879

Bustamante, United States v. 45 F.3d933 (5th Cir. 1995), 692

Buswell, Commonwealth v. 9 N.E.3d276 (Mass. 2014), 604

Butler, United States v. 646 F.3d 1038(8th Cir. 2011), 165

Buzard, Commonwealth v. 76 A.2d 394(Pa. 1950), 428

Byford v. State, 994 P.2d 700 (Nev.2000), 497

C Cabezuela, State v. 265 P.3d 705 (N.M.2011), 535

Cage, People v. 301 N.W.2d 819 (Mich.1981), 291

Caldwell, People v. 692 N.E.2d 448 (Ill.App. Ct. 1998), 555

Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587(1961), 651

Cameron, State v. 514 A.2d 1302 (N.J.1986), 841

Campbell v. State, 227 So. 2d 873 (Fla.1969), 466

Campbell, People v. 335 N.W.2d 27(Mich. Ct. App. 1983), 123

Candoli, United States v. 870 F.2d 496(9th Cir. 1989), 602

Canola, State v. 374 A.2d 20 (N.J.1977), 473

Caracciola, Commonwealth v. 569N.E.2d 774 (Mass. 1991), 356

Carey v. Population Servs. Int’l, 431U.S. 678, 97 S. Ct. 2010, 52 L. Ed.2d 675 (1977), 14, 15

Carey, People v. 223 N.Y. 519, 119 N.E.83 (1918), 328

Carmen, People v. 36 Cal. 2d 768, 228P.2d 281 (1951), 150

Carpenter, People v. 627 N.W.2d 276(Mich. 2001), 879

xviii TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xviii

Carr, People v. 99 N.E. 357 (Ill. 1912),321

Carr, State v. 110 A.3d 829 (N.H.2015), 570

Carradine, People v. 287 N.E.2d 670(Ill. 1972), 781

Carter, People v. 387 Mich. 397, 197N.W.2d 57 (1972), 478

Caruso v. State, 326 S.W.2d 434 (Tenn.1958), 267

Casamayor, United States v. 837 F.2d1509 (11th Cir. 1988), 692

Casey, State v. 82 P.3d 1106 (Utah2003), 583

Cass, Commonwealth v. 467 N.E.2d1324 (Mass. 1984), 418

Castillo, People v. 945 P.2d 1197 (Cal.1997), 841

Castro, State v. 592 P.2d 185 (N.M. Ct.App. 1979), 515

Ceballos, People v. 526 P.2d 241 (Cal.1974), 757

Chalmers, State v. 411 P.2d 448 (Ariz.1966), 444

Chambers, State v. 22 W. Va. 779(1883), 268

Chambers, State v. 507 N.W.2d 237(Minn. 1993), 424

Chandler, State v. 939 So. 2d 574 (La.Ct. App. 2006), 350

Charbonneau, State v. 374 A.2d 321(Me. 1977), 613

Chavez, People v. 77 Cal. App. 2d 621,176 P.2d 92 (1947), 415

Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192(1991), 195

Cherry v. Koch, 491 N.Y.S.2d 934(1985), 391

Cherry, People v. 121 N.E.2d 238 (N.Y.1954), 746

Cheung v. Commonwealth, 753 S.E.2d854 (Va. Ct. App. 2014), 550

Chiu, People v. 325 P.3d 972 (Cal.2014), 242, 243

Church, United States v. 32 M.J. 70(C.M.A.), 614

City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr.,473 U.S. 432, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 87 L.Ed. 2d 313 (1985), 72

Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 735 (2006),858, 860, 861, 880

Clark, People v. 136 Cal. Rptr. 3d 10(2011), 715

Clarke v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. (25Gratt.) 908 (1874), 321

Clarke v. State, 402 S.W.2d 863 (Tenn.),495

Clegg, United States v. 846 F.2d 1221(9th Cir. 1988), 195, 198

Clermont, State v. 495 P.2d 305 (Or. Ct.App. 1972), 290

Clifford, State v. 263 Or. 436, 502 P.2d1371 (1972), 253

Clozza v. Commonwealth, 321 S.E.2d273 (Va. 1984), 497

Cohen v. Cal., 403 U.S. 15 (1971), 5Cohen, State v. 263 N.W. 922 (Minn.1935), 283

Coker v. Ga., 433 U.S. 584 (1977), 93,101, 330

Colberg, People v. 182 Misc. 2d 798,701 N.Y.S.2d 608 (Cty. Ct. 1999),737

Coleman v. Strohman, 821 P.2d 88(Wyo. 1991), 714

Coley v. State, 231 Ga. 829, 204 S.E.2d612 (1974), 91

Colgan, People v. 377 N.Y.S.2d 602(App. Div. 1975), 781

Collins v. State, 420 A.2d 170 (Del.1980), 456

Collins, United States v. 56 F.3d 1416(D.C. Cir. 1995), 275

Colon, Commonwealth v. 449 Mass.207, 866 N.E.2d 412 (2007), 509

Comber v. United States, 584 A.2d 26(D.C. 1990), 543

Commonwealth v., See Defendant’sName

Connally v. Gen. Constr. Co., 269 U.S.385, 46 S. Ct. 126, 70 L. Ed. 322(1926), 79

TABLE OF CASES xix

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xix

Conway, United States v. 507 F.2d 1047(5th Cir. 1975), 633

Corey, Commonwealth v. 351 Mass. 331(1966), 130

Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Def. & Educ.Fund, 473 U.S. 788 (1985), 71

Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 559 (1965),197

Cox v. State, 534 A.2d 1333 (1988), 590Cox, State v. 278 N.W.2d 62 (Minn.1979), 631

Cozzens, State v. 490 N.W.2d 184 (Neb.1992), 799

Crary, People v. 71 Cal. Rptr. 457(1968), 630

Crawford v. United States, 278 A.2d 125(D.C. 1971), 128

Crimmins, United States v. 123 F.2d 271(2d Cir. 1941), 659, 660

Crims, State v. 540 N.W.2d 860 (Minn.Ct. App. 1995), 375

Croft, United States v. 750 F.2d 1354(7th Cir. 1984), 271

Croy, People v. 710 P.2d 392 (Cal.1985), 456

Crozier v. State, 723 P.2d 42 (Wyo.1986), 841

Crump v. State, 287 N.E.2d 342 (Ind.1972), 622

Cruzan v. Dir., Dep’t of Health, 497U.S. 261 (1990),19, 397, 398, 408

Culuko, People v. 78 Cal. App. 4th 307(2000), 449

Cummings, People v. 141 Cal. App. 2d193, 296 P.2d 610 (1956), 644

Currens, United States v. 290 F.2d 751(3d Cir. 1961), 848

D D.P. v. State, 705 So. 2d 593 (Fla. 3dDCA 1997), 7

Dale, State v. 590 P.2d 1379 (Ariz.1979), 613

Damms, State v. 100 N.W.2d 592 (Wis.1960), 632

Darnell v. State, 558 P.2d 624 (Nev.1976), 635

Davenport v. Superior Court, 135 Cal.Rptr. 3d 239 (2012), 188

Davidson, State v. 584 P.2d 401 (Wash.Ct. App. 1978), 641

Davis, People v. 872 P.2d 591 (Cal.1994), 419

Davis, State v. 51 S.E.2d 86 (S.C.1948), 719

De La Rosa, United States v. 171 F.3d215 (5th Cir. 1999), 250

Del Vecchio, State v. 142 N.J. Super.359, 361 A.2d 579 (App. Div. 1976),834

Delling v. Idaho, 133 S. Ct. 504 (2012),861

Demetropolos v. Commonwealth, 342Mass. 658 (1961), 130

Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494,71 S. Ct. 857, 95 L. Ed. 1137(1951), 85

Denny-Shaffer, United States v. 2 F.3d999 (10th Cir. 1993), 844

Devens, State v. 852 N.W.2d 255(Minn. 2014), 719

Diaz-Boyzo, United States v. 432 F.3d1264 (11th Cir. 2005), 230

Dickerson v. Richmond, 346 S.E.2d 333(Va. Ct. App. 1986), 560

Dillon, People v. 668 P.2d 697 (Cal.1983), 485

Direct Sales Co. v. United States, 319U.S. 703 (1943), 665

Dixon v. United States, 548 U.S. 1(2006), 782

Dixon, People v. 397 N.E.2d 45 (Ill.App. Ct. 1979), 555

Dixon, State v. 489 P.2d 225 (Ariz.1971), 524

Dlugash, People v. 363 N.E.2d 1155(N.Y. 1977), 637

Dlugash, People v. 51 A.D.2d 974(1976), 636

Dodge, Commonwealth v. 429 A.2d1143 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1981), 387

xx TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xx

Donoghue, Commonwealth v. 63 S.W.2d3 (Ky. Ct. App. 1933), 681

Dornbusch v. State, 156 S.W.3d 859(Tex. App.— Corpus Christi 2005),387

Dorsey v. State, 149 So. 3d 144 (Fla.2014), 719, 767

Dotterweich, United States v. 320 U.S.277 (1943), 181

Douglas, Commonwealth v. 236 N.E.2d865 (Mass. 1968), 129

Dowd, State v. 220 S.E.2d 393 (N.C. Ct.App. 1975), 595

Drumheller, People v. 304 N.E.2d 455(Ill. App. Ct. 1973), 441, 442

Duggan, United States v. 743 F.2d 59(2d Cir. 1984), 197

Duran, United States v. 96 F.3d 1495(D.C. Cir. 1996), 603

Durham v. United States, 214 F.2d 862(D.C. Cir. 1954), 853

Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402(1960), 844

Duty, People v. 269 Cal. App. 2d 97, 74Cal. Rptr. 606 (1969), 250

E Egelhoff, State v. 900 P.2d 260 (Mont.1995), 842

Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438(1972), 14, 73

Emmons, Commonwealth v. 43 A.2d568 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1945), 760

Enmund v. Fla., 458 U.S. 782 (1982),93, 101

Esch, State v. 662 N.W.2d 689 (Iowa Ct.App. 2002), 361

Etheridge, State v. 352 S.E.2d 673 (N.C.1987), 355

Eulo, People v. 472 N.E.2d 286 (N.Y.1984), 395

Evans v. Commonwealth, 308 S.E.2d126 (Va. 1983), 275

Everett, State v. 330 P.3d 22 (Or. 2014),570

Ex parte, See Party Name

F Fabritz v. Traurig, 583 F.2d 697 (4thCir. 1978), 152

Fain v. Commonwealth, 78 Ky. 183(1879), 118

Fair, State v. 211 A.2d 359 (N.J. Sup.Ct. 1965), 753

Falcone, United States v. 311 U.S. 205,61 S. Ct. 204, 85 L. Ed. 128 (1940),665

Farner, United States v. 251 F.3d 510(5th Cir. 2001), 650

Farraj, United States v. 142 F. Supp. 2d484 (S.D.N.Y. 2001), 281

Farrar, United States v. 281 U.S. 624(1930), 249

Faulkner, State v. 483 A.2d 759 (1984),522

Felix, State v. 737 P.2d 393 (Ariz. Ct.App. 1986), 306

Feola, United States v. 420 U.S. 671(1975), 658

Ferguson, United States v. 676 F.3d 260(2d Cir. 2011), 165

Ferreira, State v. 850 P.2d 541 (Wash.Ct. App. 1993), 428

Fierro, State v. 603 P.2d 74 (Ariz.1979), 392

Finger v. State, 27 P.3d 66 (Nev. 2001),860

Fischer, Commonwealth v. 721 A.2d1111 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1998), 368

Fisher v. State, 786 A.2d 706 (Md.2001), 450

Fisher v. United States, 328 U.S. 463(1946), 877, 878

Fleming, United States v. 215 A.2d 839(D.C. 1966), 622

Flores-Figueroa v. United States, 556U.S. 646 (2009), 155

Flynn, State v. 329 P.3d 429 (Kan.2014), 376

Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399(1986), 93, 99, 101, 844

Ford, United States v. 21 F.3d 759 (7thCir. 1994), 691

TABLE OF CASES xxi

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxi

Formella, State v. 960 A.2d 722 (N.H.2008), 243

Fornino, State v. 539 A.2d 301 (N.J.Super. Ct. App. Div. 1988), 602

Foster v. Commonwealth, 96 Va. 306, 31S.E. 503 (1898), 62

Foster v. State, 286 So. 2d 549 (Fla.1973), 10

Foster v. State, 875 So. 2d 1253 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 2004), 624

Foster, State v. 396 N.E.2d 246 (1979),550

Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71(1992), 871

Fountain, United States v. 768 F.2d 790(7th Cir. 1985), 33

Fox, State v. 159 N.W.2d 492 (Iowa1968), 622

Foy, People v. 587 N.Y.S.2d 111 (1992),589

Franklin, State v. 861 S.W.2d 181 (Mo.1993), 535

Frazier, State v. 98 S.W.2d 707 (Mo.1936), 544

Free v. State, 455 So. 2d 137 (Ala.Crim. App. 1984), 582, 589

Freed, United States v. 401 U.S. 601(1971), 159, 199

Frendak v. United States, 408 A.2d 364(D.C. 1979), 864

Frenzel v. State, 849 P.2d 741 (Wyo.1993), 740

Frieling v. State, 67 S.W.3d 462 (Tex.App. 2002), 390, 391

Funes, People v. 28 Cal. Rptr. 2d 758(1994), 555

Furman v. Ga., 408 U.S. 238, 92 S. Ct.2726, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1972), 81,82, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93

Furr, State v. 235 S.E.2d 193 (N.C.1977), 569

G Gallegos, People v. 628 P.2d 999 (Colo.1981), 879

Galloway, State v. 275 N.W.2d 736(Iowa 1979), 478

Galvin, State v. 514 A.2d 705 (Vt.1986), 841

Garcia, United States v. 151 F.3d 1243(9th Cir. 1998), 657

Garcia-Carrasquillo, United States v.483 F.3d 124 (1st Cir. 2007), 219

Gardiner, United States v. 463 F.3d 445(6th Cir. 2006), 691

Gargan v. State, 436 P.2d 968 (Alaska1968), 632

Garguilo, United States v. 310 F.2d 249(2d Cir. 1962), 225

Garner, State v. 699 P.2d 468 (Kan.1985), 450

Garrett, United States v. 948 F.2d 474(8th Cir. 1991), 603

Garrison v. Elo, 156 F. Supp. 2d 815(E.D. Mich. 2001), 385

Gartland, State v. 694 A.2d 564 (N.J.1997), 719

Gates v. State, 283 N.W.2d 474 (Wis.Ct. App. 1979), 368

Gault, In re 387 U.S. 1, 87 S. Ct. 1428(1967), 11

Gebardi v. United States, 287 U.S. 112,53 S. Ct. 35, 77 L. Ed. 206 (1932),248

Geiger, People v. 159 N.W.2d 383(Mich. Ct. App. 1968), 428

Gementera, United States v. 379 F.3d596 (9th Cir. 2004), 92

Gentry v. State, 881 S.W.2d 35 (Tex.App. 1994), 589

George v. State, 159 So. 3d 90 (Ala.Crim. App. 2014), 767

Germany, People v. 116 Cal. Rptr. 841(Ct. App. 1974), 224

Gettinger v. State, 13 Neb. 308, 14N.W. 403 (1882), 268

Gibson v. State, 476 P.2d 362 (Okla.Crim. App. 1970), 444

Gillis, People v. 712 N.W.2d 419 (Mich.2006), 486

xxii TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxii

Giovannetti, United States v. 919 F.2d1223 (7th Cir. 1990), 161

Girouard v. State, 583 A.2d 718 (Md.1991), 516

Gladman, People v. 359 N.E.2d 420(N.Y. 1976), 466

Gladstone, State v. 474 P.2d 274 (Wash.1970), 219

Glass, State v. 455 So. 2d 659 (La.1984), 781

Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.,131 S. Ct. 2060 (2011), 165, 166,167

Glossip v. Gross, 135 S. Ct. 2726(2015), 107, 108

Glowacki, State v. 630 N.W.2d 392(Minn. 2001), 718

Godfrey v. Ga., 446 U.S. 420 (1980),100

Goetz, People v. 497 N.E.2d 41 (N.Y.1986), 1

Goldenberg, Commonwealth v. 338Mass. 377, 155 N.E.2d 187 (1959),356

Goldman v. Knecht, 295 F. Supp. 897(D. Colo. 1969), 54

Gomez, State v. 553 P.2d 1233 (Ariz.Ct. App. 1976), 296

Gonzales v. Oregon, 546 U.S. 243(2006), 410

Gonzalez, State v. 87 A.3d 1101 (Conn.2014), 225

Goodwine v. State, 764 P.2d 680 (Wyo.1988), 306

Gordon, People v. 47 Cal. App. 3d 465,120 Cal. Rptr. 840 (1975), 566

Gore v. United States, 357 U.S. 386(1958), 85, 687

Grace, United States v. 461 U.S. 171(1983), 71

Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48 (2010),106, 107

Granite Constr. Co. v. Superior Court,149 Cal. App. 3d 465, 197 Cal. Rptr.3 (1983), 211

Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S.104, 92 S. Ct. 2294, 33 L. Ed. 2d222 (1972), 80

Grecinger, State v. 569 N.W.2d 189(Minn. 1997), 740

Greene, United States v. 834 F.2d 1067(D.C. Cir. 1987), 456

Greenspan, State v. 374 S.E.2d 884(N.C. Ct. App. 1989), 315

Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976),81

Griffin, People v. 94 P.3d 1089 (Cal.2004), 339

Griffin, United States v. 84 F.3d 912(7th Cir. 1996), 195

Griffiths, State v. 610 P.2d 522 (Idaho1980), 707

Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479,85 S. Ct. 1678, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510(1965), 13, 19

Guthrie, State v. 461 S.E.2d 163 (W. Va.1995),497, 581

H Haines, State v. 545 N.E.2d 834 (Ind.Ct. App. 1989), 613

Hairston v. Commonwealth, 230 S.E.2d626 (Va. 1976), 494

Haldeman, United States v. 559 F.2d 31(D.C. Cir. 1976), 656

Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484(1976), 818

Hampton, State v. 558 N.W.2d 884(Wis. Ct. App. 1996), 739, 740

Hamrick, United States v. 995 F.2d 1267(4th Cir. 1993), 632

Handy v. State, 730 A.2d 710 (Md.1999), 306

Hanousek v. United States, 528 U.S.1102 (2000), 183

Hanousek, United States v. 176 F.3d1116 (9th Cir. 1999), 179

Harkey, People v. 386 N.E.2d 1151 (Ill.App. Ct. 1979), 841

Harmelin v. Mich., 501 U.S. 957(1991), 102

TABLE OF CASES xxiii

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxiii

Harper, United States v. 33 F.3d 1143(9th Cir. 1994), 618

Harrison, State v. 90 N.M. 439, 564P.2d 1321 (1977), 473, 478

Harvill, State v. 234 P.3d 1166 (Wash.2010), 780

Harwood, State v. 519 P.2d 177 (Ariz.1974), 511

Hatfield v. Commonwealth, 473 S.W.2d104 (Ky. 1971), 841

Hawthorne v. State, 408 So. 2d 801(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1982) (No. VV-307), 725, 726

Heacock v. Commonwealth, 323 S.E.2d90 (Va. 1984), 465

Heard v. State, 267 S.W.2d 150 (Tex.Crim. App. 1954), 115

Hebert, People v. 39 Cal. Rptr. 539(1964), 556

Heemstra, State v. 721 N.W.2d 549(Iowa 2006), 455

Heffron v. Int’l Soc. for KrishnaConsciousness, 452 U.S. 640 (1981),69

Heideman v. United States, 259 F.2d943 (D.C. Cir. 1958), 830

Heidgen, People v. 87 A.D.3d 1016(2011), 437

Heitzman, People v. 37 Cal. Rptr. 2d236 (1994), 539

Heitzman, People v. 886 P.2d 1229 (Cal.1994), 538

Hemphill v. State, 387 N.E.2d 1324(Ind. 1979), 743

Hemphill v. United States, 402 F.2d 187(D.C. Cir. 1968), 494

Hemphill, State v. 409 S.E.2d 744 (N.C.Ct. App. 1991), 439

Henderson, People v. 560 P.2d 1180(Cal. 1977), 450

Heng Awkak Roman, United States v.356 F. Supp. 434 (S.D.N.Y. 1973),644, 647

Heredia, United States v. 483 F.3d 913(9th Cir. 2007), 165

Herman v. State, 472 So. 2d 770 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 1985), 535

Hernandez, People v. 393 P.2d 673 (Cal.1964), 381

Hernandez, People v. 624 N.E.2d 661(N.Y. 1993), 471

Hernandez, People v. 774 N.E.2d 198(N.Y. 2002), 719

Herrera, People v. 83 Cal. Rptr. 2d 307(1999), 657

Hervey v. People, 495 P.2d 204 (Colo.1972), 495

Hickman, People v. 319 N.E.2d 511 (Ill.1974), 471

Hicks v. United States, 150 U.S. 442(1893), 224

Hicks, Commonwealth v. 396 A.2d 1183(Pa. 1979), 550

Hinkle, State v. 489 S.E.2d 257 (W. Va.1996), 115

Hix v. Commonwealth, 619 S.E.2d 80(Va. 2005), 642

Hodges, United States v. 566 F.2d 674(9th Cir. 1977), 253

Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, HoffmanEstates, 455 U.S. 489, 102 S. Ct.1186 (1982), 80

Hogan v. Gibson, 197 F.3d 1297 (10thCir. 1999), 507

Hollingsworth, United States v. 27 F.3d1196 (7th Cir. 1994), 829

Hood, People v. 462 P.2d 370 (Cal.1969), 148

Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730 (2002), 92Horne, State v. 319 S.E.2d 703 (S.C.1984), 419

Hoselton, State v. 371 S.E.2d 366 (W.Va. 1988), 241

Hoskins, United States v. 36 M.J. 343(C.M.A. 1993), 495

Houghton, United States v. 14 F. 544(Dist. Ct. 1882), 166

Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451 (1987),68

Howard, People v. 104 P.3d 107 (Cal.2005), 446

xxiv TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxiv

Howard, United States v. 766 F.3d 414(5th Cir. 2014), 603, 604

Howell, State v. 649 P.2d 91 (Utah1982), 589

Howk, People v. 365 P.2d 426 (Cal.1961), 176

Hsu, United States v. 155 F.3d 189 (3dCir. 1998), 649

Hudson, State v. 430 P.2d 386 (N.M.1967), 320

Huff, State v. 469 A.2d 1251 (Me.1984), 587

Hufstetler v. State, 63 So. 2d 730 (Ala.Ct. App. 1953), 262

Huggins, Commonwealth v. 836 A.2d862 (Pa. 2003), 174, 175

Hughes v. State, 868 P.2d 730 (Okla.Crim. App. 1994), 418

Hughes, United States v. 48 M.J. 214(C.A.A.F. 1998), 364

Humphrey, People v. 921 P.2d 1 (Cal.1996), 737, 738

Hutchinson v. State, 315 So. 2d 546(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1975), 569

I Iacovone v. State, 639 So. 2d 1108 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 1994), 626

Iannelli v. United States, 420 U.S. 770(1975), 687

In re, See Party NameIniguez Supreme Court of Cal., People v.872 P.2d 1183 (1994), 334, 355

International Minerals & Chem. Corp.,United States v. 402 U.S. 558 (1971),158

Iowa Supreme Court Att’y DisciplinaryBd. v. Stowers, 823 N.W.2d 1 (Iowa2012), 315

Ireland, People v. 450 P.2d 580 (Cal.1969), 456

J Jackson v. State, 408 A.2d 711 (1979),466

Jackson v. State, 581 S.E.2d 382 (Ga.Ct. App. 2003), 322

Jackson v. State, 589 P.2d 1052 (N.M.1979), 473

Jackson, State v. 597 P.2d 255 (Kan.1979), 519

Jackson, United States v. 780 F. Supp.1508 (N.D. Ill. 1991), 34

Jackson, United States v. 835 F.2d 1195(7th Cir. 1987), 32

Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540(1992), 819

Jaffe, People v. 185 N.Y. 497, 78 N.E.169 (1906), 633, 639, 644

James v. State, 366 So. 2d 1155 (Ala.Crim. App. 1979), 555

Janes, State v. 850 P.2d 495 (Wash.1993), 740

Jarrell v. State, 234 Ga. 410 (1975), 91Jelke, People v. 135 N.E.2d 213 (N.Y.1956), 624

Jenkins v. State, 230 A.2d 262 (1967),449

Jenkins, State v. 355 N.E.2d 825 (OhioCt. App. 1976), 496

Jernigan, State v. 127 P.3d 537 (N.M.2005), 590

Jewell v. Terr. of Okla., 4 Okla. 53, 43 P.1075 (1896), 451

Jewell, United States v. 532 F.2d 697(9th Cir. 1976), 162, 166, 167

Joel v. City of Orlando, 232 F.3d 1353(11th Cir. 2000), 56

John Z., In re 29 Cal. 4th 756 (2003),378, 379

John Z., In re 60 P.3d 183 (Cal. 2003),375

Johnson v. City of Dall., 61 F.3d 442(5th Cir. 1995), 56

Johnson v. City of Dall., 860 F. Supp.344 (N.D. Tex. 1994), 56

Johnson v. Prineville, 100 Or. 105(1921), 768

Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct.2551 (2015), 78

Johnson, Commonwealth v. 543 N.E.2d22 (Mass. 1989), 306

Johnson, People v. 15 Cal. App. 4th 169,18 Cal. Rptr. 2d 650 (1993), 447

TABLE OF CASES xxv

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxv

Johnson, People v. 5 Cal. App. 4th 552,7 Cal. Rptr. 2d 23 (1992), 456

Johnson, State v. 399 A.2d 469 (R.I.1979), 850

Johnson, United States v. 256 F.3d 895(9th Cir. 2001), 53, 54

Jones v. City of L.A., 444 F.3d 1118 (9thCir. 2006), 43

Jones v. State, 74 S.W.3d 663 (Ark.2002), 332

Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354(1983), 870

Jones, State v. 154 Idaho 412 (2013),339

Jones, State v. 299 P.3d 219 (Idaho2013), 350

Jones, State v. 521 N.W.2d 662 (S.D.1994), 375

Jones, United States v. 368 F.2d 795 (2dCir. 1966), 190

Joseph, State v. 590 S.E.2d 718 (W. Va.2003), 871

Joyce v. City & Cty. of S.F., 846 F. Supp.843 (N.D. Cal. 1994), 48, 49

Joyce, United States v. 693 F.2d 838 (8thCir. 1982), 612, 613

Joyner, State v. 625 A.2d 791 (Conn.1993), 858

Juzwiak, United States v. 258 F.2d 844(2d Cir. 1958), 190

K Kacsmar, Commonwealth v. 617 A.2d725 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1992), 740

Kane, Commonwealth v. 173 Mass. 477(1899), 130

Kansas v. Bateson, 970 P.2d 1000 (Kan.1998), 306

Keeler v. Superior Court, 470 P.2d 617(Cal. 1970), 65, 412

Keen, State v. 214 S.E.2d 242 (N.C. Ct.App. 1975), 566

Keller v. State, 25 N.E.3d 807 (Ind. Ct.App. 2015), 321

Keller v. State, 987 N.E.2d 1099 (Ind.Ct. App. 2013), 318

Kelley, United States v. 769 F.2d 215(4th Cir. 1985), 232

Kelly v. Roberts, 998 F.2d 802 (10th Cir.1993), 231

Kemmler, In re 136 U.S. 436 (1890), 86Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407(2008), 93, 330

Kennedy, State v. 9 N.E.2d 278 (Ohio1937), 604

Keohane, Commonwealth v. 444 Mass.563, 829 N.E.2d 1125 (2005), 509

Kevorkian, People v. 527 N.W.2d 714(Mich. 1994), 19

Kimball, People v. 311 N.W.2d 343(Mich. Ct. App. 1981), 631

King v. Pear, 1 Leach 212, 168 Eng.Rep. 208, 264

King v. Wiseman, 92 Eng. Rep. 774, 15Klinger v. State, 816 So. 2d 697 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 2002), 555

Knapp, United States v. 25 F.3d 451(7th Cir. 1994), 234

Knoller, People v. 158 P.3d 731 (Cal.2007), 431

Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352(1983), 75, 78

Koonce, State v. 731 S.W.2d 431 (Mo.Ct. App. 1987), 368

Korn, United States v. 557 F.2d 1089(5th Cir. 1977), 648

Kovach, State v. 143 P.3d 192 (N.M. Ct.App. 2006), 302

Kozak v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 359N.W.2d 625 (Minn. Ct. App. 1984),115

Kraft, People v. 478 N.E.2d 1154 (Ill.App. Ct. 1985), 588

Kratovil, People v. 815 N.E.2d 78 (Ill.App. Ct. 2004), 801

Kroncke, United States v. 459 F.2d 697(8th Cir. 1972), 799

Krovarz, People v. 697 P.2d 378 (Colo.1985), 589

Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S.440 (1949), 698

xxvi TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxvi

Kuntz, State ex rel. v. Mont. ThirteenthJudicial Dist. Court, 995 P.2d 951(Mont. 2000), 123

L L. Cohen Grocery Co., United States v.255 U.S. 81, 41 S. Ct. 298, 65 L. Ed.516 (1921), 80

Ladner v. United States, 358 U.S. 169(1958), 689

Lakeysha P., In re 665 A.2d 264 (Md.1995), 624

Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225(1957), 130, 190

Larkins, Commonwealth v. 489 A.2d837 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1985), 871

Lashway, Commonwealth v. 634 N.E.2d930 (Mass. App. Ct. 1994), 307

Latsis, People v. 578 P.2d 1055 (Colo.1978), 572

Lauria, People v. 59 Cal. Rptr. 628(1967), 671

Lawrence v. State, 41 S.W.3d 349 (Tex.App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 2001),13

Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003),12, 72, 392

Lawson, People v. 155 Cal. Rptr. 3d 236(2013), 187

Lee, Commonwealth v. 117 N.E.2d 830(Mass. 1954), 128

Lee, United States v. 603 F.3d 904 (11thCir. 2010), 595

LeFurge, State v. 502 A.2d 35 (N.J.1986), 696

Legg, Commonwealth v. 417 A.2d 1152(Pa. 1980), 462

Leggio v. Leggio, 737 N.Y.S.2d 259(Fam. Ct. 2002), 189

Leitner, United States v. 555 F. App’x932 (11th Cir. 2014), 235

LeMott’s Case, J. Kelyng 42, 84 Eng.Rep. 1073 (1650), 319

Leno, Commonwealth v. 616 N.E.2d453 (Mass. 1993), 800

Lewis v. State, 404 A.2d 1073 (Md.1979), 571

Lewis v. State, 474 So. 2d 766 (Ala.Crim. App. 1985), 549

Lewis, Commonwealth v. 409 N.E.2d771 (Mass. 1980), 396

Lewis, State v. 394 N.W.2d 212 (Minn.Ct. App. 1986), 131

Lewis, State v. 824 S.W.2d 479 (Mo. Ct.App. 1992), 544

Liberta, People v. 474 N.E.2d 567 (N.Y.1984), 330

Light, State v. 577 S.W.2d 134 (Mo. Ct.App. 1979), 544

Lightfoot v. State, 360 A.2d 426 (1976),621

Lilly, State v. 717 N.E.2d 322 (Ohio1999), 321

Liparota v. United States, 471 U.S. 419(1985), 181

Lobato, State v. 603 So. 2d 739 (La.1992), 698

Loper v. N.Y. City Police Dep’t, 999 F.2d699 (2d Cir. 1993), 68

Lopez, Commonwealth v. 745 N.E.2d961 (Mass. 2001), 364

Lopez, Commonwealth v. 80 Mass. App.Ct. 390 (2011), 449

Lopez, People v. 535 N.E.2d 1328 (N.Y.1989), 306

Lopez, State v. 845 P.2d 478 (Ariz. Ct.App. 1992), 460

Louali, State v. 716 S.E.2d 385 (N.C.Ct. App. 2011), 128

Lough, State v. 899 A.2d 468 (R.I.2006), 299

Lowery, People v. 687 N.E.2d 973 (Ill.1997), 472

Lundy v. State, 60 Ga. 143 (1878), 268Lundy, United States v. 676 F.3d 444(5th Cir. 2012), 648

Lupinos, People v. 674 N.Y.S.2d 582(1998), 624

Lutz v. York, 899 F.2d 255 (3d Cir.1990), 12

TABLE OF CASES xxvii

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxvii

Lyle, State v. 854 N.W.2d 378 (Iowa2014), 92

M M.T.S., State in Interest of 609 A.2d1266 (N.J. Sup. Ct. 1992), 327, 344

M’Naghten’s Case, 10 Cl. & F. 200, 8Eng. Rep. 718 (1843), 844

MacGuire, State v. 84 P.3d 1171 (Utah2004), 418

Maddox v. State, 170 Ga. App. 633(1984), 375

Mahboubian, People v. 543 N.E.2d 34(N.Y. 1989), 604

Maik, State v. 60 N.J. 203, 287 A.2d715 (1972), 834

Malone, Commonwealth v. 47 A.2d 445(Pa. 1946), 436

Mancuso, United States v. 420 F.2d 556(2d Cir. 1970), 189, 192

Mandujano, United States v. 499 F.2d370 (5th Cir. 1974), 646

Mann v. State, 47 Ohio St. 556, 26N.E. 226 (1890), 317

Manriquez, People v. 37 Cal. 4th 547(2005), 515

Manson, People v. 71 Cal. App. 3d 1,139 Cal. Rptr. 275 (1977), 505

Manson, People v. 71 Cal. App. 3d 1,139 Cal. Rptr. 275, 298 (1977), 505

Marble, United States v. 940 F.2d 1543(D.C. Cir. 1991), 869

Mariano R., State v. 934 P.2d 315(N.M. Ct. App. 1997), 657

Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188,97 S. Ct. 990 (1977), 53

Marks, State v. 602 P.2d 1344 (Kan.1979), 714, 745

Marsh, People v. 338 P.2d 495 (Cal. Ct.App. 1959), 118

Marshall, People v. 106 N.W.2d 842(Mich. 1961), 224

Martin v. Kaiser, 907 F.2d 931 (10thCir. 1990), 565

Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228 (1987),709

Martin v. State, 17 So. 2d 427 (Ala. Ct.App. 1944), 118

Martinez, People v. 115 Cal. Rptr. 2d574 (2002), 321

Martinez, State v. 220 N.W.2d 530(S.D. 1974), 594

Martinez, United States v. 988 F.2d 685(7th Cir. 1993), 518

Mathews v. United States, 485 U.S. 58(1988), 818

Matos, People v. 634 N.E.2d 157 (N.Y.1994), 472

Mauldin, State v. 529 P.2d 124 (Kan.1974), 463

Maxwell, United States v. 254 F.3d 21(1st Cir. 2001), 799

Mayfield, United States v. 771 F.3d 417(7th Cir. 2014), 830

McCann, State v. 907 P.2d 239 (Okla.Crim. App. 1995), 454

McCarthy v. State, 372 A.2d 180 (Del.1977), 879

McChristian, People v. 309 N.E.2d 388(Ill. App. Ct. 1974), 651

McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279(1987), 93

McCusker, State v. 503 P.2d 732 (Or.Ct. App. 1972), 253

McGautha v. California, 402 U.S. 183(1971), 86

McGill v. State, 18 P.3d 77 (Alaska Ct.App. 2001), 375

McGraw, State v. 459 N.E.2d 61 (Ind.Ct. App. 1984), 284

McGraw, State v. 480 N.E.2d 552 (Ind.1985), 284

McIlwain Sch. Bus Lines, Inc.,Commonwealth v. 423 A.2d 413 (Pa.Super. Ct. 1980), 210

McMillan v. State, 51 A.3d 623 (2012),781

McNeal, People v. 393 N.W.2d 907(Mich. Ct. App. 1986), 631

McPherson, State v. 344 P.3d 1283(Wash. Ct. App. 2015), 320

xxviii TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxviii

McVey, State v. 376 N.W.2d 585 (Iowa1985), 879

Medina-Garcia, United States v. 918F.2d 4 (1st Cir. 1990), 680

Members of City Council v. Taxpayersfor Vincent, 466 U.S. 789 (1984), 69

Menser, State v. 382 N.W.2d 18 (Neb.1986), 719

Mercer v. State, 347 So. 2d 733 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 1977), 618

Metalski, State v. 185 A. 351 (N.J.1936), 460

Metcalf, State v. 396 N.E.2d 786 (OhioCt. App. 1977), 778

Meyer v. Neb., 262 U.S. 390, 43 S. Ct.625 (1923), 13

Mijares, People v. 491 P.2d 1115 (Cal.1971), 131

Milk, United States v. 447 F.3d 593 (8thCir. 2006), 524

Miller v. Alabama, 132 S. Ct. 2455(2012), 107

Miller, People v. 297 N.E.2d 85 (N.Y.1973), 455

Miller, State v. 395 N.W.2d 431 (Minn.Ct. App. 1986), 119

Miller, State v. 600 P.2d 1123 (Ariz. Ct.App. 1979), 841

Miller, State v. 622 N.W.2d 782 (IowaCt. App. 2000), 287, 288

Millette, State v. 112 N.H. 458, 299A.2d 150 (1972), 478

Minor, People v. 973 N.Y.S.2d 43 (1stDep’t 2013), 437

Minshew v. State, 594 So. 2d 703 (Ala.Crim. App. 1991), 612

Miranda, State v. 794 A.2d 506(Conn.), 78

Mitchell, Ex parte 936 So. 2d 1094(Ala. Crim. App. 2006), 449

Mitchell, People v. 473 N.E.2d 1270 (Ill.1984), 591

Mitchell, State v. 170 Mo. 633, 71 S.W.175 (1902), 644

Mitchell, United States v. 15 M.J. 214(C.M.A. 1983), 563

Mlinarich, Commonwealth v. 542 A.2d1335 (Pa. 1988), 358, 359

Mobley v. State, 27 N.E.3d 1191 (Ind.App. 2015), 830

Moe, State v. 24 P.2d 638 (Wash. 1933),800

Moffitt, State v. 199 Kan. 514, 431 P.2d879 (1967),425, 463

Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37(1996), 842, 843

Moore v. State, 18 Ala. 532 (1851), 582Moore v. State, 233 Ga. 861, 213 S.E.2d829 (1975), 91

Morales, State v. 869 S.W.2d 941 (Tex.1994), 73

Morgan, People v. 758 N.E.2d 813 (Ill.2001), 455

Morganherring, State v. 517 S.E.2d 622(N.C. 1999), 462

Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S.246 (1952), 133, 161, 181, 183, 188

Morris, Commonwealth v. 142 S.W.3d654 (Ky. 2004), 418

Mott, State v. 931 P.2d 1046 (Ariz.1997), 740

Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684(1975), 522

Mullican v. State, 360 S.W.2d 35 (Tenn.1962), 291

Munoz, State v. 827 P.2d 1303 (N.M.Ct. App. 1992), 511

Murphy, People v. 28 N.E.3d 1058 (Ill.App. Ct. 2015), 322

Musser v. Utah, 333 U.S. 95 (1948),684, 685

Myers, State v. 81 A.2d 710 (N.J. Sup.Ct. 1951), 421

N N.Y.C. & H.R.R. v. United States, 212U.S. 481 (1909), 210

Najera, People v. 138 Cal. App. 4th 212,41 Cal. Rptr. 3d 244 (2006), 511

National Dairy Prods. Corp., UnitedStates v. 372 U.S. 29, 83 S. Ct. 594,9 L. Ed. 2d 561 (1963), 80

TABLE OF CASES xxix

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxix

National Paint & Coatings Ass’n v. Cityof Chi., 45 F.3d 1124 (7th Cir.1995), 9

Navarro, People v. 99 Cal. App. 3dSupp. 1 (1979), 187

Nay v. State, 167 P.3d 430 (Nev. 2007),462

Neal v. State, 597 P.2d 334 (Okla.Crim. App. 1979), 714

Nelson, People v. 128 N.E.2d 391 (N.Y.1955), 539

Newton, People v. 72 Misc. 2d 646, 340N.Y.S.2d 77 (Sup. Ct. 1973), 118

Nicholls v. State, 32 N.W. 543 (Wis.1887), 319

Nolan, State v. 995 N.E.2d 902 (Ohio2013), 460

O Offutt, United States v. 127 F.2d 336(D.C. Cir. 1942), 681

Oimen, State v. 516 N.W.2d 399 (Wis.1994), 474

Oliveira, State v. 432 A.2d 664 (R.I.1981), 295

Olivo, People v. 420 N.E.2d 40 (N.Y.1981), 263

Olsen, State v. 160 P.2d 427 (Utah1945), 119

Olshefski, Commonwealth v. 64 Pa. D.& C. 343 (1948), 205

O’Neil, State v. 782 A.2d 209 (Conn.App. Ct. 2001), 614

Oregon Iron Co. v. Trullenger, 3 Or. 1(1867), 221

O’Shaughnessy v. People, 269 P.3d 1233(Colo. 2012), 631

Oviedo, United States v. 525 F.2d 881(5th Cir. 1976), 642

Owens, State v. 20 S.W.3d 634 (Tenn.2000), 306

P Paine v. Massie, 339 F.3d 1194 (10thCir. 2003), 733

Palmer v. State, 704 N.E.2d 124 (Ind.1999), 474

Parker v. United States, 359 F.2d 1009(D.C. Cir. 1966), 151

Parrish v. State, 97 So. 2d 356 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 1957), 443

Parson v. State, 222 A.2d 326 (Del.1966), 466

Patrick, People v. 541 P.2d 320 (Colo.App. 1975), 800

Patterson, People v. 778 P.2d 549(?YEAR?), 486

Patton, People v. 389 N.E.2d 1174 (Ill.1979), 305

Payette, State v. 38 A.3d 1120 (R.I.2012), 428

Payne v. Commonwealth, 75 S.W.2d 14(Ky. 1934), 557

Payne v. State, 915 So. 2d 1179 (Ala.Crim. App. 2005), 321

Payne, State v. 306 P.3d 17 (Ariz.2013), 425

Peals v. State, 584 S.W.2d 1 (Ark.1979), 708

Pears v. State, 672 P.2d 903 (Alaska Ct.App. 1983), 444

Pears v. State, 698 P.2d 1198 (Alaska1985), 444

Pendley, State v. 593 P.2d 755 (N.M.Ct. App. 1979), 756

Penny, People v. 44 Cal. 2d 861 (1955),178

Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 109 S.Ct. 2934, 106 L. Ed. 2d 256 (1989),98

Peoni, United States v. 100 F.2d 401 (2dCir. 1938),163, 663, 664

People v., See Defendant’s Name Perry Educ. Ass’n v. Perry Local

Educators’ Ass’n, 460 U.S. 37 (1983),67

Perry, Commonwealth v. 607 N.E.2d434 (Mass. App. Ct. 1993), 527

Pestinikas, Commonwealth v. 617 A.2d1339 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1992), 119

xxx TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxx

Peters, People v. 55 Ill. App. 3d 226, 13Ill. Dec. 461, 371 N.E.2d 156(1977), 616

Peterson, United States v. 483 F.2d 1222(D.C. Cir. 1973), 717, 744

Phillips, People v. 414 P.2d 353 (Cal.1966), 450

Phillips, People v. 64 Cal. 2d 574(1966), 478

Pickett, People v. 175 N.W.2d 347(Mich. Ct. App. 1970), 624

Picotte, State v. 661 N.W.2d 381 (Wis.2003), 397

Pierce v. Soc’y of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510,45 S. Ct. 571, 69 L. Ed. 1070(1925), 13

Pierce, Commonwealth v. 138 Mass. 165(1884), 172

Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640(1946),115, 688, 692

Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S.833, 112 S. Ct. 2791 (1992), 17

Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202, 102 S. Ct.2382, 72 L. Ed. 2d 786 (1982), 72

Poncio v. State, 185 S.W.3d 904 (Tex.Crim. App. 2006), 321

Pope v. State, 396 A.2d 1054 (Md.1979), 122

Poplar, People v. 173 N.W.2d 732(Mich. Ct. App. 1969), 239

Porter, State v. 242 P.2d 984 (Mont.1952), 640

Potts v. United States, 919 A.2d 1127(D.C. 2007), 70

Pouncey, People v. 437 Mich. 382, 471N.W.2d 346 (1991), 509

Powell v. Ala., 287 U.S. 45, 53 S. Ct.55, 77 L. Ed. 158 (1932), 89

Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514, 88 S. Ct.2145 (1968), 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,55, 56, 57, 85

Prescott, People v. 745 N.E.2d 1000(N.Y. 2001), 624

Pride, State v. 567 S.W.2d 426 (Mo. Ct.App. 1978), 741

Pulizzano, State v. 456 N.W.2d 325(Wis. 1990), 332

Q Quillen v. State, 163 P.3d 587 (Okla.Crim. App. 2007), 450, 454

R Rabinowich, United States v. 238 U.S.78 (1915), 693

Ramirez, State v. 116 Ariz. 259, 569P.2d 201 (1977), 509

Rannazzisi, United States v. 434 F.Supp. 619 (S.D.N.Y. 1977), 31

Raposo, Commonwealth v. 595 N.E.2d773 (Mass. 1992), 231

Ratz, People v. 115 Cal. 132 (1896),383

Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135(1994), 192

Ray v. Hodge, 15 Or. 20 (1887), 580Ray, People v. 3 Ill. App. 3d 517, 278N.E.2d 170 (1972), 616

Reed, United States v. 991 F.2d 399 (7thCir. 1993), 841

Rendelman v. State, 927 A.2d 468 (Md.Ct. Spec. App. 2007), 307

Rendelman, State v. 947 A.2d 546(2008), 307

Rhett, State v. 127 N.J. 3, 601 A.2d 689(1992), 145

Richardson, United States v. 588 F.2d1235 (9th Cir. 1978), 799

Riffe, United States v. 28 F.3d 565 (6thCir. 1994), 793

Rivera, People v. 566 N.E.2d 220 (Ill.1990), 267

Rivera, People v. 837 N.Y.S.2d 460 (4thDep’t 2007), 321

Roberts v. State, 335 So. 2d 285 (Fla.1976), 860

Roberts, People v. 211 Mich. 187(1920), 124

Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660,82 S. Ct. 1417 (1962), 48, 49, 50,52, 56, 54, 57, 84

TABLE OF CASES xxxi

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxxi

Robinson v. State, 393 So. 2d 1076 (Fla.1980), 9

Robinson, State v. 360 P.2d 474 (Ariz.1961), 745

Robinson, State v. 603 S.E.2d 345 (N.C.Ct. App. 2004), 295

Rodgers v. People, 86 N.Y. 360 (1881),321

Rodriguez, United States v. 612 F.2d 906(5th Cir. 1980), 691

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct.705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147 (1973), 14

Rogers v. State, 458 S.W.2d 369 (Ark.1970), 268

Rogers v. Tennessee, 532 U.S. 451(2001), 396

Rogers, State v. 992 S.W.2d 393 (Tenn.1999), 396

Rollino, People v. 233 N.Y.S.2d 580(1962), 650

Roman, United States v. 484 F.2d 1271(2d Cir. 1973), 644

Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620, 116 S.Ct. 1620 (1996), 73, 74

Root, United States v. 296 F.3d 1222(11th Cir. 2002), 601

Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005),94

Rosales v. State, 23 N.E.3d 8 (Ind.2015), 225

Rosales, State v. 860 N.W.2d 251 (S.D.2015), 322

Rosemond v. United States, 134 S. Ct.1240 (2014), 218

Roulette v. City of Seattle, 97 F.3d 300(9th Cir. 1996), 55

Rowe v. DeBruyn, 17 F.3d 1047 (7thCir. 1994), 708

Rowland v. Commonwealth, 355 S.W.2d292 (Ky. Ct. App. 1962), 289

Rubin, People v. 96 Cal. App. 3d 968,158 Cal. Rptr. 488 (1979), 574

Rupp, State v. 282 N.W.2d 125 (Iowa1979), 709

Rusk, State v. 424 A.2d 720 (Md. 1981),355

Russell, People v. 144 Cal. App. 4th1415 (2006), 183

Russell, United States v. 411 U.S. 423(1973), 811

Rypinski, People v. 555 N.Y.S.2d 500(App. Div. 1990), 189

S Sabin v. Columbia Fuel Co., 25 Or. 15(1893), 33, 294

Sabo, People v. 687 N.Y.S.2d 513(1998), 595, 614

Sachdev, United States v. 279 F.3d 25(1st Cir. 2002), 782

Sadiki Komunyaka, United States v. 658F.3d 140 (2d Cir. 2011), 698

Saiez, State v. 489 So. 2d 1125 (Fla.1986), 9

Sallahdin v. Gibson, 275 F.3d 1211(10th Cir. 2002), 840

Sanchez, United States v. 615 F.3d 836(7th Cir. 2010), 611

Sanders, State v. 245 S.E.2d 674 (N.C.1978), 745

Sandoval, State v. 94 P.3d 323 (Wash.Ct. App. 2004), 322

Sargent, United States v. 18 M.J. 331(C.M.A. 1984), 526

Satchell, People v. 489 P.2d 1361 (Cal.1971), 450

Sawyer, United States v. 558 F.3d 705(7th Cir. 2009), 780

Schaumburg v. Citizens for Better Env’t,444 U.S. 620 (1980), 68

Scheidler v. NOW, Inc., 537 U.S. 393(2003), 315

Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47,39 S. Ct. 247, 63 L. Ed. 470 (1919),576

Schneider, United States v. 111 F.3d 197(1st Cir. 1997), 878

Schoon, United States v. 971 F.2d 193(9th Cir. 1992), 800

Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372 (2007),777

Scott v. State, 62 Miss. 781 (1885), 320

xxxii TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxxii

Scott, People v. 176 Cal. App. 2d 458, 1Cal. Rptr. 600 (1959), 498

Scott, People v. 185 N.W.2d 576 (Mich.Ct. App. 1971), 550

Scott, People v. 927 P.2d 288 (Cal.1996), 425

Sedia, State v. 614 So. 2d 533 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 1993), 350

Sein, State v. 590 A.2d 665 (N.J. Sup.Ct. 1991), 303

Sewell, United States v. 252 F.3d 647(2d Cir. 2001), 841

Shadden v. Hembree, 17 Or. 14 (1888),768

Shaffer, Commonwealth v. 326 N.E.2d880 (Mass. 1975), 715

Shane, State v. 590 N.E.2d 272 (Ohio1992), 515

Shannon v. United States, 512 U.S. 573(1994), 860

Shelton, United States v. 30 F.3d 702(6th Cir. 1994), 629

Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369(1958), 802, 814, 817, 826

Sherwin-Williams Co. v. City & Cty. ofS.F., 857 F. Supp. 1355 (N.D. Cal.1994), 8, 10

Shrum v. State, 991 P.2d 1032 (Okla.Crim. App. 1999), 454

Shuck, State v. 953 S.W.2d 662 (Tenn.1997), 829

Siering, State v. 35 Conn. App. 173(1994), 375

Silva, State v. 684 A.2d 725 (Conn.App. Ct. 1996), 719

Simmons v. Bowersox, 235 F.3d 1124(8th Cir. 2001), 96

Simmons, State ex rel. v. Roper, 112S.W.3d 397 (Mo. 2003), 96

Simonson, State v. 163 So. 3d 37 (La.Ct. App. 2015), 319

Siu, People v. 126 Cal. App. 2d 41, 271P.2d 575 (1954), 644

Skipper, Commonwealth v. 294 A.2d780 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1972), 613

Smith v. Myers, Commonwealth ex rel.,438 Pa. 218, 261 A.2d 550 (1970),469, 477

Smith v. State, 236 Ga. 12, 222 S.E.2d308 (1976), 91

Smith v. State, 370 S.W.2d 543 (Tenn.1963), 525

Smith, People v. 124 P.3d 730 (Cal.2005), 591, 592

Smith, People v. 60 Cal. 4th 603 (2014),550

Smith, State v. 210 Conn. 132, 554A.2d 713 (1989), 367

Smith, State v. 396 A.2d 126 (Vt.1978), 871

Smith, State v. 621 A.2d 493 (N.J.Super. Ct. App. Div. 1993),143, 613

Smullen, State v. 844 A.2d 429 (Md.2004), 737

Sneezer, United States v. 900 F.2d 177(9th Cir. 1990), 591, 841

Snider, United States v. 502 F.2d 645(4th Cir. 1974), 233

Sobrilski, United States v. 127 F.3d 669(8th Cir. 1997), 647

Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435,53 S. Ct. 210, 77 L. Ed. 413 (1932),803

Soto, State v. 34 A.3d 738 (N.H. 2011),507

Spies v. United States, 317 U.S. 492(1943), 194

St. Christopher, State v. 232 N.W.2d798 (Minn. 1975), 675

Stafford, United States v. 136 F.3d 1109(7th Cir. 1998), 283

Stanciel, People v.606 N.E.2d 1201 (Ill.1992), 231

Standefer v. United States, 447 U.S. 10(1980), 214

Stanford v. Ky., 492 U.S. 361, 109 S. Ct.2969, 106 L. Ed. 2d 306 (1989), 94,97, 98, 102, 105, 106

Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600(1994), 181, 198

TABLE OF CASES xxxiii

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxxiii

Staples, People v. 6 Cal. App. 3d 61, 85Cal. Rptr. 589 (1970), 627

Starkey, State v. 244 S.E.2d 219 (W. Va.1978), 581, 594

Stasio, State v. 396 A.2d 1129 (N.J. Sup.Ct. 1979), 833

Stasiun, Commonwealth v. 206 N.E.2d672 (Mass. 1965), 697

Stasko, Commonwealth v. 370 A.2d 350(Pa. 1977), 518

State ex rel., See Name of PartyState in Interest of, See Name of PartyState v., See Name of Defendant State v. Guffey, 262 S.W.2d 152 (Mo.Ct. App. 1953), 640, 644

Staten, State v. 616 S.E.2d 650 (N.C.Ct. App. 2005), 306

Stay, People v. 19 Cal. App. 3d 166(1971), 284

Stelma, Commonwealth v. 192 A. 906(Pa. 1937), 461

Stewart, State v. 198 N.E.2d 439 (Ohio1964), 494

Stone, People v. 205 P.3d 272 (Cal.2009), 582

Stuart, People v. 302 P.2d 5 (Cal. 1956),543

Suites, State v. 427 S.E.2d 318 (N.C. Ct.App. 1993), 217

Superior Court, People v. 157 P.3d 1017(Cal. 2007), 614

Swimley, People v. 372 N.E.2d 887 (Ill.App. Ct.), 563

Syddall, State v. 433 P.2d 10 (Utah1967), 322

T Taft, State v. 102 S.E.2d 152 (W. Va.1958), 115

Tallmadge, United States v. 829 F.2d767 (9th Cir. 1987), 196

Taylor v. State, 840 N.E.2d 324 (Ind.2006), 232

Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575,110 S. Ct. 2143, 109 L. Ed. 2d 607(1990), 79

Taylor, State v. 345 Mo. 325, 133S.W.2d 336 (1939), 644

Taylor, State v. 378 P.2d 352 (Utah1963), 302

Taylor, United States v. 322 F.3d 1209(9th Cir. 2003), 254

Tenn. v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985), 768Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct.1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968), 76

Tex. v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 109 S.Ct. 2533, 105 L. Ed. 2d 342 (1989),72

Thacker v. Commonwealth, 114 S.E.504 (Va. 1922), 582

Thacker v. State, 103 Ga. App. 36, 117S.E.2d 913 (1961), 549

Thomas, Commonwealth v. 382 Pa.639, 117 A.2d 204 (1955), 469

Thomas, People v. 272 N.W.2d 157(Mich. Ct. App. 1978), 536, 537

Thomas, People v. 41 Cal. 2d 470, 261P.2d 1 (1953), 434

Thomas, State v. 356 A.2d 433 (N.J.Super. Ct. 1976), 246

Thomas, State v. 362 So. 2d 1348 (Fla.1978), 624

Thomas, United States v. 13 C.M.A.278, 32 C.M.R. 278 (1962), 640

Thomas, United States v. 664 F.3d 217(8th Cir. 2011), 495

Thomerson v. Lockhart, 835 F.2d 1257(8th Cir. 1987), 496

Thompson v. Louisville, 362 U.S. 199(1960), 154

Thompson v. Okla., 487 U.S. 815, 108S. Ct. 2687, 101 L. Ed. 2d 702(1988), 97, 100, 101, 102, 103

Thompson v. Thompson, 642 A.2d 1160(R.I. 1994), 342

Thompson, People v. 530 N.E.2d 839(N.Y. 1988), 352

Thompson, State v. 870 P.2d 1022(Wash. Ct. App. 1994), 504

Thompson, State v., 578 So. 2d 1151(1991), 425

xxxiv TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxxiv

Thompson, United States v. 458 F.Supp. 2d 730 (N.D. Ind. 2006), 392

Thousand, People v. 631 N.W.2d 694(Mich. 2001), 649

Tobe v. City of Santa Ana, 9 Cal. 4th1069, 40 Cal. Rptr. 2d 402, 892 P.2d1145 (1995), 55

Toledo, People v. 26 P.3d 1051 (Cal.2001), 624

Tomassi, State v. 75 A.2d 67 (Conn.1950), 556

Topolewski v. State, 109 N.W. 1037(Wis. 1906), 255

Torres v. State, 585 S.W.2d 746 (Tex.Crim. App. 1979), 840

Townsend, State v. 897 A.2d 316 (N.J.2006), 738

Tragni, People v. 113 Misc. 2d 852, 449N.Y.S.2d 923 (Sup. Ct. 1982), 319

Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86 (1958), 84,87, 88, 97

Tufunga, People v. 987 P.2d 168 (Cal.1999), 287

Turner v. La Belle, 251 F. Supp. 443 (D.Conn. 1966), 580

Twitchell, Commonwealth v. 617 N.E.2d609 (Mass. 1993), 198

Tykarsky, United States v. 446 F.3d 458(3d Cir. 2006), 649

U Ulin, State v. 548 P.2d 19 (Ariz. 1976),555

United States v., See Name ofDefendant

V Vacco v. Quill, 521 U.S. 793 (1997),406

Valdez, People v. 126 Cal. App. 4th 575,23 Cal. Rptr. 3d 909 (2005), 419

Valencia, United States v. 907 F.2d 671(7th Cir. 1990), 624

Valentine, State v. 935 P.2d 1294(Wash. 1997), 750, 751, 752

Valot, People v. 189 N.W.2d 873 (Mich.Ct. App. 1971), 125

Vasquez-Landaver, United States v. 527F.3d 798 (9th Cir. 2008), 780

Vela, United States v. 624 F.3d 1148(9th Cir. 2009), 876

Velasquez, United States v. 28 F.3d 2 (2dCir.), 129

Velez, People v. 602 N.Y.S.2d 758 (Sup.Ct. 1993), 555

Vericker, In re 446 F.2d 244 (2d Cir.1971), 281

Villageliu v. State, 347 So. 2d 445 (Fla.3d DCA 1977), 709

Villalobos, People v. 145 Cal. App. 4th310, 51 Cal. Rptr. 3d 678 (2006),318

Villalobos, People v. 51 Cal. Rptr. 3d678 (2006), 321

Vincenty v. Bloomberg, 476 F.3d 74 (2dCir. 2007), 12

W W.R., State v. 336 P.3d 1134 (Wash.2014), 368

Walker v. State, 321 A.2d 170 (Md. Ct.Spec. App. 1974), 870

Wall, United States v. 521 A.2d 1140(D.C. 1987), 71

Walsh, State v. 713 S.W.2d 508 (Mo.1986), 20

Walton, State v. 630 A.2d 990 (Conn.1993), 697

Walton, State v. 615 A.2d 469 (R.I.1992), 719

Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S.781 (1989), 69, 70, 71

Ward, Commonwealth v. 688 N.E.2d227 (Mass. 1997), 436

Warner-Lambert Co., People v. 417N.Y.S.2d 997 (1979), 526

Wash. v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702(1997), 399

Washington, People v. 402 P.2d 130(Cal. 1965), 445, 476

TABLE OF CASES xxxv

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxxv

Washington, People v. 62 Cal. 2d 777,44 Cal. Rptr. 442, 402 P.2d 130(1965), 480

Waters v. State, 234 A.2d 147 (Md. Ct.Spec. App. 1967), 632

Waters, Commonwealth v. 418 A.2d 312(Pa. 1980), 472

Watson v. State, 123 So. 3d 446 (Miss.2013), 318

Way, State v. 254 S.E.2d 760 (N.C.1979), 375

Webb, United States v. 655 F.3d 1238(11th Cir. 2011), 555

Webster, Commonwealth v. 59 Mass. (5Cush.) 295 (1850), 420

Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349(1910), 83, 84

Weishaupt v. Commonwealth, 315S.E.2d 847 (Va. 1984), 331

Weitzenhoff, United States v. 35 F.3d1275 (9th Cir. 1993), 181

Welansky, Commonwealth v. 55 N.E.2d902 (Mass. 1944), 167, 525

Wells v. Commonwealth, 57 S.E.2d 898(Va. 1950), 495

Wentworth v. State, 349 A.2d 421 (Md.Ct. Spec. App. 1975), 524

Werner v. State, 711 S.W.2d 639 (Tex.Crim. App. 1986), 740

Westcott, United States v. 83 F.3d 1354(11th Cir. 1996), 878

Whalem v. United States, 346 F.2d 812,120 U.S. App. D.C. 331 (D.C. Cir.1965), 864

Whalen v. United States, 445 U.S. 684(1980), 686

Wharton, People v. 809 P.2d 290 (Cal.1991), 518

Wheeler v. Goodman, 306 F. Supp. 58(W.D.N.C. 1969), 54

Whight, People v. 43 Cal. Rptr. 2d 163(1995), 291

White v. State, 356 S.E.2d 875 (Ga.1987), 217

White v. State, 585 S.W.2d 952 (Ark.1979), 590

White v. State, 717 S.W.2d 784 (Ark.1986), 842

White, People v. 397 N.E.2d 1246 (Ill.App. Ct. 1979), 794

White, State v. 330 P.3d 482 (Nev.2014), 321

White, United States v. 698 F.3d 1005(7th Cir. 2012), 579

Wilcox, State v. 436 N.E.2d 523 (Ohio1982), 879

Wilkerson v. State, 336 P.3d 1188 (Wyo.2014), 421

Wilkerson v. Utah, 99 U.S. 130 (1878),83, 86

Wilkerson, State v. 295 N.C. 559, 247S.E.2d 905 (1978), 440

Williams v. State, 646 A.2d 1101 (Md.Ct. Spec. App. 1994), 782

Williams v. State, 818 A.2d 906 (Del.2002), 472

Williams, People v. 406 P.2d 647 (Cal.1965), 449

Williams, People v.205 N.E.2d 749 (Ill.App. Ct. 1965), 720

Williams, State v. 115 N.E.2d 36 (OhioCt. App. 1952), 205

Williams, State v. 252 S.E.2d 739 (N.C.1979), 515

Williams, State v. 254 So. 2d 548(1971), 474

Williams, State v. 484 P.2d 1167 (Wash.Ct. App. 1971), 535, 536

Williams, State v. 588 S.W.2d 70 (Mo.Ct. App. 1979), 550

Williams, State v. 624 S.E.2d 443 (S.C.Ct. App. 2005), 752

Williams, United States v. 136 F.3d 547(8th Cir. 1998), 613

Williams, United States v. 553 U.S. 285,128 S. Ct. 1830 (2008), 80

Wilson, People v. 278 N.E.2d 473 (Ill.App. Ct. 1972), 516

Wilson, State v. 346 P.2d 115 (Or.1959), 619

Wilson, United States v. 66 M.J. 39(2008), 384

xxxvi TABLE OF CASES

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxxvi

Witherspoon v. Ill., 88 S. Ct. 1770, 20L. Ed. 2d 776 (1968), 88

Wofford v. State, 584 P.2d 227 (Okla.Crim. App. 1978), 550

Woo Wai v. United States, 223 F. 412(9th Cir. 1915), 806

Woodward, Commonwealth v. 694N.E.2d 1277 (Mass. 1998), 529

Wright, State v. 799 P.2d 642 (Or.1990), 752

Wyant v. State, 519 A.2d 649 (Del.1986), 842

Y Yeutter, State v. 566 N.W.2d 387 (Neb.1997), 752

Yost, United States v. 479 F.3d 815 (11thCir. 2007), 601

Young v. N.Y. City Transit Auth., 903F.2d 146 (2d Cir.), 68

Young v. State, 141 So. 3d 161 (Fla.2013), 321

Z Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534(1993), 239

Zafiro, United States v. 945 F.2d 881(7th Cir. 1991), 239

Zal v. Steppe, 968 F.2d 924 (9th Cir.1992), 800

Zayac, United States v. 765 F.3d 112 (2dCir. 2014), 782

Zeta Chi Fraternity, State v. 696 A.2d530 (N.H.), 208

Zillyette, State v. 256 P.3d 1288 (Wash.Ct. App. 2011), 506

TABLE OF CASES xxxvii

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxxvii

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxxviii

Preface

Substantive criminal law has traditionally been a very important part of the first- year curriculum. The course introduces the student to the criminal justice system,raises the question of why and how we punish, and enables instructors to discusswith students the thorny problem of the relationship between the state and the in-dividual. In preparing the latest edition of these materials, we have once again at-tempted to produce a casebook of reasonable length which can be completely coveredin a one semester course. Problems have been developed to demonstrate the difficultiesdiscussed above and many modern issues have been emphasized to stimulate studentinterest in the course.

Many fine people assisted us in the preparation of the various editions of theseclassroom materials, from Catholic University, the College of William and Mary andthe University of Houston. We thank them all for their wonderful assistance.

Cara Drinan, Washington, D.C.Linda Malone, Williamsburg, VirginiaPaul Marcus, Williamsburg, VirginiaGeraldine Szott Moohr, Houston, Texas

March 2016

xxxix

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xxxix

marcus et al 8e 00 fmt f2 11/17/16 1:06 PM Page xl