criminal law and procedure revision seminar felicity fox lss tutorial program:
TRANSCRIPT
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Criminal Law and ProcedureRevision Seminar
Felicity Fox
LSS Tutorial Program:
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General Exam Advice Worth 60 marks Part A: 40 Marks
1 x 30 mark question 1 x 10 mark question
Part B: 20 marks (second reading speech)
2 minutes = 1 mark
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General Exam Advice Use headings Refer to cases Apply the facts Speak to the alternative Guide the examiner through your train
of thought
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How to answer a problem question generally Issue Relevant Law Application to facts Conclusion
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How to study for exams Past exams
http://exams.lib.monash.edu.au/ Make your notes, and then your exam
notes … and then your short exam notes … and the your exam script …
Go through problems with friends Go through tutorial booklet problems
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Basic outline for Homicide Question Introduction Actus Reus
Voluntariness Causation
Mens Rea Defences Conclusion
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Basic outline for Manslaughter Introuction UDA MS; or Negligent Manslaughter; or Manslaughter by Omission Defences
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Basic outline: Common Law Assault Introduction Actus Reus
Voluntary & Positive Act Apprehension of Imminent Force
Mens Rea Intention/Recklessness
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Basic Outline: Statutory Assault Introduction (what is the section?) AR
Will be defined by the particular words of section
Mens rea Will be defined by the particular words
of section Defences
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Murder: Introduction Introduction
Murder is a common law offence punished at s3 of the CA
Sir Edward Coke
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Murder: Actus Reus Voluntariness
Presumption of voluntariness (R v Falconer)
Intoxication? (R v O’Connor)
Causation Operating and
Substantial Cause? (R v Hallet)
Was there an NAI? Contributory acts by a
third party? (R v Pagett) Medical treatment? (R v
Evans & Gardiner (no 2)
Flight and self preservation? (Royall v R)
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Murder: Mens Rea Intention to kill? Intention to cause GBH?
DPP v Smith Recklessness as to kill/to cause GBH
R v Crabb
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Murder: Mens Rea Transferred malice (Saunders and
Archer) Constructive murder?
‘in the course of furtherance of a crime the necessary elements of which include violence (s3A Crimes Act)
R v Butcher R v Ryan & Walker R v Galas
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Murder: Mens Rea Mental state defenses are relevant to
MR? Intoxication? (R v O’Connor)
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Manslaughter: Introduction Manslaughter is a common law offence
and is charged under s5 of the Crimes Act
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Manslaughter: UDA MS Prosecution need to prove 3 things:1. The act causing death must be unlawful
(R v Franklin)2. Causation: act must have caused death
(refer to discussion of causation above)3. The Act must be objectively dangerous
(Wilson v R) Fault element: accused intended to
commit the relevant act (R v Williamson)
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Manslaughter: Negligent Manslaughter Test in Nydam:
“was there such a great falling short of the standard of care which a reasonable man would have exercised and which involved such a high risk that death or serious bodily harm would follow?”
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Manslaughter: Negligent Manslaughter 1. Is there a duty of care owed by the
accused to the victim?2. If so, what is the standard of care
required?3. Has there been a gross departure from
the standard of care that constitutes criminal negligence?
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Manslaughter: Manslaughter by Omission 1. Was there a legal duty?
R v Instan R v stone & Dobson R v Miller R v Tak Tak
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Defences: Self Defence Non fatal offences In Victoria, the defence of self-defence is
found at common law The accused bears only an evidential
burden; the Crown must disprove self-defence beyond reasonable doubt
Zecevic: Did the accused believe, on reasonable
grounds that it was necessary in self-defence to do what he or she in fact did?
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Defences: Self Defence Non Fatal Offences Subjective Test:
In applying the subjective test, all of the personal circumstances of the accused are potentially relevant
It is how the DEFENDANT saw the situation Objective test:
‘It is the belief of the accused, based upon the circumstances as the accused perceived them to be, which has no be reasonable, and not that of the hypothetical reasonable person in the position of the accused’
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Defences: Self Defence
Accused’s mental state Verdict
Honest belief on reasonable grounds
Acquittal
Honest belief, not based on reasonable grounds
Defensive Homicide
No honest belief Murder
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Defences: Self Defence - Murder Accused bears evidential burden, Crown
must disprove self defence: BRD Subjective Test – s9AC Reasonable Grounds – s9AD
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Self Defence: Defensive Homicide s9AD
A person who, by his or her conduct, kills another person in circumstances that, but for section 9AC, would constitute murder, is guilty of an indictable offence (defensive homicide) nad liable to level 3 imprisonment if he or she did not have reasonable grounds for the belief referred to in that section
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Defences: Family Violence s9AH Family Violence in relation to a person,
means violence against that person by a family member (s9AH(4))
Violence includes physical, sexual and/or psychological abuse (s9AH(4)
Violence may include a single act, or a series of acts even though some or all of those acts, when viewed in isolation, may appear to be minor or trivial (s9AH(5))
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Defences: Self Defence Manslaughter s9AE Subjective test Objective Tes
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Defences: Necessity & Duress R v Dudley and Stephens
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Defences: Intoxication (SD) Relevant to MR & AR as discussed above s9AJ Reasonable belief Reasonable grounds for a belief Reasonable response
Must be taken as a sober person, unless that intoxication was not self-induced
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Defences: Consent R v Brown Exceptions: Tattooing & branding: R v wilson Surgery Boxing Female genital mutilation Male circumcision
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Statutory homicide Defensive Homicide: s 9AD Culpable driving causing death: s.318 Dangerous driving causing death s319 Suicide pact: ss.6A, 6B, 463B
(prevention of suicide) Abortion: s.65&66; Infanticide: s.6
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Common Law Assault “An assault is any act which
intentionally – or possibly recklessly causes another person to apprehend immediate and unlawful person violence” (Fagan)
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Common Law Assault AR
Voluntary & positive act Omissions not sufficient Fagan Mere words may be enough R v Ireland, R v Knight
Apprehension of imminent Force Must have actual knowledge Pemble v R Future violence Zanker v Vartzokas Condition threat will be an assault unless D has right
to impose that condition Rosza v Samuels Apprehension Barton v Armstrong Fear Ryan v Kuhl
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Statutory Assault
Offence Section Actus Reus Mens Rea
Threats to kill S20 • Voluntary & positive Act
• Threats o kill
• Intention that V will fear threat will be carried out (20(a))
• Recklessness as to V threat will be carried out
Threats to inflict serious injury
S21 • Voluntary & positive act
• Threats to inflict serious injury (as per s15 – combination of injuries)
• Intention that V will fear threat will be carried out (s20(1))
• Recklessness as to V threat will be carried out
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Statutory AssaultOffence Section Actus Reus Mens Rea
Intentionally causing serious injury
S16 • Voluntary and positive act
• Causation/directness
• Serious injury
• Intention
Recklessly causing serious injury
S17 • Voluntary & positive act
• Causation/directness
• Serious injury
• Recklessness
Causing Injury Intentionally/recklessly
S18 • Voluntary & positive Act
• Causation/directness
• Injury
* Intention/recklessness